Physiology- hormones and glands

Question 1

_____ gland produces melatonin

Answer 1

pineal gland

Question 2

7 hormones produced by the adenohypophysis

Answer 2

(anterior pituitary)

1. ACTH
2. FSH
3. GH
4. LH
5. MSH
6. Prolactin
7. TSH

Question 3

2 hormones that are produced by the neurophypophysis

Answer 3

(posterior pituitary)

1. ADH/ vasopressin
2. Oxytocin

Question 4

Name the function of the two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary

Answer 4

1. ADH/ vasopressin: Controls H2O balance

2. Oxytocin: uterus contraction, milk let down

Question 5

cc: defiency/ excess of ADH?

Answer 5

defiency: diabetes insipidus
excess: conn’s sx

Question 6

ACTH: 
Target organ?
Effect? 
Excess? 
Deficiency?

Answer 6

Target organ: Adrenal cortex–> zona fasciculata
Effect: gluconeogenesis when under stress/ not eating

Excess: cushing (excess cortisol)
Deficiency: Addison’s

Question 7

FSH:
Target organ?
Effect?

Deficiency?

Answer 7

Target organ: Ovary/ testes
Effect:
(f): release primary follicles, release estrogen
(m): stim spermatogenesis

Deficiency: infertility

Question 8

the hormone Inhibin is produces by ___ in females and ___ in males

Answer 8

(f) : corpus leiteum

(m) : sertoli cells

Question 9

What hormones stops the production of FSH

Answer 9

inhibin

(f) : corpus leiteum
(m) : sertoli cells

Question 10

GH: 
Target organ?
Effect? 
Excess? 
Deficiency?

Answer 10

Target organ: all tiss (except cart)
Effect: Burns fat
Excess: gigantism, acromegaly
Deficiency: dwarfism

Question 11

_____ is the growth hormone for cartilage

Answer 11

somatomedin

GH is the growth hormone for everything else

Question 12

LH: 
Target organ?
Effect? 
Excess? 
Deficiency?

Answer 12

Target organ: Ovary / testes
Effect: (f) ovulation, forms corpus leuteum
(m): testosterone

Excess: forms corpus leuteum when up
Deficiency” degenerates corpus leuteum when down

Question 13

MSH: 
Target organ?
Effect? 
Excess? 
Deficiency?

Answer 13

Target organ: melanocytes

Effect: basement layer of the epidermis–> stim by UV light

Excess: hyperpigmentation
Deficiency: albinism

Question 14

Prolactin:
Target organ?
Effect?

Answer 14

Target organ: mammaries

Effect: makes milk

Question 15

Thyroid stimulating hormone: 
Target organ?
Effect? 
Excess? 
Deficiency?

Answer 15

Target organ: thyroid follicular cells
Effect: T3, T4, and maintains BMR
Excess: Graves
Deficiency: myxedema, cretinism, (AI) Hashimotos

Question 16

Parathyroid hormone:
effect?
Excess?

Answer 16

effect: takes Ca+ out of the bone, decr phosphorus in the bl.
excess: kidney stones, osteopenia, Brown’s tumor, rugger jersey spine, salt & pepper skull

Question 17

Calcitonin hormone:
gland?
effects?
excess?

Answer 17

gland: parafollicular cells of the thyroid
effects: puts Ca+ back into the bone, incr phosphorus in the bl.
excess: Tetany

Question 18

If Ca+ is low–> the N. will ___ causing ___

Answer 18

the nerve wil depolarize causing tetany

Question 19

What horm. is produced:
zona glomerulosa:____
zona fasciculata: _____
zona reticularis: ______

Answer 19

zona glomerulosa: aldosterone
zona fasciculata: Cortisol (stim by ACTH)
zona reticularis: Sex hormones

“salt”, “sugar”, “sex”

Question 20

embryological derivatives:
Adrenal cortex:___
adrenal Medulla: ____

Answer 20

Adrenal cortex: mesoderm

adrenal Medulla: neural crest

Question 21

____ cells in the adrenal medulla secrete NE & EN

Answer 21

chromaffin cells

Question 22

5 steps of the menstral cycle

Answer 22

1. 0 day: release estrogen, primary follicle
2. estrogen: thinkens endometrial lining “proliferation phase”, peaks on 14th day to release LH
3. LH: day 14, ovulation, forms corpus leuteum
4. Corpus leuteum: makes progestrone “secretory phase”, makes inhibin–> stops FSH
5. corpus leuteum: either dies or makes progesterone in the presence of HCG
6. HCG: make by placenta, stimulates the corpus leuteum to make progesterone

Question 23

____ horm stimulates the corpus leuteum to make progesterone–> the corpus leuteum proliferates

Answer 23

HCG

Question 24

Males:
_____ hormone starts spermatogenesis
_____ hormone releases testosterone
_____ hormone matures sperm

Answer 24

FSH: hormone starts spermatogenesis
LH: hormone releases testosterone
Testosterone: hormone matures sperm

Question 25

____ breaks down starch in the mouth | ____ breaks down fat in the mouth

Answer 25

starch: ptyalin fat: sublingual lipase

Question 26

___ cells produce pepsinogen ___ converts pepsinogen into pepsin

Answer 26

Chief/ peptic cells HCL: converts pepsinogen into pepsin

Question 27

_____ cells produce HCL and intrinsic factor

Answer 27

Parietal / oxynitic cells

Question 28

pyloic glands give rise to ____ hormone that produces gastrin fxn of gastrin:____

Answer 28

gastric cells fxn of gastrin: incr gastric secretions, motility and mucous

Question 29

_____ glands are mucous secreting glands in the duodenum

Answer 29

Brunner's gland

Question 30

Secretin triggers ___ & ___ t be secreted by the pancreas

Answer 30

1. Bicarbonate: buffers acid in the stomach | 2. Water

Question 31

CCK causes the production of what 4 enzymes CCK inhibits the production of:

Answer 31

stimulates the production of: 1. pancreatic amylase 2. Pancreatic lipase 3. Trypsinogen: breaks down protein 4. stim the release of bile Inhibits: 1. Gastrin 2. closes the pyloric sphincter in the stomach

Question 32

____ hormone causes the GB to release bile

Answer 32

CCK

Question 33

___ glands absorb fat into the lymphatic system

Answer 33

lacteal glands

Question 34

2 hormones that close the pyloric sphincter to close in response to fat

Answer 34

1. CCK | 2. Enterogastrone

Question 35

____ enzyme converts trypsinogen into trypsin to break down protein this actives what 3 proteolytic enzymes?

Answer 35

Enterokinase 3 proteolytic enzymes: 1. chymotrypsinogen: breaks polypeptides 2. proteolastase: digest elastin fiber 3. carboxypolypeptidase: break into AA

Question 36

_____ enzyme that protects the pancrease from being broken down by trypsin

Answer 36

trypsin inhibitor

Question 37

_____ enzyme breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides

Answer 37

Pancreatic amylase

Question 38

CC: a decrease in I.F. will cause: _____

Answer 38

pernicious anemia--> megablastic anemia

Question 39

R & L liver lobe is separated by ___ lig --> that turns into the _____ lig

Answer 39

separated by: falciform lig free portion: round lig (aka ligamentum teres)

Question 40

R + L hepatic duct --> _____ duct _____ + ______ --> Common bile duct _____+______--> ampulla of vater empties into the ____ duodenum

Answer 40

R + L hepatic duct --> Common hepatic duct Cystic duct from GB + common hepatic --> common bile duct Common bile duct+ pancreatic duct = ampulla of vater empties into the 2nd part of the duodenum

Question 41

The pancreas is supplied by the ___ artery It is a branch of the ____ trunk

Answer 41

supplied by the splenic artery branch of the celiac trunk

Question 42

4 causes of edema

Answer 42

1. incr venous pressure (CHF) 2. Decr protein in bl. = decr oncotic/ osmotic pressure 3. myxedema= hypothyroidism 4. anaphylaxis: type I = histamine release

Question 43

_____V +_____ V --> portal V portal v drains into the liver ____ drain into central V --> heptaic V drains into the ____

Answer 43

Superior mesenteric v + splenic V = portal V Liver sinusoids drain into the central v --> hepatic V into the IVC

Question 44

4 hormones that decr appetite

Answer 44

1. leptin: fat cells --> shuts off hypothalmus 2. Peptide YY: from intestines 3. Somatostatin: from pancreas 4. Serotonin: argentaffin cells of the stomach

Question 45

Somatostatin: inhibits ____ & ___- in the pancreas inhbits: ____ stomach inhibits:____ stomach

Answer 45

somatostatin: inhibits: insulin and glucagons in pancreas inhibits: gastrin in stomach inhibits: rennin in stomach

Question 46

3 hormones that incr appetite

Answer 46

1. Ghrelin 2. Neuropeptide Y 3. adiponectin