Physiology of Nutrient Metabolism Flashcards
All physical and chemical reactions in the body that use or convert energy is called _______.
metabolism
In reference to the “gut” as a tube, what are the organs along the way? MESSLRA
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, anus
What are the 4 stages of the digestion process?
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, utilization
The actual eating by chewing where food is converted into food bolus (ball) and transported down the esophagus.
Ingestion
The stage where carbs, protein and fats are broken down where “churning and burning” occurs.
digestion
The movement of molecules across the lining of the small intestine into the blood stream describes _______.
absorption
The molecule of nutrient is transported to the appropriate location to be utilized or stored.
utilization
The ____ is considered to be outside of the body.
gut
__________ is the most critical step in the whole digestive process.
Absorption
Why can athletes take in and use carbohydrates much more efficiently than a sedentary individual?
Their cells have been “trained” to perform a certain activity more efficiently. Utilization.
When do nutrients cross the cell wall and get destroyed, remolded chemically or reused?
during utilization process
The large intestine is composed of _______, ______, _______
colon, cecum, rectum
The _____________ is responsible for water regulation of the feces.
large intestine
What is the “specialist” in digestive functions?
Liver
What does the liver do in regard to fats?
Produces substances that break them down
How does the liver maintain proper level of glucose in the blood?
glycogenolyis or gluconeogenesis
Where does the conversion of glucose to glycogen take place?
Liver
The liver uses transamination of amino acids into _____ which produces ______
keto acids; urea
Does the liver make amino acids?
Certain ones, yes
Where does the filtering of certain harmful substances take place?
Liver
What vitamins does the Liver store?
A, D, K and B12
The liver is also responsible for producing 80% of the body’s __________.
cholesterol
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
Regulate other functions; homeostasis
These are chemical messenger molecules produced by endocrine glands and then carried via the blood to their target cells.
Horomones
How does exercise affect the endocrine system in reference to O2 and CO2?
Detects that blood pressure is too low, signaled by the hypothalamus, because muscles are dilating and taking up a greater portion than normal.
Chemoreceptor detect low O2 and high CO2, low pH concentration.
Releases hormones to raise heart rate, stroke volume and vasoconstriction to help raise blood pressure and oxygen delievery.
How does exercise affect the endocrine system via the pancreas?
A portion of the pancreas will secrete glucagon and insulin to raise and lower blood sugar.
Well trained athletes are sensitive to insulin and react more than normal to store glycogen and fat in the muscle sit. (T/F)
True
Stress has little to no affect on the immune system (T/F)
False
The process of muscle contraction requires ____ and ____ which is key for relaxation or release of the cross bridge.
calcium; ATP
Small motor neurons are recruited before large ones. What is the order of recruitment regarding muscle fiber types?
red, slow (type 1)
red, fast (type 2a)
white, fast (type 2b)
Which fiber types are glycolytic fibers?
Type 2 (a,b)
Which fiber types are oxidative fibers?
Type 1 and Type 2 a
Metabolism can be broken up into two parts _____ and _____
catabolism and anabolism
What is catabolism?
breakdown of molecules for energy
What is anabolism?
synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells to repair damaged tissue
What are the two types of Carbs?
complex and simple sugars
What are two types of fiber?
Soluble and Insoluble
All-natural complex carbs are sources of ______ fiber.
soluble
If you eat too much ______ fiber you may experience ______ within 20 to 30 min after eating.
soluble; cramps
______ fiber is not digestible. How is this good?
Insoluble; it absorbs water in small intestines, passes to large intestines allowing for smooth passage of excrement.
What is an easy way to look for insoluble fiber in food?
Look for “BRAN” on food labels.
What is Hypoglycemia?
A metabolic disorder that can result from a prolonged eating behavior of consuming simple sugars.
Type ____ diabetes is a metabolic disorder that can result of eating too many simple sugars for a prolonged period of time.
2