Physical Pharma Flashcards by Xei Lee

forces within the molecule

INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES

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transfer of electron

Ionic Bond

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Sharing of electron

Covalent Bond

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formed between positively charged ion wherein free electrons are shared among lattice of cations

Metallic bond

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Forces between molecule

Intermolecular Forces

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weak forces of attraction (irreversible)

Van der waals

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AKA Orientation effect
Dipole - Dipole

Keeson

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AKA Induction effect
Dipole - Induced Dipole

Debye

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Polar molecules are attracted either positive
or negative charges → formation of salts

Ion dipole

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Force of attraction induced by a close
proximity of a charged ion into a non-polar molecule > formation of triiodide complex

Ion-induced dipole

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Attraction of H for a strongly electronegative ion (halogens)

Hydrogen bonds

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Depends on the sum of individual
properties of the components present in a
system

ADDITIVE PROPERTY

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Depend on the type and arrangement of the
components in a system

CONSTITUTIVE PROPERTY

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Depends on the number of components and solute present in a syste

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY

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Depends on the size or the amount of material in the system

EXTENSIVE

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does not depend on the size or the amt of material in the system

INTENSIVE

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Type of Density
in vacuum > empty space

ABSOLUTE

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Type of Density
in air

APPARENT

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Type of Density
@specific condition aka specific gravity

RELATIVE

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density of sx/density of std.

Specific Gravity

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used for liquid heavier or lighter than water

BAUME HYDROMETER

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type of hydrometer with constant depth of
immersion but variable weight.

NICHOLSON’S HYDROMETER

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type of hydrometer which is used to determine
the alcohol strength

THALLES’ Hydrometer

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-reciprocal of sp. gravity
-no unit

SPECIFIC VOLUME

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Plasma 2 other names

-Mesophase -Liquid Crystal

-Partly solid and partly liquid -Tends to flow like liquid under extreme conditions

PLASMA

soap-like/grease-like rotating in 1 axis mobile 2 directions

SMECTIC

thread-like > rotating 1 axis mobile in 3 directions

NEMATIC

special type of nematic crystals (Cholesteryl Benzoate)

CHOLESTERIC

2 Methods of Producing

Lyotropic Thermotropic

-have kinetic energy that produces rapid motion -held together by weak intermolecular forces -capable of filling available space -are compressible

GASES

Boyle's Law

P1V1=P2V2

Charles' Law

T1/V1=T2/V2

GAY LUSSAC'S

P1/T1=P2/T2

Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT

Real Gas Equation

(P + an2/v2) (V-nb) = NRT

- States that the amount of gas dissolved in a solution is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the solution

HENRY'S LAW OF GAS SOLUBILITY

INC pressure INC gas sol

HENRY'S LAW OF GAS SOLUBILITY

states the total pressure in a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partials pressure of each gas

DALTON'S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE

- the pressure a gas would exert if it alone occupied the whole vol of the mixture

PARTIAL PRESSURE

-speed of diffusion of gas inversely proportional to the density

GRAHAM'S LAW

-Possess less kinetic energy than do gases -Occupy a definite volume -Take the shape of the containers that hold them -Not compressible but denser than gases

LIQUIDS

is the pressure of saturated vapor above a liquid resulting from the escape of surface liquid molecules

VAPOR PRESSURE

- relationship between the vapor pressure and absolute temp at liquid

CLAUSIUS-CLAPEYRON EQUATION

Defined as a mixture of two or more compounds that form a homogenous

TRUE SOLUTION

Particle size: <1nm

TRUE SOLUTION

Represents a system having a particle size intermediate between that of a true solution and a coarse dispersion

COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS

Particle size: 1 nm - 0.5 μm

COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS

Diameter of particles larger than 0.5um

Coarse Dispersion

Defined as a chemically and physically homogeneous mixture of two or more substances solute and solvent

SOLUTION

molecules or ion dispersed throughout the solvent

SOLUTE

Phase of the soln usually constitute the largest portion of the system

SOLVENT

-absorb heat -INC temp, INC solub

ENDOTHERMIC RXN

-release heat -DEC temp, INC sol

EXOTHERMIC RXN

Instrument for Vapor Pressure Lowering

MANOMETER

BP aka

EBULLIOSCOPIC CONSTANT / EBULLITION

BP Apparatus

EBULLIOSCOPE

Apparatus for BP Elevation

COTTRELL BP APPARATUS

FP DEPRESSION AKA

CRYOSCOPIC CONSTANT

Apparatus for FP Depression

BECKMANN APPARATUS

2 Equation for Osmotic Pressure

-VANT HOFF EQ (pv=nrt) -MORSE EQ (p=mrt)

soln for which a living cell does not gain or lose water

ISOTONIC

USP method of adjusting tonicity

Class II

- “Freezing Point Depression” - based on the adjustment of freezing point of a solution to -0.52° C

CRYOSCOPIC METHOD

- based on the adjustment of freezing point of a solution to 0.9% NaCl

NACL eq method / E-Value method

- based on the method of calculating values when the weight of the drug is 0.3g

SPROWL'S METHOD

official method of adj of tonicity where in a stock soln which is isotonic is added to bring soln into its vol

WHITE VINCENT METHOD

the molar conc that will attain isotonicity based on freezing point depression of -0.52deg C

LISO OF DRUGS

complete separation of ions in a crystals lattice when salt is dissolve

IONIZATION

Separation of ions in solution when the ions are associated by interionic interaction

DISSOCIATION

solvents which are capable of accepting protons from the solute

PROTOPHILIC BASE

solvents which are capable of accepting protons from the solute

PROTOGENIC ACID

solvents which are capable of acting both as proton acceptor and proton donor

AMPHIPROTIC ACID/BASE

- solvents that neither accepts nor donate a proton

APROTIC

solutions that have the property of resisting changes in pH

BUFFERS

Equation for Buffer

Henderson-Hasselbalch Buffer Eq (aka)

Ability of a buffer soln to resist changes in pH

BUFFER CAPACITY (action, index, value)

Exact Formula for Buffer Capacity

Koppel Spro - Van Slyke's

Basic soln of dibasic sodium phosphate -Used by Timolol eyedrops to obtain a pH of 6.5

SORENSEN'S BUFFER

Boric a NaCl Sodium Borate

Feldman's Buffer

Boric a NaCl Sodium Carbonate

Atkins & Pantin Buffer

Boric a KCl Alkaline Soln of Sod Borate

GIFFORD BUFFER

most important buffer of blood

ACETATE

Biological Buffer System

PHOSPHATE OXYHEMOGLOBIN CARBONATES

attributed to the effects of the molecules found at the interface (boundary b/w 2 phases)

INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA

Reduce Interfacial Phenomena Surface Active Agent

SURFACTANTS

Attraction between similar molecule

COHESION

Attraction between DIFFERENT molecule

ADHESION

Easily penetrated by a liquid Accomplish by levigation -> Glycerin & Mineral Oil

Wetting Phenomenon

Rise of liquid in a narrow tube

CAPILLARITY

Measure surface tension

CAPILLARITY

Molecule is bound only to surface

ADSORPTION, PHYSISORPTION, CHEMISORPTION

Adsorption of gas is infinite

FREUNDLICH ISOTHERM

Limited Adsorption

LANGMUIR ISOTHERM

STM measures the maximum pull on the ring by The surface

DU NOUY

STM - measures equilibrium surface or interfacial tension

WILHELMY PLATE

STM - based on the shape of the drop

Pendant drop

STM -based on pressure

BUBBLE PRESSURE

STM -based on the size of drops

VOLUMETRIC TENSIOMETERS

The instrument generally used for surface area determination by gas adsorption and air permeability method

QUANTASORB