Physiology- hormones and glands Flashcards
_____ gland produces melatonin
pineal gland
7 hormones produced by the adenohypophysis
(anterior pituitary)
- ACTH
- FSH
- GH
- LH
- MSH
- Prolactin
- TSH
2 hormones that are produced by the neurophypophysis
(posterior pituitary)
- ADH/ vasopressin
- Oxytocin
Name the function of the two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary
- ADH/ vasopressin: Controls H2O balance
2. Oxytocin: uterus contraction, milk let down
cc: defiency/ excess of ADH?
defiency: diabetes insipidus
excess: conn’s sx
ACTH: Target organ? Effect? Excess? Deficiency?
Target organ: Adrenal cortex–> zona fasciculata
Effect: gluconeogenesis when under stress/ not eating
Excess: cushing (excess cortisol)
Deficiency: Addison’s
FSH:
Target organ?
Effect?
Deficiency?
Target organ: Ovary/ testes
Effect:
(f): release primary follicles, release estrogen
(m): stim spermatogenesis
Deficiency: infertility
the hormone Inhibin is produces by ___ in females and ___ in males
(f) : corpus leiteum
(m) : sertoli cells
What hormones stops the production of FSH
inhibin
(f) : corpus leiteum
(m) : sertoli cells
GH: Target organ? Effect? Excess? Deficiency?
Target organ: all tiss (except cart)
Effect: Burns fat
Excess: gigantism, acromegaly
Deficiency: dwarfism
_____ is the growth hormone for cartilage
somatomedin
GH is the growth hormone for everything else
LH: Target organ? Effect? Excess? Deficiency?
Target organ: Ovary / testes
Effect: (f) ovulation, forms corpus leuteum
(m): testosterone
Excess: forms corpus leuteum when up
Deficiency” degenerates corpus leuteum when down
MSH: Target organ? Effect? Excess? Deficiency?
Target organ: melanocytes
Effect: basement layer of the epidermis–> stim by UV light
Excess: hyperpigmentation
Deficiency: albinism
Prolactin:
Target organ?
Effect?
Target organ: mammaries
Effect: makes milk
Thyroid stimulating hormone: Target organ? Effect? Excess? Deficiency?
Target organ: thyroid follicular cells
Effect: T3, T4, and maintains BMR
Excess: Graves
Deficiency: myxedema, cretinism, (AI) Hashimotos
Parathyroid hormone:
effect?
Excess?
effect: takes Ca+ out of the bone, decr phosphorus in the bl.
excess: kidney stones, osteopenia, Brown’s tumor, rugger jersey spine, salt & pepper skull
Calcitonin hormone:
gland?
effects?
excess?
gland: parafollicular cells of the thyroid
effects: puts Ca+ back into the bone, incr phosphorus in the bl.
excess: Tetany
If Ca+ is low–> the N. will ___ causing ___
the nerve wil depolarize causing tetany
What horm. is produced:
zona glomerulosa:____
zona fasciculata: _____
zona reticularis: ______
zona glomerulosa: aldosterone
zona fasciculata: Cortisol (stim by ACTH)
zona reticularis: Sex hormones
“salt”, “sugar”, “sex”
embryological derivatives:
Adrenal cortex:___
adrenal Medulla: ____
Adrenal cortex: mesoderm
adrenal Medulla: neural crest
____ cells in the adrenal medulla secrete NE & EN
chromaffin cells
5 steps of the menstral cycle
- 0 day: release estrogen, primary follicle
- estrogen: thinkens endometrial lining “proliferation phase”, peaks on 14th day to release LH
- LH: day 14, ovulation, forms corpus leuteum
- Corpus leuteum: makes progestrone “secretory phase”, makes inhibin–> stops FSH
- corpus leuteum: either dies or makes progesterone in the presence of HCG
- HCG: make by placenta, stimulates the corpus leuteum to make progesterone
____ horm stimulates the corpus leuteum to make progesterone–> the corpus leuteum proliferates
HCG
Males:
_____ hormone starts spermatogenesis
_____ hormone releases testosterone
_____ hormone matures sperm
FSH: hormone starts spermatogenesis
LH: hormone releases testosterone
Testosterone: hormone matures sperm
____ breaks down starch in the mouth
____ breaks down fat in the mouth
starch: ptyalin
fat: sublingual lipase
___ cells produce pepsinogen
___ converts pepsinogen into pepsin
Chief/ peptic cells
HCL: converts pepsinogen into pepsin
_____ cells produce HCL and intrinsic factor
Parietal / oxynitic cells
pyloic glands give rise to ____ hormone that produces gastrin
fxn of gastrin:____
gastric cells
fxn of gastrin: incr gastric secretions, motility and mucous
_____ glands are mucous secreting glands in the duodenum
Brunner’s gland
Secretin triggers ___ & ___ t be secreted by the pancreas
- Bicarbonate: buffers acid in the stomach
2. Water
CCK causes the production of what 4 enzymes
CCK inhibits the production of:
stimulates the production of:
- pancreatic amylase
- Pancreatic lipase
- Trypsinogen: breaks down protein
- stim the release of bile
Inhibits:
- Gastrin
- closes the pyloric sphincter in the stomach
____ hormone causes the GB to release bile
CCK
___ glands absorb fat into the lymphatic system
lacteal glands
2 hormones that close the pyloric sphincter to close in response to fat
- CCK
2. Enterogastrone
____ enzyme converts trypsinogen into trypsin to break down protein
this actives what 3 proteolytic enzymes?
Enterokinase
3 proteolytic enzymes:
- chymotrypsinogen: breaks polypeptides
- proteolastase: digest elastin fiber
- carboxypolypeptidase: break into AA
_____ enzyme that protects the pancrease from being broken down by trypsin
trypsin inhibitor
_____ enzyme breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides
Pancreatic amylase
CC: a decrease in I.F. will cause: _____
pernicious anemia–> megablastic anemia
R & L liver lobe is separated by ___ lig –> that turns into the _____ lig
separated by: falciform lig
free portion: round lig (aka ligamentum teres)
R + L hepatic duct –> _____ duct
_____ + ______ –> Common bile duct
_____+______–> ampulla of vater
empties into the ____ duodenum
R + L hepatic duct –> Common hepatic duct
Cystic duct from GB + common hepatic –> common bile duct
Common bile duct+ pancreatic duct = ampulla of vater
empties into the 2nd part of the duodenum
The pancreas is supplied by the ___ artery
It is a branch of the ____ trunk
supplied by the splenic artery
branch of the celiac trunk
4 causes of edema
- incr venous pressure (CHF)
- Decr protein in bl. = decr oncotic/ osmotic pressure
- myxedema= hypothyroidism
- anaphylaxis: type I = histamine release
_____V +_____ V –> portal V
portal v drains into the liver
____ drain into central V –> heptaic V drains into the ____
Superior mesenteric v + splenic V = portal V
Liver sinusoids drain into the central v –> hepatic V into the IVC
4 hormones that decr appetite
- leptin: fat cells –> shuts off hypothalmus
- Peptide YY: from intestines
- Somatostatin: from pancreas
- Serotonin: argentaffin cells of the stomach
Somatostatin:
inhibits ____ & ___- in the pancreas
inhbits: ____ stomach
inhibits:____ stomach
somatostatin:
inhibits: insulin and glucagons in pancreas
inhibits: gastrin in stomach
inhibits: rennin in stomach
3 hormones that incr appetite
- Ghrelin
- Neuropeptide Y
- adiponectin
