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Dev Psych 220 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 periods of prenatal development

A

germinal
embryo
fetus

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2
Q

how long is the germinal period?

A

2 weeks; most people do not know they are pregnant during this time

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2
Q

implantation

A

the blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining

occurs during the 7th and 9th days

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3
Q

amnion

A

membrane that encloses the zygote in amniotic fluid

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3
Q

chorion

A

surrounds the amnion to make blood vessels

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4
Q

placenta

A

provides:
- nutrients
- oxygen
- antibodies
takes away:
- waste products

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5
Q

umbilical cord

A

connected to the placenta and organism, one large vein that delivers blood w/ nutrients and two arteries to remove waste

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6
Q

embryo

A

from weeks 3-8

most rapid prenatal changes take place, groundwork laid out for all body structures and internal organs

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7
Q

3 layers of cells formed during the embryo stage

A

ectoderm (nervous system and skin)

mesoderm (muscles, skeleton, circulatory system)

endoderm (digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, glands)

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8
Q

what can the organism do at the end of the embryo period?

A

sense its world/respond to touch!

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9
Q

fetus

A

from week 9-end of pregnancy

longest prenatal period, known as the “growth and furnishing” phase the organism increases rapidly in size

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10
Q

vernix

A

protecting the skin from chapping during the months in fluid

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11
Q

lanugo

A

white, downy hair helps the vernix stick to the skin

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12
Q

age of viability

A

the point at which the baby can first survive outside the womb

around 22-26 weeks

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13
Q

fetuses in the third trimester can

A

remember for a brief period of time

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14
Q

teratogen

A

any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal periods

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15
Q

factors that impact teratogens

A

dose
heredity
other negative influences
age

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16
Q

relationship with teratogens and prenatal stages

A

germinal = rarely any impact
embryo = where serious deficits are most likely to occur
fetus = minor damage

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17
Q

thalidomide during pregnancy

A

sedative offered during the 1960s that resulted in deformities of limbs

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18
Q

diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy

A

prescribed to prevent miscarriages but fetuses were at a high risk of vaginal cancers, malformations of uterus and infertility later in life

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19
Q

isotretinoin during pregnancy

A

prescribed to treat acne but if pregnant caused eye, ear, skull and brain damage to fetus

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20
Q

aspirin during pregnancy

A

when taken during pregnancy, can lead to brain damage and impaired motor skills

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21
Q

caffeine during pregnancy

A

high doses when pregnant can lead to low birth weight

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22
Q

what happens if women use drugs (cocaine, heroin) when pregnant?

A

lead to low birth weight, brain abnormalities, premature birth and, when born, are addicted to these substances

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23
Q

smoking while pregnant

A

restricts veins so nutrients cannot flow fully to organism

causes low birth weight or sometimes other abnormalities

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23
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

slow physical growth

pattern of three facial abnormalities (short eyelid openings, thin upper lip, indentation from nose to upper lip)

brain injury (evident in small head size and impairment in three areas of function)

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23
Q

partial fetal alcohol syndrome (p-FAS)

A

2/3 facial abnormalities

brain injury, evident in three areas of function

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24
Q

alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)

A

at least three areas of mental functioning are impaired

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25
Q

FASD characteristics in early adulthood

A

attention deficits
poor school performance
trouble w/ law
inappropriate behaviors
mental health issues

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26
Q

what nationality has a higher rate of children with FASD

A

native americans

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27
Q

what acid is recommended that pregnant women take 0.4 milligrams a day?

A

folic

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28
Q

Rh factor incompatibility

A

if the mother is Rh- and the father is Rh+, the baby may inherit the + blood type. If any of the fetus’s blood crosses over the placenta to the mother, the mother’s body will start to produce antibodies against the fetus. If the antibodies come in contact with fetus, it can lead to reduction of oxygen supply to organs and tissues

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29
Q

preeclampsia

A

when bp increases sharply, causing swelling in the mother as well as risk for fetal death

30
Q

stages of childbirth

A

dilation and effacement of the cervix
- longest stage, contractions occur

delivery of the baby
- shorter, push with strong contractions

delivery of the placenta
- shortest

31
Q

what scale is used to quickly assess a newborns physical condition?

A

the Apgar scale

32
Q

Apgar scale

A

a - appearance (pink is ideal)
p - pulse (100-140 bpm)
g - grimace/reflexes (strong)
a - activity/muscle tone (very active)
r - respiration (strong breathing and crying)

33
Q

scoring of Apgar

A

7: best
4-6: needs assistance
3 or lower: infant needs immediate attention

34
Q

natural/prepared childbirth

A

techniques aimed at reducing pain and medical intervention and making childbirth a rewarding experience

35
Q

3 activities in natural childbirth program

A

classes
relaxation and breathing techniques
labor coach

36
Q

anoxia

A

inadequate oxygen supply

37
Q

breech position

A

butt or feet would be delivered first instead of the fetus’s head

38
Q

analgesics vs. anesthetics

A

ana - less strong to relieve mother’s pain
ane - stronger, block pain

39
Q

cesarean delivery

A

surgical birth

incision is made in mother’s abdomen and pulls baby out

40
Q

what is the rule with cesareans?

A

once a cesarean, always a cesarean

once you have a c-section, all of the following pregnancies will be c-sections to protect the safety of mother and child

41
Q

do preterm infants or small-to-date infants usually have more problems down the line?

A

small-to-date

42
Q

appearance and behavior of preterm babies can lead parents to be…

A

less sensitive in caring for them

43
Q

isolette

A

special plexiglas-enclosed bed to care for preterm babies

44
Q

reflex

A

inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation

45
Q

rooting

A

when infant turns toward cheek stimulation

helps infant find nipple

46
Q

moro

A

hold infant horizontally and make noise to see infant reach for parent

47
Q

palmar grasp

A

place finger in infant palm and they will grasp it

48
Q

tonic neck

A

turn infants head to the side while laying awake on back, displaying “fencing position”

49
Q

babinski

A

stroke foot from heel to toe, infant will curl toes if healthy, fan if there is an underlying problem

50
Q

which country (1-39) has the lowest infant mortality rates per 1000 live births?

A

Japan

51
Q

which country (1-39) has the highest infant mortality rates per 1000 live births?

A

US

52
Q

states of arousal

A

degrees of sleep and wakefulness

53
Q

REM vs. non-REM sleep

A

REM - similar brain waves when compared to awake state, active body movements, more time spent here, vital for growth

non-REM - motionless body, slow brain waves

54
Q

SIDS

A

sudden infant death syndrome

unexpected death of an infant under the age of 1

55
Q

visual acuity

A

fineness of discrimination in the eyes

infants cannot focus their eyes well and have limited visual acuity

56
Q

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

A

evaluates newborn’s reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, and responsiveness to physical and social stimuli

57
Q

questions to ask when having a baby

A
  • who can be with me during birth?
  • what happens during a normal birth?
  • how do you allow cultures/beliefs?
  • can I walk during labor/positions?
  • normal labor?
  • how to stay comfy?
  • what happens if baby arrives early?
  • position on circumcision?
  • how do you help breastfeeding?
  • how to help things go smoothly?
58
Q

ob/gyn

A

any risk level
hospital
high intervention rate

59
Q

family practitioner

A

low-moderate risk
hospital

60
Q

Traditional midwife

A

low risk
person-centered
home births
low intervention rate

61
Q

CNM (certified nurse midwife)

A

low risk
birthing center/home
person-centered
low intervention rate

62
Q

issues surrounding birth

A

safety
control

intervention
- drugs
- surgical intervention

     - episiotomy
     - c-section
63
Q

midwife model of care

A

based on how pregnancy and birth are normal life events

64
Q

doula

A

provide support, don’t catch baby but instead support mother!! (get water, housekeeping, information, etc.)

65
Q

triple screen or quad screen

A
  • noninvasive
  • 15-22 weeks
  • looks for AFP, HCG, uE3 and inhibin-A
  • take blood from mother’s arm and look at chemicals
66
Q

CVS

A
  • invasive
  • needle put through abdomen, remove cells from membrane surrounding fetus, really active in mitosis so quick results
  • looking for chromosomal conditions
  • higher risk in spontaneous abortion than amniocentesis
67
Q

Amniocentesis

A
  • invasive
  • needle through abdomen, harvest amniotic fluid, not as active in mitosis so slower test results
68
Q

PUBS

A
  • umbilical cord sample
  • rarer: take sample from umbilical cord to look at blood going into fetus
69
Q

fetascopy

A
  • tiny hammer through cervix, look @ developing fetus
  • administered when ultrasound shows problem
70
Q

PGD/embryo screening

A

give someone medication to produce more eggs, extract eggs and fertilize to then genetic screening

used for Tay-Sachs: if zygote has it, they discard but if they don’t have it they reimplant it back into mother

71
Q

ultrasound

A

11-14 weeks
see if there is increased fluid around fetus’s neck, if so indicate DS

72
Q

the risk of DS _____ with maternal age

A

increases

73
Q

cell-free fetal DNA test

A

can detect 99% of DS pregnancies
noninvasive
used in high-risk pregnancies
expensive so not used often

74
Q

____% of pregnancies with DS are terminated in the US while ____% of pregnancies with DS are terminated in Iceland

A

67; 100

75
Q

fragile X is a genetic condition that is _____ inherited, and tends to be an issue more for ____.

A

dominantly; males

76
Q
A

Dev Psych 220 (15 decks)

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