Physiology- heart, lungs & physics Flashcards
Bl from the UE enters the heart through the ___
Bl from the LE enters the heart through the ____
What is an exception?
UE: SVC
LE: IVC
Exception: azygous V. drains the Lumbar –> into the SVC
During which portion of an EKG can the AV Nodal delay be seen?
PR interval
What are the only 2 art. that carry de-O2 bl
pulm art.
and umbilical art. of a fetus
bl is Oxygenated by what physics law?
Bohr effect:
a decrease in blood pH which leads to an increase in blood CO2 concentration will result in hemoglobin proteins releasing their load of oxygen.
Bl exists the lungs via the ___ into the ___
exits by the Pulm. V into the L atrium
What 2 veins carry O2 bl
Pulm. V and the umbilical V in a fetus
What is going on during:
- P-wave
- PR interval
- QRS
- T wave
- U wave
- ST segment
- P-wave: atrial depolarization
- PR interval : Isovolumetric contraction
- QRS: Ventricular depolarization (covers the Atrial repolarization
- T wave: Ventricular repolarzation
- U wave: papillary M repolarization
- ST segment Isovolumetric relaxation
Location of the moderator Band
septomarginal recess of R. ventricle
2 structures that cause the Purkinje system to be faster than other neurons in the heart
- intercalated disc
- gap junctions
(cardiac fibers are interconnected by intercalated discs : form gap jxn)
What will be seen on an EKG during an MI
inverted T wave or altered ST segment
_____ channels allow for long absolute refactory periods which prevents heart tetany
slow Ca+ channels
cause a plateau in the AP
cc: __________: elongation of PR wave (isovolumetric contraction) till a second atrial depolarization occurs
Winkbocks phenomena
MCC and 2nd MCC of CHF
1st: HT
2nd: Aortic stenosis
Steps of CHF 1st: 2nd: 3rd: 4th:
1st: Ventricular hypertrophy
2nd: pulm edema = exertional dyspnea
3rd: R. side heart failure
4th: legs
Exertional Dyspnea: ____
CHF bl. backs up from the L. atrium into the lungs via pulm art
Isolated R. sided heart failure:__________
cor pulmonale –> result of a lung condition such as emphysema
(MCC of R. sided : L. sided heart failure )
cause of Varicolcele “bag of worms”
artery effected:
cause: CHF
IVC–> common illiac –> INTERNAL ILIAC
What arteries are effected if there is pitting edema on the medial side of the foot?
What arteries are effected if there is pitting edema on the lateral side of the leg?
Medial ft: Great saphenous V
Lateral side of leg: popliteal –> lesser saphenous
What is the tell tale sign of early CHF vs. late CHF
Early: exertional dyspnea
later: pitting edema
5 signs of alcoholism having its effects on the liver?
- Liver failure
- Esophageal varices –> hematemesis
- Mallory Weiss sx
- Mallory bodies
- Wernicke- korsakoff psychosis
What vit. is usually deficient in alcoholics
B1 (thiame) –> Beriberi
cc: _______sx: bl. mucosa at the jxn of the esophagus and stomach of an alcoholic
Mallory Weiss sx
Name the 4 heart sounds
1st: Av Valve closing during isometric contraction (PR seg)
2nd: semilunar valves close
3rd: ventricular filling, Normal in children. Abnormal in adults
4. Heard during diastole. Normal in athletes, abn. in adults
bl ph: ___-___
7.35- 7.45
CN ___+___ are the Afferent and efferent N’s to the carotid sinus
CN 9 & 10
4 s/s of tetrology of fallot (DRIP)
D: dextroposition of aorta –> off R. ventricle
R: R. ventricle hyppertrophy
I: Interventricular spetal defect
P: Pulmonary stenosis
Aschoff bodies are seen after a ___ fever
caused by ____ bact
Rheumatic fever
caused: strep pyogenes
3 bact’s that can cause destruction to heart valves
- strep pyogenes (aschoff bodies)
- Group A Lancefield
- B- hemolytic strep
MC benign tumor of the heart
myxoma
(LOP)__________: anterior spinal roots are motor, posterior are sensory
Bell Magende
(LOP)_________: at constant temp, gas vol is inverse to pressure
Boyle Law
(LOP)_________: at constant pressure, gas is proportional to absolute temp
Charles Law
(LOP)_________: min. time needed to electrically stim a M/N using 2x the min current to elicit threshold response
Chronaxie Law
(LOP)_________: membrane potention on the inside of the membrane when 2 positive ions (Na+ and K+) and one neg. ion (Cl-) are involved
Goldman Law
(LOP)________: gas solubility in a liquid is proportional to gas pressure
Henri Law
(LOP)________: Limits of respiratory excursion via the vagus Nerve
Hering Breuer Law
(LOP)________:the tension in an art. will be proportional to the radius of the vessel
LaPlace’s Law for the arteries
(LOP)________: Ventricular presusre depends on M tension, size and shape of the heart
LaPlace’s Law for the heart
(LOP)________: cardiac output = venous return
Starling’s law
if venous return exceeds output = CHF
(LOP)________: Hg becomes mroe acidic binding with oxygen. Causes CO2 and H+ to be expelled into the alveoli. (part of the Bohr effect)
Haldane Effect
(LOP)________: Hg binds to 4 oxygens and releases H+, CO2, DPG, and decr temp in the lungs
in the tiss: Hg binds to H+, CO2, DPG, and incr temp
Bohr effect
_____: is normal breathing
Normal breathing is regulated by ____ center
(in the Nucleus Parabrachialis in the upper pons) –> limits Inspiration
Normal breathing: tidal Vol
Regulated by: Pneumotaxic center
_____vol. is forced inspiration
Inspiratory Reserve vol
_____vol. is forced expiration
Expiratory reserve vol
_____vol. keeps lung from collapsing
Residual vol.
Inspiratory capacity = ____ + ___
IC= Inspiratory Reserve vol + Tidal vol
Functional Residual capacity= ___+___
FRC= Expiratory Reserve vol + Residual Vol
Vital capacity = ___+___+____
Inspiratory reserve vol + tidal vol + expiratory reserve vol
N. that controls respiratory
Vagus (dorsal motor nucleus)
2 factors that contribute to compliance of the lungs
- Elastic forces of lungs
2. surface tension of fluids in/ around the lungs
cc_______: lack of surfactant at birth
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
aka- Neonatal hyaline membrane dz
epithelial lining of the lungs (2)
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium: entire lung
except alveolar sacs: simple squamous
fxns of each type of lung cell:
- type 1 pneumocytes:____
- type 2 pneumocytes:___
- dust cells: ____
- J cells: ____
- type 1 pneumocytes: gas exchange
- type 2 pneumocytes: surfactant secretion
- dust cells: macrophages
- J cells: produce mucus (goblet cells)
Chemoreceptors are most sensitive to increase in ___
Location:___ and ___
CO2
location of chemoreceptors: carotid body and aortic body
_____ is the enzyme that converts carbon dioxide to bicarbonate
____ is the mineral cofactor for the enzyme
enzyme: carbonic anhydrase
mineral: Zn+
explain acidosis vs. alkalosis
acidosis: incr H+ and CO2, decr O2
Alkalosis: decr H+ and CO2, incr O2
______ causes respiratory acidosis
______ causes Metabolic acidosis
respiratory acidosis: decr ventilation
ex: holding breath, pneumonia
Metabolic acidosis: non- lung
ex: diarrhea, DM ketoacidosis
acidosis: incr H+ and CO2, decr O2
_____ causes respiratory alkalosis
_____ causes metabolic alkalosis
respiratory alkalosis : incr respiration
ex: hyperventilation
metabolic alkalosis : non-lung
ex: bulimia- loss of HCL
Diuretics: loss H+
Alkalosis: decr H+ and CO2, incr O2
(3) structures in the anterior mediastinum
thymus
areolar tiss
lymph nodes
(6) structures (3) N in the superior mediastinum
structures:
1. thymus (ant)
2. arch of aorta (post)
3. Trachea
4. SVC
5. Esophagus (post)
6. thoracic duct (post)
Nerves:
- Vagus (post)
- Phrenic
- Recurrent laryngeal N
(4) structures (2) N in the posterior Mediastinum
structures:
1. thoracic / descending aorta (sup)
2. carini & bronchi
3. Azygous & hemiazygous V (middle)
4. esophagus (sup)
5. thoracic duct (sup)
N:
- Vagus (sup)
- splanchnic
Middle structures of the mediastinum (3)
(1) N
structures:
1. heart
2. Ascending aorta, pulm a & V
3. SVC, arch of azygous
N:
1. Phrenic
the heart is drained by V’s that drain into the ____
coronary sinus
Receives: Great cardaic V, Middle Cardiac V, and Small cardiac V
Drains into the: RA
Great cardiac V. ascends in the _____ groove with the ______Art
anterior interventricular groove
with the: anterior interventricular art
Middle cardiac V ascends in the _____ groove with the ______ art
posterior interventricular groove
with the: R. coronary Art
Small cardiac V runs in the ____ groove with the ____ art.
coronary groove
with the : marginal art.
_____ smooth space btw the opening of IVC & SVC
sinus venarum
_____: depression on the interatrial septum
Fossa Ovalis
Pectinei are M’s in the ____
Chordea carnie are M’s in the ___
Pect: atrium
Chordea: ventricles
_____: tendinous strands that attach to papillary mm and valve cusps. Prevents eversion of AV valves
Chordae tendinae
Location of the moderator band:
R. Ventricle
______: conical prolongation of the RV from which pulmonary art. emerge
conus arteriosis
MC artery for MI
L anterior descending art.
aka: left anterior interventricular art
(3) branchs of the L. Coronary
M.A.C
Muscular branch
anterior interventricular
Circumflex art.
(3) branches of the R. Coronary
Muscular branch
Post. Interventricular
marginal
L Recurrent laryngeal N wraps around the ________
R. recurrent laryngeal N wraps around the ____
Left: arch of aorta
Right: R. subclavian Art
_____ artery feeds the lesser curve
_____ artery feeds the greater curve
Lesser: L gastric art
Greater: L & R gastroepiploic art
