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Dev Psych 220 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

3 periods of prenatal development

A

germinal
embryo
fetus

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2
Q

how long is the germinal period?

A

2 weeks; most people do not know they are pregnant during this time

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2
Q

implantation

A

the blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining

occurs during the 7th and 9th days

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3
Q

amnion

A

membrane that encloses the zygote in amniotic fluid

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3
Q

chorion

A

surrounds the amnion to make blood vessels

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4
Q

placenta

A

provides:
- nutrients
- oxygen
- antibodies
takes away:
- waste products

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5
Q

umbilical cord

A

connected to the placenta and organism, one large vein that delivers blood w/ nutrients and two arteries to remove waste

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6
Q

embryo

A

from weeks 3-8

most rapid prenatal changes take place, groundwork laid out for all body structures and internal organs

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7
Q

3 layers of cells formed during the embryo stage

A

ectoderm (nervous system and skin)

mesoderm (muscles, skeleton, circulatory system)

endoderm (digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, glands)

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8
Q

what can the organism do at the end of the embryo period?

A

sense its world/respond to touch!

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9
Q

fetus

A

from week 9-end of pregnancy

longest prenatal period, known as the “growth and furnishing” phase the organism increases rapidly in size

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10
Q

vernix

A

protecting the skin from chapping during the months in fluid

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11
Q

lanugo

A

white, downy hair helps the vernix stick to the skin

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12
Q

age of viability

A

the point at which the baby can first survive outside the womb

around 22-26 weeks

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13
Q

fetuses in the third trimester can

A

remember for a brief period of time

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14
Q

teratogen

A

any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal periods

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15
Q

factors that impact teratogens

A

dose
heredity
other negative influences
age

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16
Q

relationship with teratogens and prenatal stages

A

germinal = rarely any impact
embryo = where serious deficits are most likely to occur
fetus = minor damage

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17
Q

thalidomide during pregnancy

A

sedative offered during the 1960s that resulted in deformities of limbs

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18
Q

diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy

A

prescribed to prevent miscarriages but fetuses were at a high risk of vaginal cancers, malformations of uterus and infertility later in life

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19
Q

isotretinoin during pregnancy

A

prescribed to treat acne but if pregnant caused eye, ear, skull and brain damage to fetus

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20
Q

aspirin during pregnancy

A

when taken during pregnancy, can lead to brain damage and impaired motor skills

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21
Q

caffeine during pregnancy

A

high doses when pregnant can lead to low birth weight

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22
Q

what happens if women use drugs (cocaine, heroin) when pregnant?

A

lead to low birth weight, brain abnormalities, premature birth and, when born, are addicted to these substances

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23
smoking while pregnant
restricts veins so nutrients cannot flow fully to organism causes low birth weight or sometimes other abnormalities
23
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
slow physical growth pattern of three facial abnormalities (short eyelid openings, thin upper lip, indentation from nose to upper lip) brain injury (evident in small head size and impairment in three areas of function)
23
partial fetal alcohol syndrome (p-FAS)
2/3 facial abnormalities brain injury, evident in three areas of function
24
alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)
at least three areas of mental functioning are impaired
25
FASD characteristics in early adulthood
attention deficits poor school performance trouble w/ law inappropriate behaviors mental health issues
26
what nationality has a higher rate of children with FASD
native americans
27
what acid is recommended that pregnant women take 0.4 milligrams a day?
folic
28
Rh factor incompatibility
if the mother is Rh- and the father is Rh+, the baby may inherit the + blood type. If any of the fetus's blood crosses over the placenta to the mother, the mother's body will start to produce antibodies against the fetus. If the antibodies come in contact with fetus, it can lead to reduction of oxygen supply to organs and tissues
29
preeclampsia
when bp increases sharply, causing swelling in the mother as well as risk for fetal death
30
stages of childbirth
dilation and effacement of the cervix - longest stage, contractions occur delivery of the baby - shorter, push with strong contractions delivery of the placenta - shortest
31
what scale is used to quickly assess a newborns physical condition?
the Apgar scale
32
Apgar scale
a - appearance (pink is ideal) p - pulse (100-140 bpm) g - grimace/reflexes (strong) a - activity/muscle tone (very active) r - respiration (strong breathing and crying)
33
scoring of Apgar
7: best 4-6: needs assistance 3 or lower: infant needs immediate attention
34
natural/prepared childbirth
techniques aimed at reducing pain and medical intervention and making childbirth a rewarding experience
35
3 activities in natural childbirth program
classes relaxation and breathing techniques labor coach
36
anoxia
inadequate oxygen supply
37
breech position
butt or feet would be delivered first instead of the fetus's head
38
analgesics vs. anesthetics
ana - less strong to relieve mother's pain ane - stronger, block pain
39
cesarean delivery
surgical birth incision is made in mother's abdomen and pulls baby out
40
what is the rule with cesareans?
once a cesarean, always a cesarean once you have a c-section, all of the following pregnancies will be c-sections to protect the safety of mother and child
41
do preterm infants or small-to-date infants usually have more problems down the line?
small-to-date
42
appearance and behavior of preterm babies can lead parents to be...
less sensitive in caring for them
43
isolette
special plexiglas-enclosed bed to care for preterm babies
44
reflex
inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation
45
rooting
when infant turns toward cheek stimulation helps infant find nipple
46
moro
hold infant horizontally and make noise to see infant reach for parent
47
palmar grasp
place finger in infant palm and they will grasp it
48
tonic neck
turn infants head to the side while laying awake on back, displaying "fencing position"
49
babinski
stroke foot from heel to toe, infant will curl toes if healthy, fan if there is an underlying problem
50
which country (1-39) has the lowest infant mortality rates per 1000 live births?
Japan
51
which country (1-39) has the highest infant mortality rates per 1000 live births?
US
52
states of arousal
degrees of sleep and wakefulness
53
REM vs. non-REM sleep
REM - similar brain waves when compared to awake state, active body movements, **more time spent here, vital for growth** non-REM - motionless body, slow brain waves
54
SIDS
sudden infant death syndrome unexpected death of an infant under the age of 1
55
visual acuity
fineness of discrimination in the eyes infants cannot focus their eyes well and have limited visual acuity
56
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
evaluates newborn's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, and responsiveness to physical and social stimuli
57
questions to ask when having a baby
- who can be with me during birth? - what happens during a normal birth? - how do you allow cultures/beliefs? - can I walk during labor/positions? - normal labor? - how to stay comfy? - what happens if baby arrives early? - position on circumcision? - how do you help breastfeeding? - how to help things go smoothly?
58
ob/gyn
any risk level hospital high intervention rate
59
family practitioner
low-moderate risk hospital
60
Traditional midwife
low risk person-centered home births low intervention rate
61
CNM (certified nurse midwife)
low risk birthing center/home person-centered low intervention rate
62
issues surrounding birth
safety control intervention - drugs - surgical intervention - episiotomy - c-section
63
midwife model of care
based on how pregnancy and birth are normal life events
64
doula
provide support, don't catch baby but instead support mother!! (get water, housekeeping, information, etc.)
65
triple screen or quad screen
- noninvasive - 15-22 weeks - looks for AFP, HCG, uE3 and inhibin-A - take blood from mother's arm and look at chemicals
66
CVS
- invasive - needle put through abdomen, remove cells from membrane surrounding fetus, really active in mitosis so quick results - looking for chromosomal conditions - higher risk in spontaneous abortion than amniocentesis
67
Amniocentesis
- invasive - needle through abdomen, harvest amniotic fluid, not as active in mitosis so slower test results
68
PUBS
- umbilical cord sample - rarer: take sample from umbilical cord to look at blood going into fetus
69
fetascopy
- tiny hammer through cervix, look @ developing fetus - administered when ultrasound shows problem
70
PGD/embryo screening
give someone medication to produce more eggs, extract eggs and fertilize to then genetic screening used for Tay-Sachs: if zygote has it, they discard but if they don't have it they reimplant it back into mother
71
ultrasound
11-14 weeks see if there is increased fluid around fetus's neck, if so indicate DS
72
the risk of DS _____ with maternal age
increases
73
cell-free fetal DNA test
can detect 99% of DS pregnancies noninvasive used in high-risk pregnancies expensive so not used often
74
____% of pregnancies with DS are terminated in the US while ____% of pregnancies with DS are terminated in Iceland
67; 100
75
fragile X is a genetic condition that is _____ inherited, and tends to be an issue more for ____.
dominantly; males
76

Dev Psych 220 (15 decks)

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