Physical/Cognitive Development in Adolescence (ch. 11)

Question 1

what is the greatest period of sexual differentiation since intrauterine life?

Answer 1

puberty!

Question 2

onset for puberty for girls vs. boys

Answer 2

girls: 10.5 yrs
boys: 12.5 yrs

Question 3

early puberty signs for girls

Answer 3

breast development
growth spurt (height and weight)
pubic hair

Question 4

menarche

Answer 4

12.8 years

woman’s first cycle, no viable ova

Question 5

age of puberty has _______ for both boys and girls over the past decades

Answer 5

decreased

Question 6

early puberty signs in boys

Answer 6

enlargement of testes, penis
pubic hair
growth spurt (muscles/upper body)

Question 7

spermarche

Answer 7

13 yrs

man’s first ejaculation, no viable sperm

at night, “wet dream”, can be embarrassed

Question 8

puberty is best if …

Answer 8

on time with peers

Question 9

if girls get puberty early

Answer 9

below avg popularity
withdrawn
lacking in self confidence
stressed
poor body image
increase risk for eating disorder

Question 10

if boys get puberty early

Answer 10

relaxed
independent
self-confident
popular
attractive
good body image
leaders/athletes

Question 11

if girls get puberty late

Answer 11

physically attractive
lively
sociable
leaders
good body image

Question 12

if boys get puberty late

Answer 12

anxious
overly talkative
attention seeking
bad body image

Question 13

causes of early puberty in girls

Answer 13

changes in diet, medical care, environment

linked to father absence/step father presence

exposure to sexual media disrupts hormone levels

Question 14

primary vs. secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 14

p - reproductive organs

s - outside of body/visible (body hair/weight gain in certain areas)

Question 15

secular trend

Answer 15

generational change

Question 16

sleep-deprived teenagers display

Answer 16

decline in executive function and both cognitive and emotional self-regulation

Question 17

Do african-american girls statistically react more favorably to menarche than european girls? why?

Answer 17

Yes; their families treat it like a milestone/better prepare them for it

Question 18

_____ brings an increase in parent-child conflict

Answer 18

puberty

Question 19

weak cognitive control predicts….

Answer 19

a rapid rise in drug use from early to middle adolescence

Question 20

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Answer 20

piaget; believed when faced with a problem, young people start with a hypothesis and deduce the correct answer

Question 21

propositional thought

Answer 21

piaget’s formal operation stage; adolescents’ ability to evaluate the logic of propositions/verbal statements w/o referring to real world circumstances

Question 22

what was found in an Israeli study in regards to propositional thought?

Answer 22

schooling fully accounted for early adolescent gains in propositional thoughts

Question 23

imaginary audience

Answer 23

when one thinks they are the focus of everyone else’s attention

Question 24

personal fable

Answer 24

certain that others are observing them, inflates self importance

Question 25

sex differences in spatial abilities

Answer 25

males do better in mental rotation but there is no gender difference in spatial visualization

Question 26

Ellis and Garber (2000) consequences of early puberty

Answer 26

physical
- higher rate of breast cancer (due to prolonged exposure to estrogen)
- obesity (judged on appearance)

Psychosocial
- more body image disturbance
- more emotional problems/problem behaviors

Question 27

ellis and garber (2000) interpretation

Answer 27

identical twins got puberty closer together when together than apart = environment has impact

Question 28

ellis and garber influence on timing

Answer 28

physical
- weight
- nutrition
- exercise

psychosocial
- family environment
- child behavioral problems
- life stress

Question 29

can parents do anything to avoid consequences of puberty?

Answer 29

for girls: nurse baby and avoid “fat talk”

push for early puberty education in schools

Question 30

Belsky, Steinberg and Draper model of reproductive effort

Answer 30

• availability and predictability of resources
• trustworthiness of others
• enduring of close personal relationships

Question 31

for lecture lion story, when the male starts to fail…

Answer 31

• stress levels increase for whole family
• females develop more rapidly to not be killed

Question 32

causes of girls and environmental relationships

Answer 32

family stress
lack of resources
father absence
coercive relationships
lack of family support

Question 33

effects of girls and environmental relationships

Answer 33

accelerated puberty and sexual behavior
orients towards unstable relationships

Question 34

evolutionary theory w/ reproduction

Answer 34

if environment is adverse, it may be adaptive to reproduce early

Question 35

t/f: all of ellis and garber’s hypotheses were proven correct

Answer 35

true

Question 36

girls with a comfortable/stress-free childhood have a(n) ______ puberty

Answer 36

delayed

Question 37

Verzani et al (pandemic)

Answer 37

increase in consultation for girls in budding

thought to be caused by:
- diet change
- sleep changes/disruption
- increase in stress levels and screen time

Question 38

life history theory

Answer 38

organisms face trade offs facing developmental constraints (applied to pubertal timing, esp. in girls)