Chapter 7 Flashcards by Sarah Kleban

what section of Piaget’s stages are we focused on

preoperations

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semiotic function

using one thing to represent something else (ex. in pretend play)

develops in 2-3 yr olds

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what section of vygotsky are we focused on

historical

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piaget’s theory of drawing is

psychologically favored

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stages in piagets theory of drawing

synthetic incapacity
intellectual realism
visual realism

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synthetic incapacity

understand simple relationships but don’t have a system

hard to draw more than one thing

drew tadpole with arms and legs

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intellectual realism

draw what they know, not what they see

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visual realism

draw what they see

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what theory opposed piaget’s theory of drawing

hagen’s

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hagen’s theory

no development (thought we didn’t have to learn to read photos)

gibson-ian (view world through mathematical/visual gradients)

metric; affine; projective

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metric

straight lines, parallel lines, conserved angles

no sense of depth

ex. ancient egypt

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affine

straight lines, parallel lines, no angles conserved

vanishing point present, looking from below/down into

ex. Japanese art

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projective

straight lines, no parallel lines or conserved angles

converging lines = give closeness like you are in painting

ex. Da Vinci

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what has been proven in terms of theories of drawing?

appears to be development (disagree w/ hagen) but also discrete stages (disagree w/ piaget)

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DTP

diphtheria
- bacterial, serious, 50% fatality rate, heart/CNS
problems

tetanus
- “lock-jaw”, muscle spasm/rigid muscles, 30%
fatality, present in soil

pertusis
- whooping cough, contagious, 50:10,000 fatality rate,
strider/trouble breathing

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MMR

measles
- virus w/ severe rash, air-borne/contagious, 1;1000
hospitalized, 1:3000 die, common in young children
and older ppl

mumps
- infects carotid/swells, painful flu-like symptoms,
rarely can cause infection in testes=infertility

rubella
- flu-like symptoms, before vaccine=yearly outbreak
in 5-9 yr olds, teratogenic, can cause hearing/brain
damage

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IPV

Polio

eradicated from US

causes permanent paralysis

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HIB

flu/causes significant complications (brain inflammation/damage, seizures)

vaccine in 80’s, 98% decrease in US

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Hepatitis B

liver infection caused by virus

bodily fluid contact=infection

targets liver, 1:4 have serious liver problems

sexually transmitted but needles can be cause as well

acute: get it but get over it
chronic: liver cancer/failure

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Hepatitis A

liver, transmitted through fecal oral (hands not washed when preparing food)

less likely to become chronic

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Chicken Pox

herpes virus, highly contagious

rash, raised yellow center/pimples, itchy, open=infection

flu-like symptoms, dehydration, complication = pneumonia, low fatality, more dangerous in adults

lurks in body, reemergence as shingles

chicken pox parties (to get it over with)

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Flu/influenza

different strains, 36,000 deaths/yr

mostly in elderly patients

complications: pneumonia, respiratory + digestive symptoms, dehydration

quarantine 2020 = decrease in flu cases

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Pneumococcal

bacteria, coughing + sneezing

complication = meningitis

OM caused by pneumococcal bacteria

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children receive _______ by the time they go to school

25-30 vaccinations

is there a link between ASD and MMR?

nope! wakefield study retracted

cognitive dissonance

situation w/ conflicting sources of info and don't know what to do

confirmation bias

tendency to favor info that confirms beliefs

dunning kruger effect

people think their own "research" on the topic makes them smarter than PhD/doctors

survivorship

concentrating on the people that survived a disease rather than all those that died "I had COVID, it's not that bad"

illusory correlation

seeing a relationship that doesn't exist ex. MMR = ASD

omission bias

the belief that the disease is less risky than the vaccination

neglect of probability

tend to ignore probability "vaccinated people can catch and spread diseases just like the unvaccinated"

_____ show certain cognitive advantages, maybe because their brains are less strongly lateralized

left-handed individuals

cerebellum

aids in balance and control of body movements

reticular formation

structure in brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness

amygdala

processes novelty and emotional information

hippocampus

memory

corpus callosum

connects the two hemispheres of your brain helps process multi-step tasks and coordinated movements with both sides of body

pituitary gland, GH, TSH

release 2 hormones that promote growth GH- development for all bodily tissues TSH- tells thyroid to release thyroxine from brain development and for GH to have full impact

mothers who pressured their child to eat were more likely to have a(n) _______ child

underweight

fine motor progress is measured by

1) children's care for their own bodies 2) drawings and paintings their child makes

drawing progress sequences in textbook

1) scribbles 2) first representational forms 3) more realistic drawings

why are children from asian cultures advanced in drawing skills?

they benefit from adult guidances carefully taught artistic knowledge and techniques spend more time focusing on fine motor skills in early schooling

3 educational principles derived from piagets theory

discovery learning sensitivity to children's readiness to learn acceptance of individual differences

unlike western children, Yucatec Mayan children can

sit for long periods of time - watching adults do work respond positively to chores by the age of 5 can take responsibility for tasks not assigned

not until age 5 do children start to _____

plan ahead (effectively, like in the Molly/kangaroo situation mentioned in text)

episodic memory

memory for everyday experiences

semantic memory

info removed from original context that has been embedded in your general knowledge base

autobiographical memory

personally meaningful, one-time events

metacognition

thinking about thought

emergent literacy

children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences

2 hypothesis with autism

1) Autism impairs executive function 2) ppl w/ autism display a peculiar style of info processing, processing parts rather than the whole

Autism and theory of mind findings

autism is due to an impairment in an innate, core function that leaves the child unable to detect other's mental states

phonological awareness

ability to reflect on and manipulate the sounds structure of spoken language

there is a ____ gap in emergent literacy development due to SES

big

cardinality

the last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in a set | so if a child is counting and ends off on the # 10, they counted 10 #'s

sesame street is associated with

gains in early literacy and math skills

fast-mapping

connecting new words with an underlying concept after only brief encounter