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Reproduction > Healthy, Sick and Preterm Infant > Flashcards

Healthy, Sick and Preterm Infant Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal weight for a term infant?

A

2.5-4kg

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2
Q

What is assessed in the Apgar score?

A 
Heart rate
Respiratory rate
Responsiveness
Tone
Colour
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3
Q

What is considered a normal Apgar score?

A

8 or above

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4
Q

What occurs in haemorrhagic disease of the newborn?

A

The infant is vitamin K deficient leading to haemorrhage

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5
Q

What screening tests are carried out on a newborn?

A 
Hearing screening
Hip screening
CF
Haemoglobinopathies
Metabolic disease (PKU etc.)
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6
Q

In a newborn examination, what is being looked at in the head?

A 
Circumference
Overlapping sutures
Fontanelles
Forceps marks
Moulding
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7
Q

In a newborn examination, what is being looked at in the eyes?

A

Size
Red reflex
Haemorrhage
Squints

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8
Q

In a newborn examination, what is being looked at in the ears?

A

Position
External auditory canal
Tags/pits
Folding

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9
Q

In a newborn examination, what is being looked at in the mouth?

A 
Shape
Philtrum
Tongue tie
Palate
Teeth
Sucking/rooting reflex
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10
Q

In a newborn examination, what aspects of the respiratory system are being looked at?

A

Chest shape
Nasal flaring
Grunting
Tachypnoea

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11
Q

In a newborn examination, what aspects of the cardiovascular system are being looked at?

A 
O2 sats
Femoral pulse
Apex beat
Thrills/heaves
Heart sounds
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12
Q

In a newborn examination, what aspects of the abdominal system are being looked at?

A 
Distention
Herniation
Umbilicus
Bile-stained vomiting
Passage of meconium
Anus
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13
Q

In a newborn examination, what aspects of the genitourinary system are being looked at?

A

Normal urine passage
Normal genitalia
Undescended testes
Hypospadias

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14
Q

In a newborn examination, what aspects of the musculoskeletal system are being looked at?

A

Movement and posture
Limbs and digits
Spine
Hip examination

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15
Q

In a newborn examination, what aspects of the neurological system are being looked at?

A 
Alertness
Crying
Tone
Posture
Movement
Primitive reflexes
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16
Q

Give some primitive reflexes that may be elicited in a newborn

A 
Suckling/Rooting
Moro
ATNR
Stepping
Grasp
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17
Q

What is the normal respiratory and heart rate of a newborn?

A 
RR = 40-60
HR = 120-140
18
Q

Give some common sites of infection in a newborn

A

Bloodstream (sepsis)
CNS (meningitis)
Respiratory (pneumonia)
GU (UTI)

19
Q

Which bacteria commonly infect newborns?

A 
Group B strep
E. coli
Listeria
Staph aureus
Staph epidermidis
20
Q

Which viruses commonly infect newborns?

A

CMV
Parvovirus
Herpes viruses
Enteroviruses

21
Q

What occurs in hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy?

A

Multi-organ damage due to tissue hypoxia

22
Q

What pregnancy/birth related respiratory problems can occur in newborns?

A

Transient tachypnoea of the newborn

Pneumothorax

23
Q

What pregnancy/birth-related cardiac problems can occur in newborns?

A

Heart failure

PPHN

24
Q

Give examples of congenital heart disease

A

Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of great arteries
Aortic coarctation
TAPVD

25
Q

Give examples of congenital respiratory disease

A

Tracheo-oesophageal fistula

Diaphragmatic hernia

26
Q

What initial management is made for sick newborns?

A 
Temperature
Airway and breathing
Circulation
Metabolic homeostasis
Antibiotics
27
Q

Give some risk factors for preterm birth

A 
Previous preterm delivery
Abnormally shaped uterus
Multiple pregnancy
IVF
Drug use
Poor nutrition
28
Q

All preterm infants must be kept warm immediately. True/false?

A

True

29
Q

Why do preterm infants struggle to control their temperature?

A

Low basal metabolic rate
Minimal muscular activity
Low SC fat insulation

30
Q

Why are preterm infants at increased risk of nutritional compromise?

A

Limited nutrient reserves
Immature gut/metabolic pathways
Increased nutrient demands

31
Q

Which organisms tend to cause early onset neonatal sepsis?

A

Group B strep

Gram negatives

32
Q

Which organisms tend to cause late onset neonatal sepsis?

A

Coagulase negative staph
Gram negatives
Staph aurues

33
Q

How can neonatal sepsis be avoided?

A

Hand washing
Infection screening
Judicious use of antibiotics

34
Q

Give some respiratory complications of prematurity

A

Respiratory distress syndrome
Apnoea of prematurity
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

35
Q

What is the primary pathology occurring in respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Surfactant deficiency

36
Q

Give some clinical features of RDS

A 
Tachypnoea
Grunting
Intercostal recessions
Nasal flaring
Cyanosis
37
Q

How is RDS managed?

A

Maternal steroid
Surfactant
Ventilation

38
Q

What cardiovascular abnormality can occur in prematurity?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

39
Q

What neurovascular abnormality can occur in prematurity?

A

Intraventricular haemorrhage

40
Q

What occurs in necrotising enterocolitis?

A

The intestine becomes inflamed and starts to necrose leading to a perforation

Reproduction (33 decks)

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