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Dev Psych 220 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

cephalocaudal trend

A

“head to tail”
during prenatal development, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body, but by 2 years of age, the head is only 1/5 and the legs are 1/2 of body length

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2
Q

proximodistal trend

A

“near to far”
from the center of the body outward

during the prenatal period, the internal organs develop first and even through toddlerhood the arms and legs develop faster than hands and feet

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3
Q

what race is usually slightly above North American developmental norms?

A

African American

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4
Q

what race is usually slightly below North American developmental norms?

A

Asian

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5
Q

best estimate of a child’s physical maturity

A

skeletal age/measure of bone development

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6
Q

what sex is usually ahead of the other in development?

A

girls!

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7
Q

2 vantage points in looking at brain growth

A

1) microscopic level of individual brain cells
2) the larger level of the cerebral cortex

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8
Q

neurons

A

store and transmit information

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9
Q

synapses

A

tiny spaces between neurons where the fibers come close but do not touch

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10
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that are released by neurons across synapses to rely information/messages

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11
Q

programmed cell death

A

makes space for connective structures and a surprising aspect of brain growth

as synapses form, as many as 60% of the surrounding neurons die

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12
Q

synaptic pruning

A

returns neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development

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13
Q

half the brain’s volume is made up of what cells?

A

glial

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14
Q

glial cells

A

responsible for myelination

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15
Q

myelination

A

the coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath (myelin) that improves the efficiency of message transfer

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16
Q

EEG

A

examine brain-wave patterns for stability and organization

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17
Q

event-related potentials (ERPs)

A

detect the general location of brain-wave activity

used to study:
- responses to stimuli
- impact of experiences
- atypical brain functioning

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18
Q

fMRI

A

detects changes in blood flow and oxygen metabolism throughout the brain, magnetically (do not need to inject anything into subject, brain areas being used will light up)

subject needs to sit still in machine

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19
Q

Position emission tomography (PET)

A

injection of radioactive substance into subject to detect blood flow and oxygen metabolism

subject needs to sit still in machine

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20
Q

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

A

using a thin cap attached to head, able to detect blood flow and oxygen metabolism

ideal for younger patients as they do not have to sit still while administering the test

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21
Q

cerebral cortex

A

largest brain structure

last part of the brain to stop growing, most susceptible to environmental influences

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22
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

responsible for:
complex thought
memory
reasoning
planning
problem-solving

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23
Q

each hemisphere of the brain receives sensory information from…

A

the side of the body it is opposite to it and controls only that side

ex. the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and vice versa

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24
Q

lateralization and why is occurs

A

specialization of the two hemispheres

allows humans to cope more successfully with changing environmental demands, permitting a wider array of functioning

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25
left hemisphere of brain
piece-by-piece processing language and emotions
26
right hemisphere of brain
holistic approach spatial information regulating negative emotion
27
brain plasticity
highly plastic cerebral cortex (where many areas are not committed to specific functions) has a high capacity for learning if part of the cortex is damaged, other parts can take over more plastic in the first few years of life
28
too much stimulation in babies can lead to...
same withdrawal/responses as seen in stimulus deprivation!
29
experience-expectant brain growth
depends on ordinary experiences (interaction with people, hearing language and other sounds)
30
experience-dependent brain growth
occurs throughout lives (additional growth that varies across people and cultures, like: reading, writing, computer games, playing an instrument)
31
breastfeeding helps increase _____ in children
spacing; crucial in reducing infant and child deaths in nations with widespread poverty
32
3 ways to prevent childhood obesity
exclusively breastfeed for first 6 months reduce sugary foods given to children reduce time with electronics
33
marasmus
wasted condition of the body caused by diet low in all essential nutrients
34
kwashiorkor
caused by unbalanced diet very low in protein makes body break down protein reserves, causing swelling in body
35
children who have kwashiorkor or marasmus later show problems in ...
behavior and learning
36
classical conditioning
neural stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response
37
classical conditioning example with breastfeeding and the stroking of baby's forehead
UCS - breast milk UCR - sucking CS - forehead stroking (neural stimulus introduced) CR - sucking
38
operant conditioning
stimuli that follow behavior will change probability of them repeating stimuli
39
reinforcer
a stimulus that increases the occurrence of the response
40
punishment
removing desirable stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease occurrence of response
41
habituation and recovery
gradual reduction of strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation; new stimulus causes responsiveness to rise
42
mirror neurons
thought to be intertwined with imitation fire identically when a primate hears or sees an action and then carries out that action on its own
43
each new skill learned in development is a joint product of 4 factors:
1. central nervous system development 2. body's movement capacities 3. the goals the child has in mind 4. environmental supports for the skill
44
why do babies reach "feet first"?
the hip joint constraints the legs to move less freely than the shoulder constraints the arms, allowing it to be easier to control their leg movements
45
what action may play the greatest role in infant cognitive development?
reaching!
46
reaching and grasping milestones
prereaching ulnar grasping transferring object from hand to hand pincer grasp
47
statistical learning capacity
babies will be able to differentiate between speech structures which they will later learn the meanings to
48
contrast sensitivity
babies prefer patterns with more contrast (bold checkerboard over complex)
49
intermodal perception
make sense of light, sound, taste, odor, touch and perceive them as integrated wholes (ex. dropping an object will make a bang)
50
differentiation theory
infants look for features of their environment that stay stable rather than the ones that constantly change
51
According to your text, what result occurred after kittens were deprived of sunlight for 3-4 days after birth?
visual centers in the brain degenerated
52
T/F: babies in kenya can hold their own head up, sit, and walk before american infants
true
53
Animal evidence reveals that a deficient diet results in....
altering production of neurotransmitters reduced brain weight poor fine-motor coordination, poor attention, low IQ
54
AAP recommends exclusive breastfeeding for ___ and then overall feeding for _____
6 months; one year
55
natural age of weaning
2-6 years
56
advantages of breastfeeding for the baby
best nutritionally IQ differences favor breastfed babies
57
what is found in breastmilk that isn't found in regular milk
fatty acid chains needed for brain and human development
58
babies who nurse for at least 6 months have:
fewer: - gastrointestinal infections - doctor visits - allergies - respiratory infections lower incidence of: - adult obesity - child obesity - SIDS
59
breastfeeding is _____
learned!
60
advantages of breastfeeding for the mother
reduces chances of hemorrhage right after birth lower incidence of breast cancer cheaper ecological convenient promotes bonding
61
why is nursing convenient?
always right temp and available
62
what is released when nursing right after birth and what does it help?
oxytocin; birthing the placenta
63
things that increase _______ (unlike nursing) tend to increase _____
ovulation; female cancers
64
baby sleeping through the night (increase/decreases) ovulation
increases!
65
breastfeeding issues in the US
sexualization of breast is it really convenient? (working moms) sleeping issues when to wean? difficult getting started
66
when do children naturally start to sleep through the night?
1-2 years of age
67
advantages of co-sleeping
SIDS protection ease of breastfeeding in early infancy babies sleep "better" sleep lighter
68
when co-sleeping, parents exhale have low ____ that incentivizes baby to breath
CO2 levels
69
parents sleeping with baby ______ times getting up
underestimate
70
disadvantages of co-sleeping
may disrupt parents sleep may disrupt sexual/marital relationship hard to get them out sleep lighter
71
advantages of babies sleeping alone
parents sleep better learn to go to sleep alone/self-soothe sleep more deeply/through the night
72
disadvantages of babies sleeping alone
SIDS risk higher harder to breastfeed sleep more deeply
73
under what circumstances is it NOT safe to sleep with baby?
when under the influence of drugs or alcohol sleeping on a couch or soft bedding places where baby can get stuck
74
collectivism vs. individualism
c - thought children are independent when born so co-sleeping and nursing would bring baby closer to parents i - think it is important for baby to develop independence, co-sleeping and nursing make baby too dependent on parents
75
what issues have come about because of infant solitary sleep?
comfort objects nightmares/night terrors bedtime rituals
76
peak incidence of SIDS
- around 3 months of age - most likely to occur at night - cold weather months (more likely to get sick)
77
infants at high risk for SIDS
formula fed sleeping on stomach mothers who smoked while pregnant environment w/ smokers mothers who received poor prenatal care **male infants** premature infants infants who sleep alone
78
colostrum
clear fluid, full of antibodies + clears out digestive system
79

Dev Psych 220 (15 decks)

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