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BOARDS Part 1 > Physiology- heart, lungs & physics > Flashcards

Physiology- heart, lungs & physics Flashcards

1
Q

Bl from the UE enters the heart through the ___

Bl from the LE enters the heart through the ____

What is an exception?

A

UE: SVC

LE: IVC

Exception: azygous V. drains the Lumbar –> into the SVC

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2
Q

During which portion of an EKG can the AV Nodal delay be seen?

A

PR interval

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3
Q

What are the only 2 art. that carry de-O2 bl

A

pulm art.

and umbilical art. of a fetus

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4
Q

bl is Oxygenated by what physics law?

A

Bohr effect:

a decrease in blood pH which leads to an increase in blood CO2 concentration will result in hemoglobin proteins releasing their load of oxygen.

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5
Q

Bl exists the lungs via the ___ into the ___

A

exits by the Pulm. V into the L atrium

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6
Q

What 2 veins carry O2 bl

A

Pulm. V and the umbilical V in a fetus

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7
Q

What is going on during:

  1. P-wave
  2. PR interval
  3. QRS
  4. T wave
  5. U wave
  6. ST segment
A
  1. P-wave: atrial depolarization
  2. PR interval : Isovolumetric contraction
  3. QRS: Ventricular depolarization (covers the Atrial repolarization
  4. T wave: Ventricular repolarzation
  5. U wave: papillary M repolarization
  6. ST segment Isovolumetric relaxation
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8
Q

Location of the moderator Band

A

septomarginal recess of R. ventricle

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9
Q

2 structures that cause the Purkinje system to be faster than other neurons in the heart

A
  1. intercalated disc
  2. gap junctions

(cardiac fibers are interconnected by intercalated discs : form gap jxn)

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10
Q

What will be seen on an EKG during an MI

A

inverted T wave or altered ST segment

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11
Q

_____ channels allow for long absolute refactory periods which prevents heart tetany

A

slow Ca+ channels

cause a plateau in the AP

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12
Q

cc: __________: elongation of PR wave (isovolumetric contraction) till a second atrial depolarization occurs

A

Winkbocks phenomena

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13
Q

MCC and 2nd MCC of CHF

A

1st: HT
2nd: Aortic stenosis

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14
Q 
Steps of CHF 
1st: 
2nd:
 3rd: 
4th:
A

1st: Ventricular hypertrophy
2nd: pulm edema = exertional dyspnea
3rd: R. side heart failure
4th: legs

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15
Q

Exertional Dyspnea: ____

A

CHF bl. backs up from the L. atrium into the lungs via pulm art

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16
Q

Isolated R. sided heart failure:__________

A

cor pulmonale –> result of a lung condition such as emphysema

(MCC of R. sided : L. sided heart failure )

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17
Q

cause of Varicolcele “bag of worms”

artery effected:

A

cause: CHF

IVC–> common illiac –> INTERNAL ILIAC

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18
Q

What arteries are effected if there is pitting edema on the medial side of the foot?

What arteries are effected if there is pitting edema on the lateral side of the leg?

A

Medial ft: Great saphenous V

Lateral side of leg: popliteal –> lesser saphenous

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19
Q

What is the tell tale sign of early CHF vs. late CHF

A

Early: exertional dyspnea
later: pitting edema

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20
Q

5 signs of alcoholism having its effects on the liver?

A
  1. Liver failure
  2. Esophageal varices –> hematemesis
  3. Mallory Weiss sx
  4. Mallory bodies
  5. Wernicke- korsakoff psychosis
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21
Q

What vit. is usually deficient in alcoholics

A

B1 (thiame) –> Beriberi

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22
Q

cc: _______sx: bl. mucosa at the jxn of the esophagus and stomach of an alcoholic

A

Mallory Weiss sx

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23
Q

Name the 4 heart sounds

A

1st: Av Valve closing during isometric contraction (PR seg)
2nd: semilunar valves close
3rd: ventricular filling, Normal in children. Abnormal in adults
4. Heard during diastole. Normal in athletes, abn. in adults

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24
Q

bl ph: ___-___

A

7.35- 7.45

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25
Q

CN ___+___ are the Afferent and efferent N’s to the carotid sinus

A

CN 9 & 10

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26
Q

4 s/s of tetrology of fallot (DRIP)

A

D: dextroposition of aorta –> off R. ventricle
R: R. ventricle hyppertrophy
I: Interventricular spetal defect
P: Pulmonary stenosis

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27
Q

Aschoff bodies are seen after a ___ fever

caused by ____ bact

A

Rheumatic fever

caused: strep pyogenes

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28
Q

3 bact’s that can cause destruction to heart valves

A
  1. strep pyogenes (aschoff bodies)
  2. Group A Lancefield
  3. B- hemolytic strep
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29
Q

MC benign tumor of the heart

A

myxoma

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30
Q

(LOP)__________: anterior spinal roots are motor, posterior are sensory

A

Bell Magende

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31
Q

(LOP)_________: at constant temp, gas vol is inverse to pressure

A

Boyle Law

32
Q

(LOP)_________: at constant pressure, gas is proportional to absolute temp

A

Charles Law

33
Q

(LOP)_________: min. time needed to electrically stim a M/N using 2x the min current to elicit threshold response

A

Chronaxie Law

34
Q

(LOP)_________: membrane potention on the inside of the membrane when 2 positive ions (Na+ and K+) and one neg. ion (Cl-) are involved

A

Goldman Law

35
Q

(LOP)________: gas solubility in a liquid is proportional to gas pressure

A

Henri Law

36
Q

(LOP)________: Limits of respiratory excursion via the vagus Nerve

A

Hering Breuer Law

37
Q

(LOP)________:the tension in an art. will be proportional to the radius of the vessel

A

LaPlace’s Law for the arteries

38
Q

(LOP)________: Ventricular presusre depends on M tension, size and shape of the heart

A

LaPlace’s Law for the heart

39
Q

(LOP)________: cardiac output = venous return

A

Starling’s law

if venous return exceeds output = CHF

40
Q

(LOP)________: Hg becomes mroe acidic binding with oxygen. Causes CO2 and H+ to be expelled into the alveoli. (part of the Bohr effect)

A

Haldane Effect

41
Q

(LOP)________: Hg binds to 4 oxygens and releases H+, CO2, DPG, and decr temp in the lungs

in the tiss: Hg binds to H+, CO2, DPG, and incr temp

A

Bohr effect

42
Q

_____: is normal breathing

Normal breathing is regulated by ____ center
(in the Nucleus Parabrachialis in the upper pons) –> limits Inspiration

A

Normal breathing: tidal Vol

Regulated by: Pneumotaxic center

43
Q

_____vol. is forced inspiration

A

Inspiratory Reserve vol

44
Q

_____vol. is forced expiration

A

Expiratory reserve vol

45
Q

_____vol. keeps lung from collapsing

A

Residual vol.

46
Q

Inspiratory capacity = ____ + ___

A

IC= Inspiratory Reserve vol + Tidal vol

47
Q

Functional Residual capacity= ___+___

A

FRC= Expiratory Reserve vol + Residual Vol

48
Q

Vital capacity = ___+___+____

A

Inspiratory reserve vol + tidal vol + expiratory reserve vol

49
Q

N. that controls respiratory

A

Vagus (dorsal motor nucleus)

50
Q

2 factors that contribute to compliance of the lungs

A
  1. Elastic forces of lungs

2. surface tension of fluids in/ around the lungs

51
Q

cc_______: lack of surfactant at birth

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

aka- Neonatal hyaline membrane dz

52
Q

epithelial lining of the lungs (2)

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium: entire lung

except alveolar sacs: simple squamous

53
Q

fxns of each type of lung cell:

  1. type 1 pneumocytes:____
  2. type 2 pneumocytes:___
  3. dust cells: ____
  4. J cells: ____
A
  1. type 1 pneumocytes: gas exchange
  2. type 2 pneumocytes: surfactant secretion
  3. dust cells: macrophages
  4. J cells: produce mucus (goblet cells)
54
Q

Chemoreceptors are most sensitive to increase in ___

Location:___ and ___

A

CO2

location of chemoreceptors: carotid body and aortic body

55
Q

_____ is the enzyme that converts carbon dioxide to bicarbonate

____ is the mineral cofactor for the enzyme

A

enzyme: carbonic anhydrase
mineral: Zn+

56
Q

explain acidosis vs. alkalosis

A

acidosis: incr H+ and CO2, decr O2

Alkalosis: decr H+ and CO2, incr O2

57
Q

______ causes respiratory acidosis

______ causes Metabolic acidosis

A

respiratory acidosis: decr ventilation
ex: holding breath, pneumonia

Metabolic acidosis: non- lung
ex: diarrhea, DM ketoacidosis

acidosis: incr H+ and CO2, decr O2

58
Q

_____ causes respiratory alkalosis

_____ causes metabolic alkalosis

A

respiratory alkalosis : incr respiration
ex: hyperventilation

metabolic alkalosis : non-lung
ex: bulimia- loss of HCL
Diuretics: loss H+

Alkalosis: decr H+ and CO2, incr O2

59
Q

(3) structures in the anterior mediastinum

A

thymus
areolar tiss
lymph nodes

60
Q

(6) structures (3) N in the superior mediastinum

A

structures:
1. thymus (ant)
2. arch of aorta (post)
3. Trachea
4. SVC
5. Esophagus (post)
6. thoracic duct (post)

Nerves:

  1. Vagus (post)
  2. Phrenic
  3. Recurrent laryngeal N
61
Q

(4) structures (2) N in the posterior Mediastinum

A

structures:
1. thoracic / descending aorta (sup)
2. carini & bronchi
3. Azygous & hemiazygous V (middle)
4. esophagus (sup)
5. thoracic duct (sup)

N:

  1. Vagus (sup)
  2. splanchnic
62
Q

Middle structures of the mediastinum (3)

(1) N

A

structures:
1. heart
2. Ascending aorta, pulm a & V
3. SVC, arch of azygous

N:
1. Phrenic

63
Q

the heart is drained by V’s that drain into the ____

A

coronary sinus

Receives: Great cardaic V, Middle Cardiac V, and Small cardiac V

Drains into the: RA

64
Q

Great cardiac V. ascends in the _____ groove with the ______Art

A

anterior interventricular groove

with the: anterior interventricular art

65
Q

Middle cardiac V ascends in the _____ groove with the ______ art

A

posterior interventricular groove

with the: R. coronary Art

66
Q

Small cardiac V runs in the ____ groove with the ____ art.

A

coronary groove

with the : marginal art.

67
Q

_____ smooth space btw the opening of IVC & SVC

A

sinus venarum

68
Q

_____: depression on the interatrial septum

A

Fossa Ovalis

69
Q

Pectinei are M’s in the ____

Chordea carnie are M’s in the ___

A

Pect: atrium

Chordea: ventricles

70
Q

_____: tendinous strands that attach to papillary mm and valve cusps. Prevents eversion of AV valves

A

Chordae tendinae

71
Q

Location of the moderator band:

A

R. Ventricle

72
Q

______: conical prolongation of the RV from which pulmonary art. emerge

A

conus arteriosis

73
Q

MC artery for MI

A

L anterior descending art.

aka: left anterior interventricular art

74
Q

(3) branchs of the L. Coronary

A

M.A.C

Muscular branch
anterior interventricular
Circumflex art.

75
Q

(3) branches of the R. Coronary

A

Muscular branch
Post. Interventricular
marginal

76
Q

L Recurrent laryngeal N wraps around the ________

R. recurrent laryngeal N wraps around the ____

A

Left: arch of aorta

Right: R. subclavian Art

77
Q

_____ artery feeds the lesser curve

_____ artery feeds the greater curve

A

Lesser: L gastric art

Greater: L & R gastroepiploic art

BOARDS Part 1 (33 decks)

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