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Dev Psych 220 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

cephalocaudal trend

A

“head to tail”
during prenatal development, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body, but by 2 years of age, the head is only 1/5 and the legs are 1/2 of body length

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2
Q

proximodistal trend

A

“near to far”
from the center of the body outward

during the prenatal period, the internal organs develop first and even through toddlerhood the arms and legs develop faster than hands and feet

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3
Q

what race is usually slightly above North American developmental norms?

A

African American

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4
Q

what race is usually slightly below North American developmental norms?

A

Asian

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5
Q

best estimate of a child’s physical maturity

A

skeletal age/measure of bone development

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6
Q

what sex is usually ahead of the other in development?

A

girls!

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7
Q

2 vantage points in looking at brain growth

A

1) microscopic level of individual brain cells
2) the larger level of the cerebral cortex

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8
Q

neurons

A

store and transmit information

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9
Q

synapses

A

tiny spaces between neurons where the fibers come close but do not touch

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10
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that are released by neurons across synapses to rely information/messages

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11
Q

programmed cell death

A

makes space for connective structures and a surprising aspect of brain growth

as synapses form, as many as 60% of the surrounding neurons die

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12
Q

synaptic pruning

A

returns neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development

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13
Q

half the brain’s volume is made up of what cells?

A

glial

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14
Q

glial cells

A

responsible for myelination

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15
Q

myelination

A

the coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath (myelin) that improves the efficiency of message transfer

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16
Q

EEG

A

examine brain-wave patterns for stability and organization

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17
Q

event-related potentials (ERPs)

A

detect the general location of brain-wave activity

used to study:
- responses to stimuli
- impact of experiences
- atypical brain functioning

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18
Q

fMRI

A

detects changes in blood flow and oxygen metabolism throughout the brain, magnetically (do not need to inject anything into subject, brain areas being used will light up)

subject needs to sit still in machine

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19
Q

Position emission tomography (PET)

A

injection of radioactive substance into subject to detect blood flow and oxygen metabolism

subject needs to sit still in machine

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20
Q

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

A

using a thin cap attached to head, able to detect blood flow and oxygen metabolism

ideal for younger patients as they do not have to sit still while administering the test

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21
Q

cerebral cortex

A

largest brain structure

last part of the brain to stop growing, most susceptible to environmental influences

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22
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

responsible for:
complex thought
memory
reasoning
planning
problem-solving

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23
Q

each hemisphere of the brain receives sensory information from…

A

the side of the body it is opposite to it and controls only that side

ex. the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and vice versa

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24
Q

lateralization and why is occurs

A

specialization of the two hemispheres

allows humans to cope more successfully with changing environmental demands, permitting a wider array of functioning

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25
Q

left hemisphere of brain

A

piece-by-piece processing
language and emotions

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26
Q

right hemisphere of brain

A

holistic approach
spatial information
regulating negative emotion

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27
Q

brain plasticity

A

highly plastic cerebral cortex (where many areas are not committed to specific functions) has a high capacity for learning

if part of the cortex is damaged, other parts can take over

more plastic in the first few years of life

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28
Q

too much stimulation in babies can lead to…

A

same withdrawal/responses as seen in stimulus deprivation!

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29
Q

experience-expectant brain growth

A

depends on ordinary experiences (interaction with people, hearing language and other sounds)

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30
Q

experience-dependent brain growth

A

occurs throughout lives (additional growth that varies across people and cultures, like: reading, writing, computer games, playing an instrument)

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31
Q

breastfeeding helps increase _____ in children

A

spacing; crucial in reducing infant and child deaths in nations with widespread poverty

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32
Q

3 ways to prevent childhood obesity

A

exclusively breastfeed for first 6 months
reduce sugary foods given to children
reduce time with electronics

33
Q

marasmus

A

wasted condition of the body caused by diet low in all essential nutrients

34
Q

kwashiorkor

A

caused by unbalanced diet very low in protein

makes body break down protein reserves, causing swelling in body

35
Q

children who have kwashiorkor or marasmus later show problems in …

A

behavior and learning

36
Q

classical conditioning

A

neural stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response

37
Q

classical conditioning example with breastfeeding and the stroking of baby’s forehead

A

UCS - breast milk
UCR - sucking
CS - forehead stroking (neural stimulus introduced)
CR - sucking

38
Q

operant conditioning

A

stimuli that follow behavior will change probability of them repeating stimuli

39
Q

reinforcer

A

a stimulus that increases the occurrence of the response

40
Q

punishment

A

removing desirable stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease occurrence of response

41
Q

habituation and recovery

A

gradual reduction of strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation; new stimulus causes responsiveness to rise

42
Q

mirror neurons

A

thought to be intertwined with imitation

fire identically when a primate hears or sees an action and then carries out that action on its own

43
Q

each new skill learned in development is a joint product of 4 factors:

A
  1. central nervous system development
  2. body’s movement capacities
  3. the goals the child has in mind
  4. environmental supports for the skill
44
Q

why do babies reach “feet first”?

A

the hip joint constraints the legs to move less freely than the shoulder constraints the arms, allowing it to be easier to control their leg movements

45
Q

what action may play the greatest role in infant cognitive development?

A

reaching!

46
Q

reaching and grasping milestones

A

prereaching
ulnar grasping
transferring object from hand to hand
pincer grasp

47
Q

statistical learning capacity

A

babies will be able to differentiate between speech structures which they will later learn the meanings to

48
Q

contrast sensitivity

A

babies prefer patterns with more contrast (bold checkerboard over complex)

49
Q

intermodal perception

A

make sense of light, sound, taste, odor, touch and perceive them as integrated wholes (ex. dropping an object will make a bang)

50
Q

differentiation theory

A

infants look for features of their environment that stay stable rather than the ones that constantly change

51
Q

According to your text, what result occurred after kittens were deprived of sunlight for 3-4 days after birth?

A

visual centers in the brain degenerated

52
Q

T/F: babies in kenya can hold their own head up, sit, and walk before american infants

A

true

53
Q

Animal evidence reveals that a deficient diet results in….

A

altering production of neurotransmitters
reduced brain weight
poor fine-motor coordination, poor attention, low IQ

54
Q

AAP recommends exclusive breastfeeding for ___ and then overall feeding for _____

A

6 months; one year

55
Q

natural age of weaning

A

2-6 years

56
Q

advantages of breastfeeding for the baby

A

best nutritionally
IQ differences favor breastfed babies

57
Q

what is found in breastmilk that isn’t found in regular milk

A

fatty acid chains needed for brain and human development

58
Q

babies who nurse for at least 6 months have:

A

fewer:
- gastrointestinal infections
- doctor visits
- allergies
- respiratory infections
lower incidence of:
- adult obesity
- child obesity
- SIDS

59
Q

breastfeeding is _____

A

learned!

60
Q

advantages of breastfeeding for the mother

A

reduces chances of hemorrhage right after birth
lower incidence of breast cancer
cheaper
ecological
convenient
promotes bonding

61
Q

why is nursing convenient?

A

always right temp and available

62
Q

what is released when nursing right after birth and what does it help?

A

oxytocin; birthing the placenta

63
Q

things that increase _______ (unlike nursing) tend to increase _____

A

ovulation; female cancers

64
Q

baby sleeping through the night (increase/decreases) ovulation

A

increases!

65
Q

breastfeeding issues in the US

A

sexualization of breast
is it really convenient? (working moms)
sleeping issues
when to wean?
difficult getting started

66
Q

when do children naturally start to sleep through the night?

A

1-2 years of age

67
Q

advantages of co-sleeping

A

SIDS protection
ease of breastfeeding
in early infancy babies sleep “better”
sleep lighter

68
Q

when co-sleeping, parents exhale have low ____ that incentivizes baby to breath

A

CO2 levels

69
Q

parents sleeping with baby ______ times getting up

A

underestimate

70
Q

disadvantages of co-sleeping

A

may disrupt parents sleep
may disrupt sexual/marital relationship
hard to get them out
sleep lighter

71
Q

advantages of babies sleeping alone

A

parents sleep better
learn to go to sleep alone/self-soothe
sleep more deeply/through the night

72
Q

disadvantages of babies sleeping alone

A

SIDS risk higher
harder to breastfeed
sleep more deeply

73
Q

under what circumstances is it NOT safe to sleep with baby?

A

when under the influence of drugs or alcohol
sleeping on a couch or soft bedding
places where baby can get stuck

74
Q

collectivism vs. individualism

A

c - thought children are independent when born so co-sleeping and nursing would bring baby closer to parents

i - think it is important for baby to develop independence, co-sleeping and nursing make baby too dependent on parents

75
Q

what issues have come about because of infant solitary sleep?

A

comfort objects
nightmares/night terrors
bedtime rituals

76
Q

peak incidence of SIDS

A
  • around 3 months of age
  • most likely to occur at night
  • cold weather months (more likely to get sick)
77
Q

infants at high risk for SIDS

A

formula fed
sleeping on stomach
mothers who smoked while pregnant
environment w/ smokers
mothers who received poor prenatal care
male infants
premature infants
infants who sleep alone

78
Q

colostrum

A

clear fluid, full of antibodies + clears out digestive system

79
Q
A

Dev Psych 220 (15 decks)

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