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Neuroscience (1206) > Physiological Basis Of Muscle Disorders > Flashcards

Physiological Basis Of Muscle Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of muscle disorders

A

Genetic

Non-Genetic

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2
Q

What are the different types of Genetic Muscle Disorders

A 
Muscular dystrophy 
Storage myopathy 
Congenital Myopathy 
Familiar Periodic Paralysis 
Mitochondrial Diseases
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3
Q

What are the different types of Non Genetic muscle disorders

A 
Myasthenia Gravis 
Lambert- Eaton Syndrome 
Inflammatory Muscle Disease 
Drug Disorder 
Hormonal Disorder
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4
Q

What are the known causes of muscle disorders

A 
Injury or overuse 
Genetics
Some cancers 
Inflammation 
Nerve diseases that affect muscles
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5
Q

Give examples of muscle disorders due to injury or overuse

A

Sprains- stretched or torn ligaments
Strains- stretched or torn muscles or tendons
Cramps and tendinitis

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6
Q

Give an example of muscle orders due to genetics

A

Muscle dystrophy

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7
Q

Give examples of muscle disorders due to some cancers

Give the type of muscles each cancer effects

A

Leimyoma (fibroids) and leimyocarcinoma (smooth muscles)

Rhabdomyoma (skeletal muscles)

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8
Q

Give an example of a muscle disorder that is affected by inflammation

A

Myositis

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9
Q

Give examples of nerve diseases that affect muscles

A

Huntington’s Disease (nerve degeneration )

Parkinson’s disease (CNS degeneration)

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10
Q

What is Spasticity

A

A condition where certain muscles are continuously contracted

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11
Q

What is the usual cause of spasticity

A

Damage to the part of the brain or spinal cord that controls voluntary movements

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12
Q

Spasticity can interfere with Normal movement, speech and______

A

Gait

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13
Q

What two diseases do 80% of patients experience spasticity

A

Cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis

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14
Q

True or false, paralysis is only local

A

False, paralysis can be local or widespread

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15
Q

What is the cause of paralysis

A

Fault my communication between brain and muscles

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16
Q

Term used to describe Paralysis of the lower half the body, including both legs

A

Paraplegia

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17
Q

Term used to describe paralysis of the arms and legs

A

Quadriplegia

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18
Q

What is the main cause of paralysis

A

Strokes

Injury to spinal cord or broken neck

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19
Q

What are other causes of paralysis

A

Bell’s palsy (affects muscles in face)

Polio

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20
Q

What is the most common cause of muscular dystrophy

A

Gene mutation in the muscle protein dystrophin

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21
Q

How is muscle dystrophy characterized

A

Muscle wasting and weakening

22
Q

The muscles breakdown and are replaced by _______

A

Fatty Deposits

23
Q

Give examples of muscle dystrophy

A

Becker’s MD

Duchenne’s MD

24
Q

In Becker’s MD, Dystrophin is ______, while in Duchenne’s MD Dystrophin is ________

A

Reduced

Absent

25
Q

__________, causes progressive muscle weakness and fatigability.
Can be fatal by age 30/40

A

Myofibre necrosis

26
Q

_________, refers to a group of hereditary muscle disorders caused by specific enzymatic defects due to defective genes

A

Metabolic Myopathy

27
Q

What syndrome is an example of Metabolic Myopathy

A

McArdle’s Syndrome (myophosphorylase deficiency)

28
Q

What phenomenon is seen in McArdle’s Syndrome

A

Second wind

29
Q

What kind of genetic disorder is seen in McArdle’s Syndrome

A

Autosomal Recessive

30
Q

McArdle’s Syndrome causes an inability to breakdown _______, hence defect in sugar metabolism

A

Glycogen

31
Q

What disease causes a prolonged relaxation after voluntary contraction

A

Clinical Myotonia

32
Q

What is the cause of clinical myotonia

A

Abnormal Na+ or CL- channels

33
Q

What muscle disorder is associated with the warm up phenomenon

A

Clinical myotonia

34
Q

Clinical Myotonia can be triggered by ________ or made worse after ______

A

Cold or fatigue

Periods of rest

35
Q

What are the two types of congenital myotonia

A

Becker’s and Thomsens Disease

36
Q

True or false, both Becker’s and Thomsens Disease appears in childhood but Becker’s later

A

True

37
Q

Congenital Myotonia causes severe muscle stiffness mostly in males

A

True

38
Q

True or false, unlike Becker’s, Thomsen’s disease causes temporary attacks of muscle weakness in arms and hands brought on by movements after rest,l

A

False It is Becker’s

39
Q

True or false, mild permanent muscle weakness may develop over time in clinical Myotonia

A

True

40
Q

What Type of genetic disorder is familial periodic paralysis

A

Rare autosomal dominant condition

41
Q

What disorder causes sudden episodes of flaccid paralysis and loss of deep tendon reflexes and failure of muscle to respond to electrical stimulation

A

Familial periodic paralysis

42
Q

Where does Familial Periodic paralysis mostly affect

A

Limbs

43
Q

In familial periodic paralysis, weakness is often brought on by

A

Excercise

Eating too much or too few carbohydrates

44
Q

What are the four types of familial periodic paralysis

A

Hypokalaemic
Hyperkalaemic
Thyrotoxic
Anderson-Tawil Syndrome

45
Q

What causes Hypokalaemic

A

Mutation in alpha-subunit of the voltage-sensitive muscle calcium channel (mostly)
sodium channel gene

46
Q

What causes Hyperkalaemic

A

Mutation in the gene that encodes the alpha- subunit of the skeletal muscle sodium channel

47
Q

What causes thyrotoxic

A

Mutations and affected electrolyte channels in the thyrotoxic form are unknown but this form usually involves hypokalemia and is associated with symptoms of thyrotoxicosis

48
Q

What causes Anderson- Tawil Syndrome

A

Defect of inward- rectifying potassium channels; patients can have a high, low or normal potassium level

49
Q

Each form of familial periodic paralysis involves what two ways

A

Different genes

Electrolyte channel

50
Q

What is the etiology of Lambert- Eaton Syndrome

A

Antibodies against the presynaptic calcium channels of the neuromuscular junction
Decreased acetylcholine release

51
Q

What is the sign/symptom of Lambert Eaton

A

Proximal muscle weakness that improves with repeated use

52
Q

Lambert Eaton Syndrome is associated with what Syndrome

A

Paraneoplastic Syndrome eg small cell lung cancer

Neuroscience (1206) (17 decks)

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