Chapter 2

Question 1

phenotypes

Answer 1

directly observable characteristics

Question 2

genotype

Answer 2

complex blend of genetic information

Question 3

chromosomes

Answer 3

store and transmit genetic information

23 pairs in humans

Question 4

DNA

Answer 4

deoxyribonucleic acid

chemical that codes template for proteins, breakthrough when they discovered the double helix shape

Question 5

gene

Answer 5

segment of DNA, determines characteristics

Question 6

protein-coding gene

Answer 6

directly affect our body’s characteristics

Question 7

regulatory genes

Answer 7

modify instructions given by protein-coding genes

Question 8

about 95% of _________ and human DNA is identical

Answer 8

chimpanzee

Question 9

gametes

Answer 9

sex cells (eggs and sperm), only contain 23 chromosomes

Question 10

meiosis

Answer 10

form gametes, goes through reduction division

Question 11

zygote

Answer 11

combination of sperm and ovum at conception

Question 12

in meiosis, men end up with ___ sperm and women end up with ____ ovum

Answer 12

4; 1

Question 13

autosomes

Answer 13

non-sex chromosomes (22 out of 23 pairs)

Question 14

most common type of multiple offspring

Answer 14

dizygotic/fraternal twins (shoutout)

Question 15

maternal factors related to fraternal twins

Answer 15

ethnicity (best odds for black people)
family history of twins
age (35-39)
nutrition
more likely with each birth
fertility drugs and IVF

Question 16

allele

Answer 16

each form of a gene

Question 17

homozygous

Answer 17

presence of the same two alleles

Question 18

heterozygous

Answer 18

2 different alleles are present

Question 19

dominant-recessive inheritance

Answer 19

only one allele affects the child’s inheritance, and it is the dominant one

Question 20

carriers

Answer 20

people who only have one recessive allele, making them unaffected by the trait but can pass onto offspring

Question 21

Cooley’s anemia (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

Answer 21

Pale appearance, impacted physical growth, slow behavior development in infancy

recessive; autosomal

Question 22

Cystic Fibrosis (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

Answer 22

lungs, liver and pancreas secrete mucus leading to difficulty with breathing

recessive; autosomal

Question 23

PKU (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

Answer 23

inability to metabolize an amino acid (phenylalanine) causing CNS damage

found in kids/prenatally

recessive; autosomal

Question 24

Sickle Cell Anemia (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

Answer 24

abnormal sickling of RBCs causing oxygen deprivation, pain, swelling and tissue damage (painful and damaging)

recessive; autosomal

Question 25

Tay-Sachs disease (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

Answer 25

CNS degradation --> blindness, deafness, and poor muscle tone starts showing brain damage @ toddler, no cure/treatment, high frequency in jewish populations recessive; autosomal

Question 26

Huntington's disease (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

Answer 26

CNS degradation --> muscle coordination difficulties (don't appear until 35 or later), fatal dominant; autosomal

Question 27

Marfan syndrome (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

Answer 27

tall, slender build w/ heart defects and eye abnormalities dominant; autosomal

Question 28

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

Answer 28

degenerative muscle disease, lose ability to walk in 7-13 yrs of age recessive; x-linked

Question 29

hemophilia (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

Answer 29

blood fails to clot normally recessive; x-linked

Question 30

diabetes insipidus (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

Answer 30

excessive thirst and urination recessive; x-linked

Question 31

incomplete dominance

Answer 31

pattern of inheritance where both alleles are expressed in phenotype creating an intermediate between the two ends

Question 32

carriers of what disease are most resistant to malaria?

Answer 32

sickle cell anemia

Question 33

genomic imprinting

Answer 33

alleles are imprinted to make it so that one pair member (mother or father) is activated often temporary, may be erased in following generation

Question 34

fragile x syndrome

Answer 34

abnormal DNA repetition on X chromosome cause cognitive impairments, attention deficits, high anxiety and signs of autism

Question 35

mutation

Answer 35

sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA

Question 36

polygenetic inheritance

Answer 36

many genes affect the characteristic in question

Question 37

genes on chromosome ___ are linked to Down Syndrome

Answer 37

21

Question 38

genetic counseling

Answer 38

communication process designed to help couples access their chances of having an offspring with a hereditary disorder

Question 39

socioeconomic status (SES)

Answer 39

combines three variables: 1) years of education 2) prestige of one's job 3) income

Question 40

high-SES families emphasize _____ while low-SES emphasize ____

Answer 40

self-direction and happiness; obedience and politeness

Question 41

2 main factors that are causing homelessness

Answer 41

insufficient availability of low-cost housing release of people with mental illness from institutions w/o necessary supports

Question 42

collectivism vs. individualism

Answer 42

c: people stress group goals over individual ones i: people are concerned with their own personal needs and value independence

Question 43

what country is more individualistic compared to most?

Answer 43

USA

Question 44

the US ranks usually _____ when compared to other nations on indicators of children's health and wellbeing

Answer 44

last :(

Question 45

heritability estimates

Answer 45

measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors **usually exaggerate the role of heredity**

Question 46

kinship studies

Answer 46

compare characteristics of family members

Question 47

gene-environment interaction

Answer 47

due to genetic makeup, people differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment

Question 48

gene-environment correlation

Answer 48

our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed to

Question 49

niche-picking

Answer 49

tendency to actively choose environments that complement our hereditary

Question 50

epigenesis

Answer 50

development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of environment genes affect behavior and experiences while behavior and experiences affect gene expression

Question 51

methylation

Answer 51

biochemical process triggered by certain experiences that lands on a gene and changes its impact

Question 52

mitosis

Answer 52

replication of cells to grow or heal

Question 53

dominant vs. recessive

Answer 53

dom: expressed in Bb or BB genotypes rec: expressed in bb genotype

Question 54

range of reaction

Answer 54

genes set boundaries within we operate

Question 55

canalized

Answer 55

some traits are more canalized than others (more malleable by the environment), the stronger = less influenced ex) strongly canalized: eye colors

Question 56

neurofibromatosis (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

Answer 56

tumors all over the body, all benign dominant; autosomal

Question 57

color blindness (dom or rec, auto or x)

Answer 57

recessive; x-linked

Question 58

severe combined immune deficiency (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

Answer 58

no immunity to anything, can quickly succumb to illnesses that other people with immune systems can fight off recessive; x-linked

Question 59

imprinting (genetic)

Answer 59

one gene is silenced, sometimes only maternal or paternal is expressed (important for fetus development)

Question 60

practice genetics!!

Answer 60

yupppppp

Question 61

mothers that were exposed to the Rwandan Tutsi genocide had what effects

Answer 61

increased PTSD impaired regulation of stress hormones elevated methylation of the GR gene parents with PTSD often have children with PTSD