PCOL (HF-Dyslipidemia)

Question 1

Volume of blood ejected per unit time (L/min)

HR x SV

Answer 1

CARDIAC OUTPUT

Question 2

Heart Rate is controlled by

Answer 2

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 3

Volume of blood ejected during systole

Answer 3

Stroke Volume

Question 4

Intrinsic property of cardiac muscle describing shortening and tension development

Answer 4

Contractility

Question 5

As myocardial sarcomere length is stretched, the number of cross-bridges between thick and thin myofilaments increases, resulting in an increase in the force contraction

Answer 5

PRELOAD

Question 6

A more complex physiologic concept that can be viewed pragmatically as the sum of forces preventing active forward ejection of blood of ventricle.

Answer 6

Afterload

Question 7

Is a measurement of the percentage of blood leaving your heart each time it contracts.

Answer 7

Ejection Fraction

Question 8

A cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of ventricle to deliver adequate quantities of blood to the metabolizing tissues during normal activity at rest.

Answer 8

Heart Failure

Question 9

Leads to reduction in muscle mass as a consequence of death of affected myocardial cells

Answer 9

Myocardial Infarction

Question 10

Progressive disease that is characterized by gradual reduction in cardiac performance, punctuated in many cases by episodes of acute decompensation often requiring hospitalization.

Answer 10

Heart Faiilure

Question 11

Heart failure is a progressive disorder that begins with ________

Answer 11

myocardial injury

Question 12

_______ is the classic, more familiar form of the disorder (HF)

Answer 12

HF with impaired systolic function

Question 13

Retention of salt and water

Answer 13

Edema

Question 14

Ventricular Hypertrophy and Remodelling

Answer 14

Cardiomegaly

Question 15

Further increases in preload will only lead to ___________

Answer 15

pulmonary or systemic congestion

Question 16

_____ will help redistribute blood flow away from nonessential organs to coronary and cerebral circ to support blood pressure

Answer 16

Vasocontriction

Question 17

Impedes forward ejection of blood from the ventricle, further depressing cardiac output and heightening the compensatory responses

Answer 17

Vasoconstriction

Question 18

term used to describe an increase in ventricular mass

Answer 18

Ventricular Hypertrophy

Question 19

Inc in ventricular wall thickness without chamber enlargement

Answer 19

Concentric Hypertrophy

Question 20

Myocyte lengthening with increased chamber size with minimal increase in wall thickness

Answer 20

Eccentric Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Question 21

Broader term describing changes in both myocardial cells extracellualr matrix that result in changes in the size, shape, structure, and fx of the heart

Answer 21

Cardiac or Ventricular Remodeling

Question 22

This model recognizes that there is an initiating event that leads to decreased CO and begins the “heart failure state”

Answer 22

Neurohormonal Model

Question 23

this hormone is synthesized directly in the myocardium through non-ACE dependent pathways

Answer 23

Angiotensin II

Question 24

Play a central role in tachycardia, vasoconstriction, and increased contractility observed in HF

Answer 24

Norepinephrine

Question 25

sodium retention and its key role in volume overload and edema has long been recognized as impt component of the HF syndrome

Answer 25

Aldosterone

Question 26

Primary manifestations of HR

Answer 26

Dyspnea and Fatigue

Question 27

most common type of HF -metab demands are within normal limits but heart cant meet them

Answer 27

LOW OUTPUT FAILURE

Question 28

Form of HF with Inc metab demands px with pathologic conditions

Answer 28

HIGH OUTPUT FAILURE

Question 29

Blood cannot be adeq pumped from the left ventricle to the peripheral circ and it accumulates within left ventricle

Answer 29

LEFT-SIDED FAILURE

Question 30

form of HF when blood cannot be pumped from the right ventricle into the lungs and accumulates within and right ventricle

Answer 30

RIGHT-SIDED FAILURE

Question 31

When fluid collects in the lungs interferes with breathing

Answer 31

Pulmonary Edema

Question 32

(Digitalis) Better PCOL Profile

Answer 32

Digoxin (D. Lanata)

Question 33

(Digitalis) Most toxic

Answer 33

Digitoxin (D. Purpurea)

Question 34

(Digitalis) Most imp, poorly soluble

Answer 34

Quabain

Question 35

Used in emergency tx of px with HF and in px refractory to or unable to take digitalis

Answer 35

Inotropic Agents

Question 36

(Inotropic Agents) acts on D1 acts on B1

Answer 36

Dopamine Dobutamine

Question 37

(Inotropic Agents) PDE inh, refractory to other inotropic agent

Answer 37

Inamrinone

Question 38

(Inotropic Agents) PDE inh for acute/chronic HF, cause hepatotoxicity so required monitoring

Answer 38

Milrinone

Question 39

Newer class of drugs that inh both ACE and neutral endopeptidases, an enzyme that inactivates bradykinin and natriuretic peptide

Answer 39

Omapatrilat

Question 40

Death of myocardial cells from inadequate oxygenation, often caused by a sudden complete blockage of a coronary artery

Answer 40

Myocardial Infarction

Question 41

Primary cardiac marker

Answer 41

CK-MB

Question 42

More specific and sensitive than CK-MB

Answer 42

Troponin T and I

Question 43

treatment for patients with coronary artery disease

Answer 43

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)

Question 44

CABG meaning

Answer 44

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

Question 45

__________Most common form of Dyslipidemia aka______

Answer 45

Hyperlipidemia Hyperlipoprotinemia

Question 46

(Dyslipidemia) Inc cholesterol = atherosclerosis plaque

Answer 46

Hypercholesterolemia

Question 47

(Dyslipidemia) Inc Triglyceride

Answer 47

Hypertriglyceridemia

Question 48

(Dyslipidemia) Estimation of total CV risk

Answer 48

Framingham, SCORE

Question 49

(Dyslipidemia) -Blocks formation of mevelonic acid -Most effective in Hypercholesterolemia -Commonly admin at night

Answer 49

HMG-COA Reductase Inh

Question 50

(HMG-COA) -most BA -impaired by food -most effective

Answer 50

-Fluvastatin (Loscol) -Pravastatin (Zocor) -Rosuvastatin (Crestor)

Question 51

used in TX of px with primary hypercholesterolemia

Answer 51

Bile-Acid Binding Resins

Question 52

Niacin Precursor: Deficiency: ADR:

Answer 52

-Tryptophan -Pelagra -Flushing

Question 53

First member of a group of drugs that inhibit intestinal absorption of phytosterols and cholesterol

Answer 53

Ezetimibe

Question 54

(Dyslipidemia) Plant steroid (phytosterol)

Answer 54

Beta-Sitosterin

Question 55

Arrest of blood loss from damaged vessels and is essential for survival

Answer 55

Hemostasis

Question 56

Platelet plug

Answer 56

White thrombus

Question 57

Temporary Barrier White Thrombus (WBC)

Answer 57

Primary Hemostatis

Question 58

Permanent Barrier Red Thrombus (RBC)

Answer 58

Secondary Hemostatis

Question 59

Factors involved in Intrinsic Pathway

Answer 59

Factors 12, 11, 9, 8

Question 60

Factors involved in Extrinsic Pathway

Answer 60

Factor 7

Question 61

Convert fibrinogen to fibrin

Answer 61

Thrombin

Question 62

A transaminase that cross-links the fibrin polymer and stabilizes the clot

Answer 62

Factor 13

Question 63

is an endogenous anticoagulant and member of serine protease inh (serpin) family

Answer 63

Antithrombin (AT)

Question 64

Most common defect in natural anticoagulant system

Answer 64

Mutation in Factor V to V leiden

Question 65

fibrin-specific protease

Answer 65

plasmin

Question 66

DOC for anticoagulant when pregnant

Answer 66

Heparin

Question 67

effects similar to LMW heparin

Answer 67

Fondaparinux