Multiple choice questions Flashcards
What are features of total anomlaous venous return
ASD must be present
The shunt is right to left
pulmonary venous obstruction is common.
PGE1 cannot be used to treat cyanosis
What are side effects of cylcosporine
elevated creatinine
hypertension
elevated potassium
The best treatment for hyperhirosis
sympathectomy
During CPB with hypothermia what happens to pH
Goes up
The full hammersmith dose of aprotinin is
240 mg
With a perimembranous VSD, the conduction system lies
posterior and inferior
The PDA is derived from
distal left 6th aortic arch
Nitric oxide does the following
causes vasodilation
inhibits PMNs
Inhibits smooth muscle proliferation
inhibits platelet aggregation
Stone heart is defined by
tetanic contraction after reperfusion
What is the action of reopro?
monoclonal antibody to the platelet receptor
What can result from untreated VSD?
AI
Infundibular stenosis
endocarditis
Not cyanosis
List complications of untreated ASD
Paradoxical embolism
stroke
pulmonary vascular disease
endocarditis is not a feature of untreated ASD
All of the following are complications after fontane circulation
Pleural effusions
protein losing enteropathy
ascities
ECMO has the best results in
Meconium aspiration
List features of Shone complex
Parachute mitral valve
Subaortic stenosis
coarctation
Supravalvular mitral membrane
All of the following are complications of Glenn shunt
SVC syndrome
AV fistula from right lower lobe
phrenic nerve damage
What are features of ARDS
Increase in A-a gradient
there is an increase in shunt fraction
the FRC is decreased
The best technique to diagnose post transplant coronary artery disease is
IVUS
The aortic arch is derived from
4th arch
The nerve root most likely to be damaged during ductus is
Recurrent nerve
You have opened the chest of an infant and see a very large azygous vein. You think
Interrupted inferior vena cava
Most common vascular ring
Double aortic arch
Pulmonary vascular resistance is increased in
Acidosis
hypothermia
alph adrenergis
hypoxia
Propanolol decreases tet spells by
decreasing infundibular muscle tone
The Rastelli classification deals with
Anatomical description of complete AV canal defects
What are principles of cardioplegia arrest
Rapid diastolic arrest is achieved most effectively with potassium by blocking the inward sodium current, thereby preventing the initial phase of cellular depolarization.
By causing diastolic arrest, potassium preserves ATP and creatine phosphate stores for postischemic work.
What is purpose of glucose in cardioplegia
Substrate (i.e., glucose) should be provided to support anaerobic or aerobic energy production during aortic cross-clamping. However, the energy available is far greater if the cardioplegia solution contains oxygen (i.e., blood).
What are buffers in cardioplegia solution
buffer additives (sodium bicarbonate, tris-[hydroxymethyl]-aminoethane
Membrane stabilization with calcium supplementation or other additives is important.
Osmolarity and colloid osmotic pressure must be maintained to avoid producing myocardial edema iatrogenically during cardioplegia infusion
3 ways to determine coronary sinus cath is in correct place
1) observation of dark (deoxygenated) blood return following insertion (myocardial oxygen consumption is generally higher than peripheral oxygen consumption);
2) palpation of the tip at the base of the left atrial appendage; and
3) pressure monitoring during infusion.