Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

From Flashcardlet big > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q 
Define the following
Stunned
Hibernating
re-reflow 
stone heart syndrome: massive muscular contraction of the whole myocardium that follows an end0stage massive reperfusion injury, no possible recuperation, very poor prognosis
A

Stunned: temporary akinesia of a myocardial territory after ischemia-reperfusion, reversible condition, excellent recovery

hibernating: akinetic territory that has the ability to recover contractile activity after angioplastic or surgical revascularization

no-reflow phenomenon: massive endovascular occlusion by neutrophil and platelet adhesion that follow a severe ischemia-reperfusion syndrome. poor recuperation and prognosis

stone heart syndrome:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are potential negative effects of sodium bicarbonate administration during CPR

A

Hypernatremia
Hyperosmolarity
shifting oxyhemoglobin to the left (inhibiting the release of oxygen)
paradoxical acidosis from carbon dioxide formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How much narrowing of the cross sectional area of a coronary must occur for there to be a reduction on coronary flow with exertion? at rest?

A

70% and 90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List 3 acute coronary sydromes

A

Unstable Angina
Acute myocardial infarction
sudden ischemic death
coronary artery dissection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name 3 physiologic components which contribute to coronary vascular resistance in the non-diseased heart

A

Viscous resistance
autoregulatory resistance
compressive resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List 4 factors that results in a shift to the right of the oxygen/hemoglobin dissociatiion curve

A

increased PCO2
increase in temperature
decrease in pH
increase in 2, 3 DPG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List the three basic categories of physiologicl derangements which can lead to tissue hypoxia and give one clinical example of each

A 
Inadequate blood oxygenation
	cardiogenic/pulmonary edema
	ARDS
	acute lung injury
inadequate delivery of oxygen to tissues
	low cardiac output
Abnormal inability to extract from the blood 
	sepsis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pressure-volume loops and the End systolic pressure-volume relation slope is an indication of contractility

When an inotrope is administered, in which direction does the EPVR slope shift?

In heart with systolic failure in which direction does the ESPVR slope shift

A

Inotrope: upward and to the left

In failing heart– right and slightly down.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the equation for Laplace Law governing the wall stress of an arterial wall

A

Wall stress is proportional to (P x r) divided by (2 x wall thickness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List 4 mechanisms responsible for the cellular damage produced during post-ischemic reperfusion injury

A

Release of free radical ( OH, O2, H2O2)
alteration of membrane phospholipid causing impairment of cellular tntegrity
Calcium-induced injury related to to increased Ca influsion
ATPase causing destruction of ATP intracellular storage
Leucocyte mediated injury

endothelial cell injury and no-reflow phenomenon``

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are determinants of oxygen delivery

A

cardiac output
hemoglobin
saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen saturation
dissolved oxygen measured by the partial pressure of oxygen

D = CO X 10 (HGB x 1.36 x O2sat) + PaO2 X 0.003

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is normal Coronary blood flow

A

8 -15 ml/100/min in a beating heart

1.5 ml/100gm/min in an arresting heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List Endothelial vasodilators

A

Nitric Oxide
Endothelium Derived relaxing factor
Bradykinin
Prostayclin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List Endothelial vasoconstrictors

A

Angiotensin II
Thromboxane
Edothelin-1 (ET1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is normal range for mixed venous saturation

A

65-75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are reasons why the mixed venous saturation would be less than 60%

A 
Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity 
Acidosis 
Cardiac decompensation 
cellular injury
stress (? )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are reasons why the mixed venous saturation would be very high

A

sepsis
hypothermic
wedged PA catheter
physiologic or anatomic shunting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List mechanisms of contractile dysfunction after myocardial stunning

A

generation of oxygen-derived free radicals
Calcium overload
Excitation-contraction uncoupling due to sarcoplasmic reticulum dysfunction
Insufficient energy production by mitochondria
Impaired energy use by myofibrils
Impaired sympathetic neural responsiveness
Damage to the extracellular collagen matrix
Decreased sensitivity of myofilaments to calcium

19
Q

List mechanisms of ischemic reperfusion injury

A

Mitochondrial dysfunction
Calcium overload and cellular hypertracture
Oxygen and other free radical generation
Apoptosis
Intracellular calcium influx
Activation of leukocytes
Complement activation

20
Q

List severe oxygen or free radicals that are generated with ischemia

A

superoxide anion
hydrogen peroxide
nitric oxide derived peroxynitrate
hydoxyl radical

21
Q

How do neutrophils get activated during CPB

A

Activated by Kallikrein
contact system
complement system
Recruited by cytokines, complement, IL-1
Release cytokines, and phagocytose cells
Produce arachadonic acid metabolites and prostaglandins to mediate systemic inflammatory response syndrome

22
Q

List fluid analysis of chlothorax

A 
Odorless, milky white fluid
High triglyceride content 1.1 mmol/L 
Specific gravity > 1.012 
white count is lymphocytic 3000 to 20 000 cells/cc
Albumin 1-g/dl
23
Q

List the factors in Child-pugh classification of assessing liver cirrhosis

A 
Bilirubin 
Albumin 
INR 
encepalopathy 
ascities 
<7 cardiac surgery mortality is not affected
7-9 cardiac mortality is 41 to 80%
> 9  (1-3 month survival, cardiac surgery mortality is 100%)
24
Q

How do you calculate shunt fraction for ASD

A

Qp/Qs

Sat (aortic) - Mixed venous sat (usually mix of IVC (2/3) and svc 1/3) DIVIDED by pulmonary venous sat - pulmonary artery sat

25
Q

How do you calculate Pulmonary Vascular resistance (mmHg/L/min)

A

Mean pulmonary arterial pressure - pulmonary capillary wedge pressure/Cardiac outpult

to get Dynes.sec.cm-5 you just multiple by 80

26
Q

What are PVR limitations for operating when it comes to ASD

A

If PVR above 8 you do not operate

If PVR is 6 to 8 check for vasodilatory challenge

if the PVR is less then 6 then it’s ok to operate

27
Q

List advantages of LMWH

A 
decreased heparin resistance 
decreased incidence of HIT  (1 vs 5%) 
No need for monitoring 
Increased half life
decreased risk of bleeding
28
Q

How do you calculate mean pulmonary artery pressure

A

PASP -PADP/3 + PADP

this is the same as mean arterial pressure

29
Q

Describe the phases of Cardiomyocyte action potential

A

Phase 0: influx of sodium ions causes membrane to become transiently positive
Phase 1: opening of the K challens to leave the cell (slowing makes it negative)
Phase 2: Opening of Ca allows the balance of exit of K cells to keep a plateu phase.
Phase 3: Closure of Ca channel (repolarization and -90m(
Phase 4: resting period occurs because as cell prepares for next excitation

30
Q

What is Bohr effect

A

Factors such as acidosis, hypercapnia, increasing temp that cause a right shift of the oxygen dissociation curve, thereby encouraging oxygen release to the tissues

31
Q

What are the wave forms of the Central line tracing

A

A wave = atrial contraction
x decent = atrial diastole
c wave = ventricular systole leading to AV closure
X prime decent = the remainder of x decent
v wave = atrial filling against a closed AV valve, ventricular systole
Y descent = ventricular diastole and opening of the AV valve

32
Q

What happens in Cardiac tamponade

A

the waveform shows attenuated y descent (reduced atrial filling) with or without a prominent x descent

33
Q

What happens to central line tracing in tricuspid regurgitation

A

Waveform shows large V waves

34
Q

What happens to central line tracing with pacemaker syndrome

A

cannon a waves, due to atrial contraction against a closed tricuspid valve

35
Q

What is the mechanism of action and the role of spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of angina

A

Simulate at level of T1-T2
Mechanism
- suppressing the capacity of intrinsic cardiac neurons to generate activity during myocardial ischemia
-reduces sympathetic activity by redistributing myocardial blood from nonishemic areas

36
Q

List potential benefits of Pulsatile flow

A

Increase lymph flow, energy to microcirculation, oxygen consumption, cellular metabolism, tissue perfusion

Decrease: vasoconstrive effect, acidosis, neuroendo response, critical capillary closing pressure

37
Q

What are lesions of Atherosclerosis

A

Fatty streak—Invasion of intima
Diffuse Intimal thickening–increased smooth muscle cells; increase connective tissue
Fibrous plaque–proliferation smooth muscle cells, fibrous cap, zone of necrotic tissue
Advanced lesion–calcification, hemorrhage, fissure and cracks in intima

38
Q

What are the potential negative effects of Sodium Bicarbonate administration during CPB

A

Hypernatremia
HYperosmolarity
Shifting of oxyhemoglobin curve to the left (ihibiting release of oxygen)
paradoxical acidosis from CO2 formation

39
Q

Name 3 physiologic components which contribute to coronary resistance in the non-diseased heart

A

Auroregulatory resistance
Compressive resistance
viscous resistance

40
Q

4 factors that results in a shift to the right of oxygen/hemoglobin dissociation curve

A

increase temp
increased PCO2
decrease in pH
increase in 2, 3 DPG

41
Q

When an inotrope is administered, in which direction does the ESPVR slope shift

A

upward, leftward, rises more rapidly

42
Q

IN the heart with systolic failure, in which direction does the ESPVR slope shift

A

downward, rightward, diminished rate of rise

43
Q

List 4 physiologic changes associated with pregnancy that can complicate pre-existing cardiac disease

A

increase in cardiac output
increase in circulating blood volume
inferior vena caval compression from a gravid uterus with abrupt decrease in cardiac preload
increase in circulating elastase which may weaken the aortic media
hypercoagulable state with decrease protein S stasis and venous HTN

From Flashcardlet big (79 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions