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From Flashcardlet big > Mechanical assist devices > Flashcards

Mechanical assist devices Flashcards

1
Q

How does IABP improve myocardial oxygen supply to demand ratio

A
  1. reducing the tension-time index (systolic wall tension) by reducing the impedance to left ventricular ejection
  2. increasing the diastolic pressure-time index by increasing coronary blood flow during during diastole
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2
Q

List complications of IABP

A 
Vessel perforation 
Arterial branch occlusion 
Acute aortic insufficiency
Gas escape/catheter rupture
peripheral thrombo-embolism 
acute aortic dissection 
wound problems
chronic claudication 
femoral neuralgia
femoral pseudo-aneurysm
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3
Q

How are LVAD classified

A

Pulsatile: Thoratec, Heart mate I,

Non-pulsatile (continuous) flow: Heart mate II, Jarvik,

Location:
Totally implantable
paracorporeal
percutaneous

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4
Q

List indications for advanced mechanical support

A 
Post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock
post-MI cardiogenic shock 
High-risk PCI 
Hypothermia rewarming 
Bridge to transplantation 
Bridge to recovery 
Long-term destination therapy 
Backup for high risk cardiac surgery
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5
Q

What are the main uses of a LVAD

A

Bridge to Transplantation

Bridge to recovery

Bridge to destination therapy

Bridge to decision

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6
Q

List potential complications of LVAD

A

Operative mortality 10-20%
Major bleeding (20 to 60% require mediastinal reexploration
Right heart failure (20 to 40%)
Device Malfunction
Major infection (within 3 months about 28%)
Neurologic dysfunction 8 to 20%

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7
Q

List available ventricular assist devices

A 
Heartmate I (thoratec) 
NovaCor
Thoratec 
DeBakey VAD 
Heartmate II
Jarvik Van 
Lionheart
Abiocor TAH 
Cardiowest
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8
Q

What are considerations when placing a LVAD

A

potential reversibility of cardiac dysfunction
cause of the caridac dysfunction
degree of right and left ventricular dysfunction
amount of circulatory support needed
patient size
Importance of the device for myocardial functional recovery
Whether the patient is candidate for cardiac transplantation
Anatomic location of collapse or deterioration
Expected duration of support
The patient’s age and severity of comorbid conditions

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9
Q

What are theoretical advantage of VADs

A

Maintains end-organ perfusion and prevents end-organ damage. End-organ damage is a predictor of survival
Resting the stunned myocardium by unloading the ventricle
Promote “reverse remodeling” by improving myocardial contractility

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10
Q

What are indications to do BiVAD over just LVAD

A

Fitzpatrick from UPEN suggested do RVAD if
CI < 2.2
RV stroke work index < 0.25 mmHg/L/M2
severe preoperative RV dysfunction on eco
Pre-operative creatinine
previous cardiac surgery
systolic BP< 90

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11
Q

List 4 contra-indications for mechanical circulatory support as a bridge to tranplantation

A

Systemic life-threatening (serious) illness
irreversible renal dysfunction
irreversible hepatic dysfunction
patient is not a candidate for transplantation

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12
Q

The RECOVER I: multicenter prospective study of Impella 5.)LD for post cardiotomy circulatory support

JTCS Feb 2013

Howard Frazer

A

16 pts post being weaned off CPB enrolled in a prospective single-arm feasibility study.

The primary endpoint was survival of the patient to.

outcomes:
recovery of native heart function was obtained in 93% of patients with bridge to other therapy in 7%

Survival at 30 days, 3 months and 1 year was 94%, 81%, and 75%

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13
Q

List some factors for RVAD usage after LVAD

A 
female gender
small body surface area
noishcemic etiology 
Low mean and diastolic pulmonary pressyres 
Low RVSWI 
Pre-operative circulatory support
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14
Q

Describe the Impella

A

Impella 5.0 (Abiomed) is a 21 French microaxial pump based 9 French catheter. It is capable of producing up to 5 L/min of flow.

The left peripheral (LP) is designed to be inserted peripherally.

The left direct (LD) is tended to be placed directly into the ascending aorta via a 10-mm vascular graft.

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15
Q

Details of Impella

A

The device straddles the aortic valve with inflow residing in the left ventricular cavity and the outflow at the level of the STJ.

Managed at beside and intended for 1 week duration.

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16
Q

Potential benefits of the impella

A 
Improvement in cardiac output
direct ventricular unloading (reduction in left ventricular end diatolic pressure and volume) 
reduced myocardial oxygen demand 
improved oxygen demand
improved coronary perfusion 
infarct size limitation
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17
Q

ABIOMED5000

A

Pneumatically controlled temporary external pulsatile assist device.

SIngle-use blood pumps activated by a pneumatic drive console. Blood pump composed of dual chamber system that incorporates atrial (filling) chamber with a ventricular (pumping) chamber.

resistant again ventricular arrhythmias.

inserted sternontomy.

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18
Q

What is Levitronix CentriMag device

A

Ventricular assist system designed for treatment of patients with acute cardiogenic shock of any etiology

Can generate as much as 10L/min flow is capable of support for 30 days.

Unique in that it is driven with a bearingless motor that enables the spinning component within the pump to be magnetically leviatated and rotated without contact or wear.

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19
Q

More details of Levitronix

A

No bearings, shafts, and seals that are associated within centrifugal pump

Level of hemolysis and risk of thrombus accumulation within the pump are greatly reduced.

For LVAD the INFLOW cannula is placed in the left atrium via the interatrial spetal groove (adjacent to the right superior pulmonary vein) . The outflow is placed in the ascending aorta.

For RVAD the INFLOW is positioned in the right atrial appendage with the outflow cannula in the pulmonary artery.

ACT 160 to 180

20
Q

What study is key with destination therapy LVAD

A

REMATCH
1 year survival 50% in LVAD and 25% in medical
2 year 23% in LVAD and 8 % in medical
quality of life was improved in LVAD

21
Q

How do you calculate right ventricular stroke work index (RVSWI)

A

RVSWI = (mean PAP - mean RAP) x SVI

stroke volume index is calculated by the CI divided by the heart rate
RAP is the right atrial pressure

a low RVSWI is a significant risk for RVAD use
So is low PAP *this indicates poor intrinsic RV contractility

22
Q

List indications for Destination therapy VAD

A

Only the Heart Mate XVE
Refer to the eligibility of the REMATCH trial
1. Class NYHA IV end-stage LV failure for at least 90 days with a life expectancy of 2 years
2. Non candidates for heart transplantation
3. Failed response to optimal medical therapy (including diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE for at least 60 of the 90 days
4. Patient has a LV ejection fraction of < 25%
5. Demonstrated function limitation with a peak oxygen consumption of < 12 ml/Kg/min
6

23
Q

What are details of Heart mate II

A

internal blood pump with a percutaneous lead that connects the pump to an external system driver and power source
impeller is the only moving part, spins on a blood-lubricated bearings powered by an electric motor
implant volume of 63ml
generates flow at 10 L/min at a mean pressure of 100mmHg

24
Q

What are implantation techniques of Heart Mate II

A

Median sternonotmy on CPB
inflow cannula is inserted into opening made in the apex of the left ventricle with a coring knife
outflow cannula on the ascending aorta
pump placed in the preperitoneal pack at the level of the diaphragm
adjust the pump speed (RPM) and maintain a PI of > 3.5 to 4

25
Q

What is anticoagulation strategy for heart mate II

A 
Initiation of intravenous UFW for 12 to 25 hours for a PTT 45 to 50 
start antiplatelet (81 ECASA on day 2) 
On day 3 start warfarin for INR 2 to 3
  • some groups have stopped warfarin all together and run the INR to 1.5 to 2.0.
26
Q

What are adverese events of HeartMate II LVAD support

A 
Neurologic (6.3%) 
Hemorrhagic 
GI bleed (15%) 
Infection 
	drive line/pocket
Right ventricular failure (6%) 
Device malfunction 
Device replacement 
Hemolysis 
Resp Failure
27
Q

Theoretical advantage of LVADs:

A

Maintains end-organ perfusion and prevents end-organ damage. End-organ damage is a predictor of survival
Resting the stunned myocardium by unloading the ventricle
Promote “reverse remodeling” by improving myocardial contractility

28
Q

List details of first generation VADs

A

HeartMate XVE-only FDA approved device for destination therapy
Pulsatile flow generated through a pusher plate placed in a large housing
Requires no anticoaulation
Long-term use is limited by high probability of device malfunction and infection
Major disadvantage is the exteriorized pump
The Thoratec PVAD and Berlin Heart Excore

29
Q

What is a first generation LVAD

A

Pulsatile, volume displacement using a pusher plate system. Example is a heart mate XVE. The pump senses when the chamber is full and activates the pusher plate. It has porcine xenograft valves.
35% device failure in 2 years
Only had to take ASA

30
Q

What is second generation LVAD

A

Continuous flow, rotary pump. This continous rotary pump is smaller, eliminating the reservoir chamber and valves needed for first generation.
Rotary blood pump is typically an axial blood flow path, which has an internal rotor within the blood flow path that is suspended on bearings.
Inflow at apex of LV and outflow in ascending aorta.
Risk of negative intraventricular pressure. INT 2.5- 2.5
Heart mate II

31
Q

What is a second generation VAD

A 
axial flow rotors 
fewer moving parts
lack pulsatile flow 
require anticoagulation 
does not completely empty the ventricle
32
Q

What are details of second generation VAD

A

The pumps have become miniaturized
rotary pump of axial-flow design contributed to limiting the surface area exposed to blood for the elimination of valves, air vents, and compliance chambers.

33
Q

What is 3rd generation LVAD

A

continuous-flow rotary device with an impeller or a rotor suspended in the blood flow path using a “non-contact” bearing design.
Heartware
Pump in the pericardial space
No points of mechanical contact

34
Q

What are 3rd generation devices

A

main feature is that they eliminated bearing by using hydrodynamic or electromagnetic suspension of an impeller to reduce mechanical wear and trauma to blood cells

contact free rotation

35
Q

What is recent outcomes for LVAD compared to transplant

A

At 2 years the survival of LVAD pts is about 70-80%. This is very close to transplant and the QOL is much improved.
TO date more then 1500 pts with Heart mate II

36
Q

What is the primary endpoint of the HMII trial ( continuous-flow vs pulsatile)

A

Composite of survival free from disabling stroke and reoperation to repair or replace the device at 2 y

Primary outcome; HMII group 11%; HMXVE group 46%
Survival: HMII group 58% ; HMXVE group 24%
stroke: both about 11 and 12%

There was a predictable mode of failure for HMXVE at 12 to 18 months (bearing failure or dysfunction of the valves)

37
Q

What was the survival in the rematch trial

A

Destination therapy

1yr survival
HM 52%
Meds 25%

2yr survival
HM 23%
Meds 8%

38
Q

Signal of CHF decompensation

A 
Symptoms
Medication issues
Hyponatremia
Unresponsive to CRT
Needs inotropes
End organ dysfunction
39
Q

Intermacs

Name 7 clinical profiles

A
  1. Crash and burn : hypoperfusion, shock
  2. Sliding on inotropes : inotropes support and deteriorating
  3. Stable on inotropes: failure to wean inotropes
  4. Frequent flyer: fluid retention, increasing dose of diuretics
  5. Housebound: only comfortable at rest
  6. Walking wounded: minor activities
  7. Limited to mild exertion
40
Q

Intermacs

Name 3 modifiers

A

Arrhythmia
Temporary mechanical support
Frequent flyers

41
Q

Risk factors for decline after VAD

A 
Poor nutrition
Poor renal function
Low pulmonary pressure (failing RV)
Low liver function
Infection
Small body size
Anemia
42
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the axial pump

A

Advantages

Durability
Quiet
Smaller

Disadvantages

Suction events
Anticoagulation

43
Q

What are indications for LVAD

A
  1. Class 4 Heart failure and failed OMT for at least 60 to 90 days
  2. Left ventricular ejection fraction of < 25%
  3. Functional limitation with a peak oxygen consumptions of < 12 ml/kg/min or
  4. Continued need for intravenous inotropic therapy owing to symptomatic hypotension, decreasing renal funtion, or worsening pulmonary congestion
  5. Appropriate body sise (BSA > 1.5)

1/3 of BTT pts are lose transplant candiancy
17% of DT receive transplant

44
Q

What percentage of LVAD are placed in INTERMACS level 1 and 2

A

60 to 80%

45
Q

What anatomical abnormalities need surgical correction at time of LVAD

A

PFO: creates negative pressure R-L shunting
AI: prevents a circuit from Ascending aorta back to LV
TR: prone to TR because of dilation of annulus, RV dysfunction, and pacing leading–repair TR to maximize RV forward flow
LV apical thrombus: must be removed to prevent systemic embolization

46
Q

List specific problems with VAD

A

Right heart failure (20 to 40%)
Device malfunction (frequently at 18 months was high..now very low)
Major injection: most common cause of death about 30%!
Neurological dysfunction–8 to 20%

47
Q

Describe the principles of an intra-aortic balloon pump and draw the tracing

A

counter-pulsation device timed to a inflate during diastole thereby augmenting organ perfusion and deflate just prior to systole, thereby reducing left ventricular afterload

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