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Y2 MSK > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are muscle striations formed from

A

alternating dark and light filaments

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2
Q

what are the dark filamens

A

thick myosin

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3
Q

what are the light filaments

A

thin actin

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4
Q

what is contained in the sarcomere

A

actin and myosin

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5
Q

are gap junctions present in skeletal muscle

A

no

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6
Q

define motor unit

A

a single alpha motor neurone and the fibres it innervates

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7
Q

why would a motor neurone contain few fibres per motor unit

A

when precision is more important than power

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8
Q

give an example of a muscle where there are few fibres per motor unit

A

extra-ocular muscles

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9
Q

give an example of a muscle where there are many fibres per motor unit

A

quads

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10
Q

give the structure of muscle

A

Muscle -> muscle fibre -> myofibril -> sarcomere

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11
Q

how big is a muscle fibre

A

1 cell

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12
Q

what is a myofibril

A

intracellular contractile structure

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13
Q

what is a functional unit

A

smallest component that can perform all an organ’s functions

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14
Q

what is the functional unit of skeletal muscle

A

sarcomere

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15
Q

names of the zones within a sarcomere

A

A band
H zone
M line
I band

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16
Q

what is the A band

A

thin filament overlapping both ends of thick filaments

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17
Q

what is the H zone

A

lighter area within A-band where thin filaments don’t reach

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18
Q

what is the M line

A

vertically down middle of A band in centre of H zone

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19
Q

what is the I band

A

remaining portion of thin filaments

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20
Q

how to histologically tell apart muscle fibre types

A

succinate dehydrogenase stain

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21
Q

names of skeletal muscle fibre types

A

Slow oxidative I
Fast oxidative IIa
Fast glycolytic IIx

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22
Q

features of type I skeletal muscle

A

resistant, oxidative metabolism, > mitochondria

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23
Q

when is type I skeletal muscle used

A

long low aerobic activities - walking, posture

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24
Q

features of type IIa skeletal muscle

A

intermediate twitch, aerobic & anaerobic metabolism, fatigue resistant

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25
Q

when is type IIa skeletal muscle used

A

long moderate work - jogging

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26
Q

features of type IIx skeletal muscle

A

fast twitch, anaerobic metabolism, fatigue easy, < mitochondria, greater force, white fibre

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27
Q

when is type IIx skeletal muscle used

A

short term high intensity e.g. jumping

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28
Q

what does skeletal muscle look like on histology

A

unbranched nuclei under sarcolemma, multinucleate (syncytium), long cylindrical fibres

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29
Q

where are the nuclei located in the cell in skeletal muscle? how does the differ from cardiac muscle?

A

peripherally, in centre in cardiac

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30
Q

define fascicle

A

bundle of muscle fibres

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31
Q

define epimysium

A

connective tissue that surrounds muscle

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32
Q

define perimysium

A

connective tissue around a single fascicle

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33
Q

define endomysium

A

connective tissue around a single muscle fibre

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34
Q

sarcomes entend from …

A

1 Z line to the next

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35
Q

sliding filament theory; where is Ca released from

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum lateral sac

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36
Q

sliding filament theory; what does Ca bind to

A

troponin on actin

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37
Q

sliding filament theory; what is the power stroke

A

tropomyosin moved aside; pulls thin filament inward during contraction to reveal cross bridge

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38
Q

sliding filament theory; what happens when no action potential

A

ATP pumps Ca++ to sarcoplasmic reticulum

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39
Q

sliding filament theory; what is required for AP

A

ATP

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40
Q

sliding filament theory; what happens when muscle muscle

A

no cross bridge binding, actin physically covered by troponin tropomyosin complex

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41
Q

what factors influence muscle tension

A

no. of fibres contracting (motor unit recruitment >1 unit contracting, prevents fatigue)
tension developed by each fibre (stimulation freq & fibre length/thickness)

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42
Q

what happens if repetitive fast stimulation

A

twitches summate

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43
Q

what happens in tetanus

A

sustained contraction; stimulated so rapidly muscle doesn’t relax between stimuli stronger contraction

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44
Q

why doesn’t tetanus happen in cardiac muscle

A

long refractory period

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45
Q

when is maximum tension in skeletal muscle

A

at optimum (resting) muscle length before contraction

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46
Q

what movements are done by isotonic contraction

A

movement/moving objects

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47
Q

what movements are done by isometric contraction

A

supporting objects/posture

48
Q

what happens in isotonic contraction

A

tension constant as muscle length changes

49
Q

what happens in isometric contraction

A

tension develops at constant muscle length

50
Q

are there different types of fibre in each motor unit

A

nope

51
Q

what differences are there between skeletal muscle fibres

A

enzymatic ATP synthesis pathways, fatigue resistance, myosin ATPase activity

52
Q

what does myosin ATPase activity affect

A

muscle contraction speed

53
Q

where does fast ATP supply for muscle contraction come from

A

creatine phosphate to ADP

54
Q

where does ATP supply for muscle contraction come from when O2 present

A

oxidative phosphorylation

55
Q

where does ATP supply for muscle contraction come from when O2 not present

A

glycolysis

56
Q

what is a reflex action

A

stereotyped response to a specific stimulus

57
Q

what type of feedback is the stretch reflex

A

ve feedback mechanism

58
Q

when is the stretch reflex used

A

maintains posture

59
Q

what is the stretch reflex

A

simplest monosynaptic spinal reflex resisting passive change in muscle length

60
Q

what is a muscle spindle

A

sensory stretch reflex receptors

61
Q

what is a muscle spindle formed of

A

specialised intrafusal fibres

62
Q

nerve supply to muscle spindle

A

have own efferent nerve supply, gamma motor neurones

63
Q

where do muscle spindles synpase

A

in spinal cord with alpha motor neurons

64
Q

how can you test the muscle spindle

A

patellar tendon tap

65
Q

what type of neuro-receptor is involved in synaptic transmission of skeletal muscles

A

nicotinic ACh GPCR

66
Q

what terminates synaptic transmission in skeletal muscle

A

ACh hydrolysis by AChE

67
Q

when does the e.p.p. occur and what effect does this have

A

when na influx > k efflux causes depolarisation

68
Q

when is an AP stimulated in skeletal muscle

A

when e.p.p. is > threshold

69
Q

what is the m.e.p.p

A

response to 1 quantum of neurotransmitter

70
Q

what is haemopoiesis and where does it take place

A

BC production in bone

71
Q

what is an osteocyte

A

mature osteoblast bone cell

72
Q

where are osteocytes

A

in canaliculi/lacunae in bone matrix

73
Q

what is an osteoblast

A

bone forming cells with prominent mitochondria

74
Q

where are osteoblasts

A

on bone surface

75
Q

what is an osteoclast

A

bone resorption multinucleate cell

76
Q

where are osteoclasts

A

on surface

77
Q

what is a osteoprogenitor cell

A

stem cell; pool of reserve osteoblasts

78
Q

where are osteoprogenitor cells

A

on bone surface under periosteum

79
Q

how do osteocytes recieve oxygen and nutrients

A

from synovial fluid via haversian canals

80
Q

what cell type are osteoclasts derived from

A

macrophages

81
Q

which type of bone is strong: woven or lamellar

A

woven weak

fibrous lamellar strong

82
Q

what is NADH oxidised to

A

NAD+ + H+ + 2e-

83
Q

which types of collagen are in hyaline and fibrocartilage

A

type 1 collagen hyaline

type 2 collagen fibrocartilage

84
Q

which cells produce synovial fluid

A

fibroblasts

85
Q

what is found in the centre of bone

A

bone marrow

86
Q

what type of bone surrounds bone marrow

A

cancellous trabecular spongy bone

87
Q

what type of bone is located externally

A

compact cortical lamellar bone

88
Q

what type of stain is used for bone

A

silver

89
Q

what is another name for osteon

A

haversian system

90
Q

what are osteon

A

cylindrical tubes within bone containing the haversian canal

91
Q

what is contained within the haversian cnaal

A

arterial and venous branch, nerve fibres and osteogenic cells

92
Q

what structure runs perpendicularly in bone and what is its function

A

canaliculi connect osteocytes to one another & to Haversian canal

93
Q

what is lacunae of bone

A

space containing osteocytes

94
Q

how do osteocytes of cancellous trabecular bone survive

A

from contact to adjacent marrow cavity

95
Q

what is the structure of lamellar fibrous bone

A

collagen fibres orientated in the same direction

96
Q

what is a diarthrosis

A

synovial joint

97
Q

what type of joint are the intervertebral discs

A

cartilaginous

98
Q

what type of cartilage is found on articular surfaces

A

hyaline

99
Q

what type of joint is the pubic synthesis

A

cartilaginous

100
Q

what type of cartilage are the tracheal rings

A

hyaline

101
Q

what is fibrocartilage formed of

A

type 1 collagen + chondrocytes

102
Q

what type of joint is the chostochondral joint and what type of cartilage are the costal cartilages

A

cartilaginous joint

hyaline cartilage

103
Q

what is a chondroblast

A

immature chondrocyte

104
Q

what cells secrete collagen

A

chondrocytes

105
Q

what is cartilage regenerated to

A

fibrocartilage

106
Q

what are the most successful joint replacements

A

hip and knee

107
Q

give 3 examples of toxins produced by staph aureus

A

enterotoxin
staphylococcus scaled skin syndrome SSSST
panton valentine leukocydin PVL

108
Q

what type of infection do sessile bacteria cause

A

biofilms

109
Q

name 3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

110
Q

what is perichondrium

A

fibrous connective tissue layer directly above cartilage surface

111
Q

what are the 3 types of joints

A

synovial
fibrous
cartilaginous

112
Q

what is the difference between a simple and a compound synovial joint

A

simple: 1 articular surface pair
compoound: >1

113
Q

what mineral is found in highest quantities in bone

A

ca hydroxyapatite crystal

114
Q

what is the diaphysis, physis, metaphysis and epiphysis of long bones

A

diaphysis shaft, growth plate physis, metaphysis around physis, epiphysis on physis

115
Q

where does central tolerance take place

A

primary lymphoid tissue

116
Q

what cells express HLA class I on their surface

A

all nucleated cells

117
Q

what cells express HLA class II on their surface

A

specialised APCs

Y2 MSK (20 decks)

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