Metabolic Pathwaysvand Energy Production

Question 1

what does a “UUN” test stand for?

Answer 1

urinary urea nitrogen test

Question 2

what does a UUN test measure?

Answer 2

It measures the amount of nitrogen in the urine and is related to finding how much protein is required by an individual

Question 3

what percentage of protein is in nitrogen?

Answer 3

16%

Question 4

name two potential consequences of high protein intake

Answer 4

1) may cause problems if you already have existing liver or kidney disorder.
2) toxins are released when the extra protein must be broken down by the kidneys for energy

Question 5

when you are excreting more nitrogen than you are ingesting you are what?

Answer 5

decreasing lean tissue

Question 6

what is the only form of energy manufactured by the mitochondria that muscles can use?

Answer 6

ATP

Question 7

what is the difference between ATP and ADP?

Answer 7

ATP has three phosphate groups and ADP has only two phosphate groups. ADP has less energy and is usually regenerated into ATP

Question 8

what is anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 8

it is the process of taking energy from stored carbohydrates and transforming them into ATP in the absence of oxygen for periods ranging from 10 seconds to 2 minutes. lactic acid will build up

Question 9

The chief carbohydrate storage form of glucose is ______.

Answer 9

muscle glycogen

Question 10

How many seconds of ATP are stored in the muscle for use?

Answer 10

4 sec

Question 11

what happens when the first 4 seconds worth of ATP stored in the muscles are used up?

Answer 11

Creatine phosphate and ADP are used to create more ATP– providing more energy for about 25 to 30 seconds

Question 12

when energy is needed for longer than 30 to 35 seconds, how is ATP produced?

Answer 12

stored muscle glycogen is broken down into pyruvate and lactic acid

Question 13

during muscle contraction the cell membrane is _______.

Answer 13

impermeable, nothing can get in or out of the cells

Question 14

if oxygen (and also nothing else) cannot get into the working muscles while being contracted, how is ATP produced?

Answer 14

anaerobic glycolysis

Question 15

what do the muscles use for ATP when contracted?

Answer 15

stored intracellular energy

Question 16

what is it called during slightly longer periods than 30-35 seconds where oxygen acquired from the blood assists pyruvate and lactic acid in creating ATP

Answer 16

metabolic oxidation

Question 17

what is the rest pause technique for resistance training? why is this done?

Answer 17

do a set of reps then put the weight down for about 10 to 15 seconds to allow the muscles to get oxygen and remove waste. then do another set for a few more reps and repeat. continue until you get 12 to 15 total reps

Question 18

Since the heart and lungs are slow in delivering oxygen during the onset of aerobic activity, what is used for energy until the heart and lungs can catch up with the oxygen demand?

Answer 18

pyruvate

Question 19

The LUNGS compensate (with labored breathing) until the _____ and ______ can catch up during aerobic activity

Answer 19

heart and blood vessels

Question 20

once enough oxygen is being supplied for aerobic activity, where is the majority of ATP coming from?

Answer 20

anaerobic mix of oxygen, glucose, and fatty acids

Question 21

what is it called when oxygen, glucose and fatty acids are used for producing ATP?

Answer 21

aerobic metabolism

Question 22

aerobic metabolism is also called _____

Answer 22

cell respiration

Question 23

what is pyruvate?

Answer 23

The converted form of intracellular glucose used with oxygen for producing ATP energy.

Question 24

what is the final product of glycolysis?

Answer 24

pyruvate

Question 25

Fat metabolism is strictly anaerobic or aerobic metabolism?

Answer 25

aerobic metabolism

Question 26

glucose hydrolysis is strictly anaerobic or aerobic metabolism?

Answer 26

anaerobic metabolism

Question 27

what does pyruvic acid produce when oxygen is lacking (anaerobic)?

Answer 27

lactic acid

Question 28

pyruvate can be converted to fatty acids through _______

Answer 28

acetyl CoA

Question 29

makes up all the processes that are involved in the metabolic chain of chemical reactions to generate energy in all aerobic organisms

Answer 29

citric acid cycle

Question 30

energy production function of the cell can only occur after acetyl COA is generated from glycolysis, occurring in the mitochondria. This process is called what?

Answer 30

citric acid cycle

Question 31

this describes energy produced as a result of chemical reactions in the metabolic chain

Answer 31

ATP

Question 32

How are fatty acids converted into acetyl CoA?

Answer 32

beta oxidization

Question 33

How are carbohydrates converted into acetyl CoA?

Answer 33

glycolysis

Question 34

Stored fat, triglyceride, is first broken down through what process?

Answer 34

lipolysis

Question 35

mobilization of catabolism can occur as the result of what three means?

Answer 35

intramuscular factors, sympathetic nervous system activation, hormone activation of enzymes

Question 36

what is the stress hormone released from the interior pituitary that raises the concentration of glucose and fatty acids and stimulates cell reproduction?

Answer 36

growth hormone

Question 37

what are the primary two hormones in normal metabolism?

Answer 37

insulin and glucagon

Question 38

what is the main catabolic hormone that when secreted will inhibit anabolic processes?

Answer 38

glucagon

Question 39

Insulin promotes (anabolism/catabolism)?

Answer 39

anabolism

Question 40

what are three ways the body delivers glucose, or pyruvate, to the muscle site?

Answer 40

1) breakdown of glycogen to glucose
2) Protein breakdown in gluconeogenesis
3) delivery of blood glucose to muscle site

Question 41

As exercise intensity increases the amount of fat being used for energy also increases. true or false

Answer 41

false, The amount of fat being used for energy DECREASES

Question 42

The optimum duration for the body is about ___ minutes at ____ intensity

Answer 42

90 min at 60%

Question 43

Fat loss for the beginner client should use ______ intensity in _____ duration

Answer 43

low intensity and long duration

Question 44

what formula would you use to monitor exercise heart rate at a certain level of intensity?

Answer 44

Karvonen formula
restingHR + (intensity level x (maxHR - restingHR)) = exercise heart rate

Question 45

what is VO2 max?

Answer 45

The maximum amount of oxygen that the body can use during exercise

Question 46

should you perform a VO2 max assessment on a beginner client?

Answer 46

no use the 3-minute step test

Question 47

How do you find resting heart rate?

Answer 47

when first waking (or having your client sit for several minutes) check pulse for 15 seconds and multiply by four.
check pulse on radial wrist…not neck

Question 48

what is the formula to find Max heart rate?

Answer 48

208 - (.7 x age) = Max heart rate

Question 49

As someone gets into better aerobic condition the following changes occur which promote fat utilization….

Answer 49

increase in muscle energy stores, mitochondrial numbers increase, capillaries per muscle fiber and number of muscle fibers all increase.

Question 50

As someone gets into better aerobic condition, the intramuscular triacylglycerol content is enhanced in _______ muscle fibers and (increased/decreased) hormonal response takes place

Answer 50

red, slow twitch; decreased

Question 51

The hormonal response that takes place as someone’s aerobic condition improves will cause a decrease in the amount of glycogen and the amount of blood glucose being used for energy. This is called what?

Answer 51

glycogen sparing effect

Question 52

Pyruvic acid supplies _______ when oxygen is present through what process?

Answer 52

It supplies energy to cells during aerobic metabolism