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Dev Psych 220 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

developmental science

A

a field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan

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2
Q

why are theories vital tools?

A

provide frameworks and, once verified, provides a basis for research

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3
Q

3 basic issues of developmental psych?

A

1) is development continuous or discontinuous
2) are there mult. courses. of development or just one?
3) roles of nature and nuture in development

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4
Q

contexts

A

unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that result in different paths of change

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5
Q

what 4 assumptions make up the lifespan perspective?

A

development is: lifelong, multidimensional and multidirectional, highly plastic, affect by multiple, interacting forces

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6
Q

3 types of developments

A

social/emotional
physical
cognitive

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7
Q

major periods of human development

A

prenatal: conception to birth
infancy and toddlerhood: birth-2
early childhood: 2-6
middle childhood: 6-11
adolescence: 11-18
early adulthood: 18-40
middle adulthood: 40-65
late adulthood: 65-death

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8
Q

aged-graded influences

A

events that are strongly related to age and therefor fairly predictable in when they occur/how long they last

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9
Q

history-graded influences

A

explain why some people are born around the same time and tend to be more similar to people their age than other ages

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10
Q

nonnormative influences

A

irregular events
enhance the multidirectionality of development

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11
Q

what boosts resilience?

A

personal characteristics
a warm parental relationship
social support outside immediate family
community resources and opportunities

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12
Q

normative approach (who invented it and what does it entail)

A

Hall and Gesell
measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development

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13
Q

psychoanalytic perspective

A

people move through series of stages where they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations

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14
Q

Freud’s psychosexual theory

A

emphasis on how parents manage child’s sexual and aggressive drives in first years of life

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15
Q

three parts of freud’s theory

A

Id (irrational), ego (rational), superego (societal values)

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16
Q

freud’s psychosexual stages

A

oral: birth-1
anal: 1-3
phallic: 3-6
latency: 6-11
genital: adolescence

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17
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial theory

A

in addition to the id, ego, and superego, the ego makes positive contribution to development of a good member of society

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18
Q

who is most famously known for the social learning theory?

A

Albert Bandura

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19
Q

goal of applied behavioral analysis?

A

eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses

20
Q

cognitive development theory (who and what)

A

Piaget
children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world

21
Q

piaget stages

A

sensorimotor: birth-2
preoperational: 2-7
concrete operational: 7-11
formal operational: 11-death

22
Q

do people who study information-processing think development is continuous or discontinuous?

A

continuous

23
Q

ethology

A

seeks to understand the adaptive value of behavior and its evolutionary history

emphasis on the relevance of environmental contexts

24
Q

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

A

how culture is transmitted to the next generation

believed that the more parents and adults help children master activities, the more similar the child will think to them

25
Q

Bronfenbrenner’s structure of environment for development

A

microsystem
- individual
mesosystem
- connections/relationships/immediate fam
exosystem
- school/work
macrosystem
- government/values/customs
chronosystem
- time (generational or individual)

26
Q

types of research methods

A

clinical interview
structured interviews (i.e. surveys)
naturalistic observation
structured observation
clinical, or case study, method
ethnography (study group or culture)

27
Q

correlation design and one limitation

A

gathering information on individuals w/o altering their experiences
limitation: cannot infer cause and effect

28
Q

correlation coefficient

A

+1 = strong positive relationship
0 = no relationship
-1 = strong negative relationship

29
Q

longitudinal vs. cross-sectional vs. sequential designs

A

long - observed over life (all ppl same age)
cross - different age studied at same time
sequential - several similar long and cross studies @ same time

30
Q

What is a theory?

A
  • a set of ideas or organizing principles
  • relevant assumptions based on beliefs about a phenomenon
  • systematically related to each other
  • empirical/operational definitions
31
Q

example of empirical definitions

A

colic
- 3x3x3 rule!

32
Q

developmental theories allow us to: (and why?)

A

describe, explain, predict
b/c it is important to know when development goes off course

33
Q

domains of dev psych

A

cognitive, social, physical, and (sometimes) spiritual

34
Q

do the domains of development interact or are separate?

A

interact + all affect each other

35
Q

otitis media (OM)

A

an infection/improper drainage in the ear

some kids show all symptoms, some show some, and sometimes no symptoms are present,making diagnosis hard

36
Q

is OM contagious? where is it most prevalent?

A

not contagious, most present in daycare settings

37
Q

Feagans, Kipp, and Blood

A

observed the interaction between domains with OM

results: children w/ chronic OM (physical) in low quality day care settings (social) attended less (cognitive) to the book they were reading

38
Q

is development qualitative or quantitative?

A

both! multidirectional

39
Q

is development continuous or discontinuous?

A

both! multidimensional

40
Q

organismic (and example)

A
  • qualitative chance
  • active development
  • movement towards goal

ex: Freud and Erikson

41
Q

mechanistic (and example)

A
  • no qualitative change
  • passive reaction
  • no movement towards a goal

ex: social learning theory

42
Q

important ethological concepts

A

imprinting
sensitive/critical periods
bonding

43
Q

physical features of babyness

A

rounded head shape
large eyes below middle of the head
protruding forehead

44
Q

what term describes the reaction triggered by the traits of babies, causing them to be nurtured?

A

releasing mechanisms

45
Q

supernormal stimulus

A

an exaggeration of something to make it more appealing (ex. cartoon dog with large, sad eyes)

46
Q

increased family meals leads to

A

reduced sexual risk taking
enhanced language development

Dev Psych 220 (15 decks)

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