Emotional/Social Development in Adolescence (ch. 12) Flashcards
self esteem typically _____ in mid to late adolescence
rises
identity achievement
commitment to values and goals following period of exploration
identity moratorium
exploration w/o having reached commitment
identity foreclosure
commitment in the absence of exploration
ex. parent forcing child to become a doctor
identity diffusion
characterized by lack of both exploration and commitment
3 ways society can help minority adolescents resolve identity conflicts
promote effective parenting
ensure schools respect minority youths’ language
contact with youths within ethnicity
in morality, females emphasize _________ while males stress _______
care; justice/care
youths who volunteer in their communities gain….
moral maturity and likely to engage in future service
effective parenting
balances connection and separation
promotes autonomy in adolescence
cliques vs crowd
clique - 5-7 people who are friends
crowd - several cliques with similar values together (ex. high school)
early- vs late-onset type to adolescent delinquency
e - inherit traits that predispose them to aggressiveness
l - start displaying behavior around puberty and show gradual increase from there
components in moral development
emotional - feels about things
behavioral - observable/acts on things
cognitive - thinks about things
example of biological theory of moral development
with altruism, more likely to help people we are related to
freud’s phallic period
boys superego forms during oedipus conflict
- thought as clean
girls superego forms during electra conflict
stages of moral reasoning (piaget)
moral realism (4-7 years)
- focus on rules as unchanging
- not much understanding of intention
- belief in immanent justice
morality of reciprocity (10 yrs and up)
- understand rules can be changed
- understand intention
immanent justice
think if you do something bad then something bad that happens to you is an effect/”karma”
ex) if you steal something then fall down stairs, one caused the other
story with moral reasoning (piaget)
phillip wants a cookie, mom says no but takes one anyway, breaking one cup in the process
john is called for dinner, opens the door and breaks 12 cups in the process
who is more guilty? children in moral realism will say john as he broke more cups while children in morality of reciprocity will say phillip as he disobeyed mom
moral reasoning is thought to be stronger in ____ than _____, stressed ….
boys than girls; stressed importance of peers
girls vs. boys in moral reasoning
boys: worked out problems
girls: re-did problems/started over
how did Kohlberg assess moral reasoning?
using series of moral dilemmas
Heinz dilemma
if your wife was dying and there was a drug that could save her but you couldn’t afford it, would you let her die or steal the drug
kohlberg’s stages
hierarchical, some don’t pass stage 1!
1) pre-conventional
2) conventional
3) principled
Pre-conventional stage
obedience punishment
- ppl behave morally b/c don’t want to face consequences
market place
- this for that? behave morally (or not) for something they receive in return
conventional stage
good girl/good boy
- value of what friends/family think of you
social order maintaining
- all about rules, recognized you shouldn’t go against them
principled stage
social contract
- focused on rules but understand people can make/change rules
individual principles
- don’t care what others think about you due to internalized rules/high morals
Gilligan’s view of moral reasoning
believed moral reasoning and behavior are related at the higher levels of moral thinking (later stages of piaget and kohlbergs)
other factors affecting moral behavior
emotionality (emotions factor in)
personal history (family/friend reaction)
pay-off (what’s riding on it/get from it)
gilligan vs. kohlberg
gilligan had real world decisions and stated there was no difference in gender/superiority
cliques in early vs. later adolescence
early is same sex, later is mixed
parenting types that influence type of clique/crowd adolescents join
authoritarian and permissive: rebel and join non-conventional crowds (ex. stoners)
authoritative: conventional crowds (ex. jocks, theatre, etc.)
floaters
people accepted into multiple crowds
hierarchy of crowds
top:
- jocks
middle:
- fine arts
- brains
- stoners
bottom:
- emo
- anime
why do we fear “loners”
rise in school shootings
did academic anxiety increase or decrease revolving around crowds/cliques in the past years?
increase
what three things is identity committed to?
ideological stance
vocation (career)
sexual orientation
erikson stages
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
identity vs. role confusion
intimacy vs. isolation
generatively vs. stagnation
ego integrity vs. despair
trust vs. mistrust
first year, building trust/relationships
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
1-3 yrs
develop self from parent
initiative vs. guilt
3-5
do things themselves/initiators
industry vs. inferiority
6-puberty
about school success and how you achieve industry if good in school
identity vs. role confusion
10-20
run through stages again then construct who you are, need supportive family/system
intimacy vs. isolation
20’s-30’s
after determining who you are, determine who you want to have relationships with (platonic or romantic)
generatively vs. stagnation
40’s-50’s
guiding kids or sense of giving back to the community
stagnation = stereotypical mid-life crisis
ego integrity vs. despair
60’s and on
go through all stages again and think back on life
if you can accept it, you have ego integrity but if you can’t you go through despair and are afraid to die
