Peers, Culture, and Problems in Adolescence Flashcards
Peers
people who are about the same age
Friends
People with whom you develop a valued, mutual relationship -Share development -social needs -prepare for future relationship/family -help to achieve goals
Harry Stack Sullivan
friends are important in shaping the development of children and adolescents
- Everyone has basic social needs, friends help meet social needs
- Foreshadows the quality of romantic relationships in adulthood
Why adolescence become friends
Similarity in: Age, gender, educational orientation, media and leisure preferences, participation in risk behavior, ethnicity, parent influences, religious practices, choice of schools, location of family home
Advantages of having good friends
Lower levels of delinquency, less substance abuse, less likely to engage in risky sexual activity, less likely to be bullied or victimized, higher academic achievement
Cliques
small groups ranging from 2 to about 12, members are same sex and about same age
Crowds
larger and less personal, based on reputation; jocks, cowboys
Peer Pressure/friend influence
conformity to peer standards, teens more likely to cave when: uncertain about social identity, with someone with higher status
Dating can be:
recreation, source of status, opportunity to learn about close relationships, way to find a mate
Three stages of Developing romantic relationships
- Entering into romantic affiliations-11-13
- Exploring romantic relationships-14-16, casual dating, dating in groups
- Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds-17-19
Gay and lesbian dating
many sexual minority youth date other-sex peers which can help them clarify and disguise sexual orientation
Benefits of dating
higher levels of social and acceptance and friendship and romantic competence
Early dating
associated with adolescent pregnancy and problems at home and school
Rites of passage
make a persons transition from one status to another
-religions
Immigration
high rates of immigration=growth of ethnic minorities
Immigrant stressors
language barriers, separation from support system, change in SES status, preserve identity and assimilation
Adolescent problems
Drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, sexual problems, school-related problems
Anorexia nervosa
10 times more prevalent in girls than in boys, relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation, intense fear of gaining weight,
Bulimia nervosa
binge and purge, typically fall in normal rage of weight, strong fear of becoming overweight, depressed or anxious
Juvenile Delinquency
and adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal, males more likely, minority and lower SES groups more likely
Erikson about delinquency
adolescents with a negative identity may find support for their delinquent image among peers, reinforcing negative identity
Depression
15-20% of adolescents experience major depression, girls have higher rates of depression, girls ruminate more than guys
Factors that influence depression
genetics, family factors, poor peer relationships, romantic problems, especially for grills
Major depressive disorder
at least 5 to 9
1-symptoms present most of the day every day for two weeks,
2 loss of interest,
3 significant loss or increase in weight,
4-insomnia or oversleeping,
5-psychomotor agitation or retardation observable by others,
6-ruminate of negative feelings,
7-low energy or fatigue
8- Diminished ability to concentrate
9- suicidal thoughts
Suicide
girls more likely to attempt suicide, boys more likely to succeed
Risk factors of suicide
previous attempts, depression, family disruption, substance abuse,
Leading cause of death in adolescence
accidental motor vehicle accidents
top-dog phenomenon
going from being the big man on campus the the low dude on the totem pole
Identity
self-portrait composed of many pieces, including: • vocational/career • political • religious • relationship • achievement;intellectual • sexual • cultural/ethnic • interests • personality • physical
Identity vs identity confusion
Eriksons 5th stage, “Who am i? Where am I going?”
love identity formation
Involves choosing a partner and committing oneself to a close
relationship.
work identity formation
Includes choosing a major if you are a student and choosing an
occupation or career path.
Ideology (beliefs) identity formation
This includes but is not limited to establishing commitments and
attitudes toward religion and spirituality, politics, morals etc.
Psychosocial moratorium
Socially sanctioned period of time where adult
responsibilities are delayed so that adolescents can
explore alternatives in employment, relationships, and
ideology.
Crisis (exploration)
time of exploring alternatives
Commitment
person investment in forming an identity
Identity difffusion
not yet experienced a crisis or made any
commitments, undecided and uninterested in choosing
identity moratorium
individuals in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments
are either absent or are only vaguely defined,
two possibilities: exploring with active intent and wandering with aimless intent
identity foreclosure
made a commitment but not experienced a crisis
• parents hand down commitments to their adolescents before they have
had a chance to explore different options on their own
Identity achievement
Individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment
Ethnic identity
enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership
Bicultural identity
adolescents identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture
Ways of coping with ethnic identity crisis
Assimilation (accepting), marginality (accepting being an outcast), separation (rejection from society), biculturalism (accepting and combining)
Sexual identity
involves activities, interests, styles of behavior, and an indication of sexual orientation – whether an individual has same-sex or other-sex attractions
service learning
form of education that promotes
social responsibility and service to the community
Moving to junior high/middle school
is garbage but most kids survive, if thy do successfully they feel more grown up and spend more time with peers
parent supervision
too little supervision=juvenile delinquency, too much=helicopter parenting which results in less confident children with lower self esteem and anxiety
Autonomy granting
- adolescents push for autonomy (independence) but parents resist
- attachment is important to parent-child relationship
Parent-adolescent conflict
usually about everyday events, escalate quickly, some conflict is good, too much is bad
