Physical & Cognitive Development in Early Childhood Flashcards
Development differences Boys and girls
Girls are about the same size as boys but they have more body fat.
By age 5 Children;
Run and play harder, have better command of eye and body movement.
Dexterity from 3 to 5
Increases
How many hours of physical activity a day?
2, one hour structured one hour unstructured
Leading causes of preschoolers death
1) Motor vehicle accident 2) Drowning 3) Falls 4) Poisoning 5) Cancer 6) Cardiovascular Disease
Pre-operational Stage:
Represent their world with words, images and drawings, stable concepts, begin to reason, egocentrism & magical beliefs. Between 2 and 4
Pre-operational thought
Child gains ability to mentally represent and object that is not present
Egocentrism
Inability to distinguish between ones own perspective and someone else’s perspective
Centration
Centering attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others. Clay length example
Vygotskys theory
Learning is constructed by social interactions
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be learned with help.
- Lower level- reached independently
- Upper limit- Reached with help
Scaffolding
Changing level of support
Language and thought
According to Vygotsky, children use speech not only for social communication but also to help themselves solve tasks
-Piaget claims that self speech is egocentric
Attention
Focusing of cognitive resources
Executive attention
Planning action, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors
Sustained attention
Focus on something for a long time
Memory
Retention of information over time, becomes more accurate with age
Short term memory
Individuals retain information for 30 seconds
-Rehearsals extend short term memory for a longer time
Theory of mind
Awareness of ones own mental processes and mental processes of others
- 2-3 yo children understand: perception, emotion, desires
- 4-5 yos understand: correct and incorrect knowledge
- middle-late childhood- Construct of knowledge and processing
Language
speaking, writing, reading, listening and attending
Speaking
Language learning takes place by hearing language
-Important to give children lots of language exposure
Phonology
Sound system of language including sounds and how they’re used
Morphology
Meaning involved in word formation
-Plural and possessive forms
Rules of Syntax
The way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentances
