What is going on during: 1. P-wave 2. PR interval 3. QRS 4. T wave 5. U wave 6. ST segment

1. P-wave: atrial depolarization 2. PR interval : Isovolumetric contraction 3. QRS: Ventricular depolarization (covers the Atrial repolarization 4. T wave: Ventricular repolarzation 5. U wave: papillary M repolarization 6. ST segment Isovolumetric relaxation

Physiology- heart, lungs & physics Flashcards by brittany treadway

Bl from the UE enters the heart through the ___

Bl from the LE enters the heart through the ____

What is an exception?

UE: SVC

LE: IVC

Exception: azygous V. drains the Lumbar –> into the SVC

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During which portion of an EKG can the AV Nodal delay be seen?

PR interval

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What are the only 2 art. that carry de-O2 bl

pulm art.

and umbilical art. of a fetus

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bl is Oxygenated by what physics law?

Bohr effect:

a decrease in blood pH which leads to an increase in blood CO2 concentration will result in hemoglobin proteins releasing their load of oxygen.

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Bl exists the lungs via the ___ into the ___

exits by the Pulm. V into the L atrium

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What 2 veins carry O2 bl

Pulm. V and the umbilical V in a fetus

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What is going on during:

P-wave
PR interval
QRS
T wave
U wave
ST segment

P-wave: atrial depolarization
PR interval : Isovolumetric contraction
QRS: Ventricular depolarization (covers the Atrial repolarization
T wave: Ventricular repolarzation
U wave: papillary M repolarization
ST segment Isovolumetric relaxation

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Location of the moderator Band

septomarginal recess of R. ventricle

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2 structures that cause the Purkinje system to be faster than other neurons in the heart

intercalated disc
gap junctions

(cardiac fibers are interconnected by intercalated discs : form gap jxn)

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What will be seen on an EKG during an MI

inverted T wave or altered ST segment

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_____ channels allow for long absolute refactory periods which prevents heart tetany

slow Ca+ channels

cause a plateau in the AP

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cc: __________: elongation of PR wave (isovolumetric contraction) till a second atrial depolarization occurs

Winkbocks phenomena

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MCC and 2nd MCC of CHF

1st: HT
2nd: Aortic stenosis

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Steps of CHF 
1st: 
2nd:
 3rd: 
4th:

1st: Ventricular hypertrophy
2nd: pulm edema = exertional dyspnea
3rd: R. side heart failure
4th: legs

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Exertional Dyspnea: ____

CHF bl. backs up from the L. atrium into the lungs via pulm art

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Isolated R. sided heart failure:__________

cor pulmonale –> result of a lung condition such as emphysema

(MCC of R. sided : L. sided heart failure )

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cause of Varicolcele “bag of worms”

artery effected:

cause: CHF

IVC–> common illiac –> INTERNAL ILIAC

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What arteries are effected if there is pitting edema on the medial side of the foot?

What arteries are effected if there is pitting edema on the lateral side of the leg?

Medial ft: Great saphenous V

Lateral side of leg: popliteal –> lesser saphenous

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What is the tell tale sign of early CHF vs. late CHF

Early: exertional dyspnea
later: pitting edema

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5 signs of alcoholism having its effects on the liver?

Liver failure
Esophageal varices –> hematemesis
Mallory Weiss sx
Mallory bodies
Wernicke- korsakoff psychosis

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What vit. is usually deficient in alcoholics

B1 (thiame) –> Beriberi

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cc: _______sx: bl. mucosa at the jxn of the esophagus and stomach of an alcoholic

Mallory Weiss sx

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Name the 4 heart sounds

1st: Av Valve closing during isometric contraction (PR seg)
2nd: semilunar valves close
3rd: ventricular filling, Normal in children. Abnormal in adults
4. Heard during diastole. Normal in athletes, abn. in adults

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bl ph: ___-___

7.35- 7.45

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CN ___+___ are the Afferent and efferent N's to the carotid sinus

CN 9 & 10

4 s/s of tetrology of fallot (DRIP)

D: dextroposition of aorta --> off R. ventricle R: R. ventricle hyppertrophy I: Interventricular spetal defect P: Pulmonary stenosis

Aschoff bodies are seen after a ___ fever caused by ____ bact

Rheumatic fever caused: strep pyogenes

3 bact's that can cause destruction to heart valves

1. strep pyogenes (aschoff bodies) 2. Group A Lancefield 3. B- hemolytic strep

MC benign tumor of the heart

myxoma

(LOP)__________: anterior spinal roots are motor, posterior are sensory

Bell Magende

(LOP)_________: at constant temp, gas vol is inverse to pressure

Boyle Law

(LOP)_________: at constant pressure, gas is proportional to absolute temp

Charles Law

(LOP)_________: min. time needed to electrically stim a M/N using 2x the min current to elicit threshold response

Chronaxie Law

(LOP)_________: membrane potention on the inside of the membrane when 2 positive ions (Na+ and K+) and one neg. ion (Cl-) are involved

Goldman Law

(LOP)________: gas solubility in a liquid is proportional to gas pressure

Henri Law

(LOP)________: Limits of respiratory excursion via the vagus Nerve

Hering Breuer Law

(LOP)________:the tension in an art. will be proportional to the radius of the vessel

LaPlace's Law for the arteries

(LOP)________: Ventricular presusre depends on M tension, size and shape of the heart

LaPlace's Law for the heart

(LOP)________: cardiac output = venous return

Starling's law | if venous return exceeds output = CHF

(LOP)________: Hg becomes mroe acidic binding with oxygen. Causes CO2 and H+ to be expelled into the alveoli. (part of the Bohr effect)

Haldane Effect

(LOP)________: Hg binds to 4 oxygens and releases H+, CO2, DPG, and decr temp in the lungs in the tiss: Hg binds to H+, CO2, DPG, and incr temp

Bohr effect

_____: is normal breathing Normal breathing is regulated by ____ center (in the Nucleus Parabrachialis in the upper pons) --> limits Inspiration

Normal breathing: tidal Vol Regulated by: Pneumotaxic center

_____vol. is forced inspiration

Inspiratory Reserve vol

_____vol. is forced expiration

Expiratory reserve vol

_____vol. keeps lung from collapsing

Residual vol.

Inspiratory capacity = ____ + ___

IC= Inspiratory Reserve vol + Tidal vol

Functional Residual capacity= ___+___

FRC= Expiratory Reserve vol + Residual Vol

Vital capacity = ___+___+____

Inspiratory reserve vol + tidal vol + expiratory reserve vol

N. that controls respiratory

Vagus (dorsal motor nucleus)

2 factors that contribute to compliance of the lungs

1. Elastic forces of lungs | 2. surface tension of fluids in/ around the lungs

cc_______: lack of surfactant at birth

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | aka- Neonatal hyaline membrane dz

epithelial lining of the lungs (2)

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium: entire lung except alveolar sacs: simple squamous

fxns of each type of lung cell: 1. type 1 pneumocytes:____ 2. type 2 pneumocytes:___ 3. dust cells: ____ 4. J cells: ____

1. type 1 pneumocytes: gas exchange 2. type 2 pneumocytes: surfactant secretion 3. dust cells: macrophages 4. J cells: produce mucus (goblet cells)

Chemoreceptors are most sensitive to increase in ___ Location:___ and ___

CO2 location of chemoreceptors: carotid body and aortic body

_____ is the enzyme that converts carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ____ is the mineral cofactor for the enzyme

enzyme: carbonic anhydrase mineral: Zn+

explain acidosis vs. alkalosis

acidosis: incr H+ and CO2, decr O2 Alkalosis: decr H+ and CO2, incr O2

______ causes respiratory acidosis ______ causes Metabolic acidosis

respiratory acidosis: decr ventilation ex: holding breath, pneumonia Metabolic acidosis: non- lung ex: diarrhea, DM ketoacidosis acidosis: incr H+ and CO2, decr O2

_____ causes respiratory alkalosis _____ causes metabolic alkalosis

respiratory alkalosis : incr respiration ex: hyperventilation metabolic alkalosis : non-lung ex: bulimia- loss of HCL Diuretics: loss H+ Alkalosis: decr H+ and CO2, incr O2

(3) structures in the anterior mediastinum

thymus areolar tiss lymph nodes

(6) structures (3) N in the superior mediastinum

structures: 1. thymus (ant) 2. arch of aorta (post) 3. Trachea 4. SVC 5. Esophagus (post) 6. thoracic duct (post) Nerves: 1. Vagus (post) 2. Phrenic 3. Recurrent laryngeal N

(4) structures (2) N in the posterior Mediastinum

structures: 1. thoracic / descending aorta (sup) 2. carini & bronchi 3. Azygous & hemiazygous V (middle) 4. esophagus (sup) 5. thoracic duct (sup) N: 1. Vagus (sup) 2. splanchnic

Middle structures of the mediastinum (3) | (1) N

structures: 1. heart 2. Ascending aorta, pulm a & V 3. SVC, arch of azygous N: 1. Phrenic

the heart is drained by V's that drain into the ____

coronary sinus Receives: Great cardaic V, Middle Cardiac V, and Small cardiac V Drains into the: RA

Great cardiac V. ascends in the _____ groove with the ______Art

anterior interventricular groove with the: anterior interventricular art

Middle cardiac V ascends in the _____ groove with the ______ art

posterior interventricular groove with the: R. coronary Art

Small cardiac V runs in the ____ groove with the ____ art.

coronary groove with the : marginal art.

_____ smooth space btw the opening of IVC & SVC

sinus venarum

_____: depression on the interatrial septum

Fossa Ovalis

Pectinei are M's in the ____ | Chordea carnie are M's in the ___

Pect: atrium Chordea: ventricles

_____: tendinous strands that attach to papillary mm and valve cusps. Prevents eversion of AV valves

Chordae tendinae

Location of the moderator band:

R. Ventricle

______: conical prolongation of the RV from which pulmonary art. emerge

conus arteriosis

MC artery for MI

L anterior descending art. | aka: left anterior interventricular art

(3) branchs of the L. Coronary

M.A.C Muscular branch anterior interventricular Circumflex art.

(3) branches of the R. Coronary

Muscular branch Post. Interventricular marginal

L Recurrent laryngeal N wraps around the ________ R. recurrent laryngeal N wraps around the ____

Left: arch of aorta Right: R. subclavian Art

_____ artery feeds the lesser curve _____ artery feeds the greater curve

Lesser: L gastric art Greater: L & R gastroepiploic art