Physical & Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Development differences Boys and girls

Answer 1

Girls are about the same size as boys but they have more body fat.

Question 2

By age 5 Children;

Answer 2

Run and play harder, have better command of eye and body movement.

Question 3

Dexterity from 3 to 5

Answer 3

Increases

Question 4

How many hours of physical activity a day?

Answer 4

2, one hour structured one hour unstructured

Question 5

Leading causes of preschoolers death

Answer 5

1) Motor vehicle accident 2) Drowning 3) Falls 4) Poisoning 5) Cancer 6) Cardiovascular Disease

Question 6

Pre-operational Stage:

Answer 6

Represent their world with words, images and drawings, stable concepts, begin to reason, egocentrism & magical beliefs. Between 2 and 4

Question 7

Pre-operational thought

Answer 7

Child gains ability to mentally represent and object that is not present

Question 8

Egocentrism

Answer 8

Inability to distinguish between ones own perspective and someone else’s perspective

Question 9

Centration

Answer 9

Centering attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others. Clay length example

Question 10

Vygotskys theory

Answer 10

Learning is constructed by social interactions

Question 11

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Answer 11

range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be learned with help.

• Lower level- reached independently
• Upper limit- Reached with help

Question 12

Scaffolding

Answer 12

Changing level of support

Question 13

Language and thought

Answer 13

According to Vygotsky, children use speech not only for social communication but also to help themselves solve tasks
-Piaget claims that self speech is egocentric

Question 14

Attention

Answer 14

Focusing of cognitive resources

Question 15

Executive attention

Answer 15

Planning action, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors

Question 16

Sustained attention

Answer 16

Focus on something for a long time

Question 17

Memory

Answer 17

Retention of information over time, becomes more accurate with age

Question 18

Short term memory

Answer 18

Individuals retain information for 30 seconds

-Rehearsals extend short term memory for a longer time

Question 19

Theory of mind

Answer 19

Awareness of ones own mental processes and mental processes of others

• 2-3 yo children understand: perception, emotion, desires
• 4-5 yos understand: correct and incorrect knowledge
• middle-late childhood- Construct of knowledge and processing

Question 20

Language

Answer 20

speaking, writing, reading, listening and attending

Question 21

Speaking

Answer 21

Language learning takes place by hearing language

-Important to give children lots of language exposure

Question 22

Phonology

Answer 22

Sound system of language including sounds and how they’re used

Question 23

Morphology

Answer 23

Meaning involved in word formation

-Plural and possessive forms

Question 24

Rules of Syntax

Answer 24

The way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentances

Question 25

Sematics

Answer 25

Meaning of words and sentances

Question 26

Pragmatics

Answer 26

Appropriate use of language in different contexts

Question 27

Child centered Kindergarten

Answer 27

Education of the whole child= physical, cognitive and socio-emotional development

• Each child follows a unique developmental pattern
• firsthand experience
• play is extremely important

Question 28

Montessori Approach

Answer 28

Teacher is facilitator

• Show child how to perform intellectual activity
• Demonstrate interesting ways to explore material
• Offer help when needed

Question 29

Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP)

Answer 29

Focuses of typical developmental patterns, Desired outcome: Think critically, working cooperatively, solving problems

Question 30

Project head start

Answer 30

Designed to provide kids from low income families to acquire skills and experiences