Chapter 1 Flashcards
developmental science
a field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan
why are theories vital tools?
provide frameworks and, once verified, provides a basis for research
3 basic issues of developmental psych?
1) is development continuous or discontinuous
2) are there mult. courses. of development or just one?
3) roles of nature and nuture in development
contexts
unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that result in different paths of change
what 4 assumptions make up the lifespan perspective?
development is: lifelong, multidimensional and multidirectional, highly plastic, affect by multiple, interacting forces
3 types of developments
social/emotional
physical
cognitive
major periods of human development
prenatal: conception to birth
infancy and toddlerhood: birth-2
early childhood: 2-6
middle childhood: 6-11
adolescence: 11-18
early adulthood: 18-40
middle adulthood: 40-65
late adulthood: 65-death
aged-graded influences
events that are strongly related to age and therefor fairly predictable in when they occur/how long they last
history-graded influences
explain why some people are born around the same time and tend to be more similar to people their age than other ages
nonnormative influences
irregular events
enhance the multidirectionality of development
what boosts resilience?
personal characteristics
a warm parental relationship
social support outside immediate family
community resources and opportunities
normative approach (who invented it and what does it entail)
Hall and Gesell
measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development
psychoanalytic perspective
people move through series of stages where they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations
Freud’s psychosexual theory
emphasis on how parents manage child’s sexual and aggressive drives in first years of life
three parts of freud’s theory
Id (irrational), ego (rational), superego (societal values)
freud’s psychosexual stages
oral: birth-1
anal: 1-3
phallic: 3-6
latency: 6-11
genital: adolescence
Erikson’s psychosocial theory
in addition to the id, ego, and superego, the ego makes positive contribution to development of a good member of society
who is most famously known for the social learning theory?
Albert Bandura
goal of applied behavioral analysis?
eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses
cognitive development theory (who and what)
Piaget
children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
piaget stages
sensorimotor: birth-2
preoperational: 2-7
concrete operational: 7-11
formal operational: 11-death
do people who study information-processing think development is continuous or discontinuous?
continuous
ethology
seeks to understand the adaptive value of behavior and its evolutionary history
emphasis on the relevance of environmental contexts
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
how culture is transmitted to the next generation
believed that the more parents and adults help children master activities, the more similar the child will think to them
