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Dev Psych 220 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

phenotypes

A

directly observable characteristics

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2
Q

genotype

A

complex blend of genetic information

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3
Q

chromosomes

A

store and transmit genetic information

23 pairs in humans

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4
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

chemical that codes template for proteins, breakthrough when they discovered the double helix shape

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5
Q

gene

A

segment of DNA, determines characteristics

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6
Q

protein-coding gene

A

directly affect our body’s characteristics

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7
Q

regulatory genes

A

modify instructions given by protein-coding genes

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8
Q

about 95% of _________ and human DNA is identical

A

chimpanzee

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9
Q

gametes

A

sex cells (eggs and sperm), only contain 23 chromosomes

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10
Q

meiosis

A

form gametes, goes through reduction division

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11
Q

zygote

A

combination of sperm and ovum at conception

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12
Q

in meiosis, men end up with ___ sperm and women end up with ____ ovum

A

4; 1

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13
Q

autosomes

A

non-sex chromosomes (22 out of 23 pairs)

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14
Q

most common type of multiple offspring

A

dizygotic/fraternal twins (shoutout)

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15
Q

maternal factors related to fraternal twins

A

ethnicity (best odds for black people)
family history of twins
age (35-39)
nutrition
more likely with each birth
fertility drugs and IVF

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16
Q

allele

A

each form of a gene

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17
Q

homozygous

A

presence of the same two alleles

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18
Q

heterozygous

A

2 different alleles are present

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19
Q

dominant-recessive inheritance

A

only one allele affects the child’s inheritance, and it is the dominant one

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20
Q

carriers

A

people who only have one recessive allele, making them unaffected by the trait but can pass onto offspring

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21
Q

Cooley’s anemia (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

A

Pale appearance, impacted physical growth, slow behavior development in infancy

recessive; autosomal

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22
Q

Cystic Fibrosis (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

A

lungs, liver and pancreas secrete mucus leading to difficulty with breathing

recessive; autosomal

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23
Q

PKU (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

A

inability to metabolize an amino acid (phenylalanine) causing CNS damage

found in kids/prenatally

recessive; autosomal

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24
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

A

abnormal sickling of RBCs causing oxygen deprivation, pain, swelling and tissue damage (painful and damaging)

recessive; autosomal

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25
Q

Tay-Sachs disease (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

A

CNS degradation –> blindness, deafness, and poor muscle tone

starts showing brain damage @ toddler, no cure/treatment, high frequency in jewish populations

recessive; autosomal

26
Q

Huntington’s disease (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

A

CNS degradation –> muscle coordination difficulties (don’t appear until 35 or later), fatal

dominant; autosomal

27
Q

Marfan syndrome (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

A

tall, slender build w/ heart defects and eye abnormalities

dominant; autosomal

28
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

A

degenerative muscle disease, lose ability to walk in 7-13 yrs of age

recessive; x-linked

29
Q

hemophilia (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

A

blood fails to clot normally

recessive; x-linked

30
Q

diabetes insipidus (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

A

excessive thirst and urination

recessive; x-linked

31
Q

incomplete dominance

A

pattern of inheritance where both alleles are expressed in phenotype creating an intermediate between the two ends

32
Q

carriers of what disease are most resistant to malaria?

A

sickle cell anemia

33
Q

genomic imprinting

A

alleles are imprinted to make it so that one pair member (mother or father) is activated

often temporary, may be erased in following generation

34
Q

fragile x syndrome

A

abnormal DNA repetition on X chromosome cause cognitive impairments, attention deficits, high anxiety and signs of autism

35
Q

mutation

A

sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA

36
Q

polygenetic inheritance

A

many genes affect the characteristic in question

37
Q

genes on chromosome ___ are linked to Down Syndrome

A

21

38
Q

genetic counseling

A

communication process designed to help couples access their chances of having an offspring with a hereditary disorder

39
Q

socioeconomic status (SES)

A

combines three variables:
1) years of education
2) prestige of one’s job
3) income

40
Q

high-SES families emphasize _____ while low-SES emphasize ____

A

self-direction and happiness; obedience and politeness

41
Q

2 main factors that are causing homelessness

A

insufficient availability of low-cost housing
release of people with mental illness from institutions w/o necessary supports

42
Q

collectivism vs. individualism

A

c: people stress group goals over individual ones

i: people are concerned with their own personal needs and value independence

43
Q

what country is more individualistic compared to most?

A

USA

44
Q

the US ranks usually _____ when compared to other nations on indicators of children’s health and wellbeing

A

last :(

45
Q

heritability estimates

A

measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors

usually exaggerate the role of heredity

46
Q

kinship studies

A

compare characteristics of family members

47
Q

gene-environment interaction

A

due to genetic makeup, people differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment

48
Q

gene-environment correlation

A

our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed to

49
Q

niche-picking

A

tendency to actively choose environments that complement our hereditary

50
Q

epigenesis

A

development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of environment

genes affect behavior and experiences while behavior and experiences affect gene expression

51
Q

methylation

A

biochemical process triggered by certain experiences that lands on a gene and changes its impact

52
Q

mitosis

A

replication of cells to grow or heal

53
Q

dominant vs. recessive

A

dom: expressed in Bb or BB genotypes

rec: expressed in bb genotype

54
Q

range of reaction

A

genes set boundaries within we operate

55
Q

canalized

A

some traits are more canalized than others (more malleable by the environment), the stronger = less influenced

ex) strongly canalized: eye colors

56
Q

neurofibromatosis (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

A

tumors all over the body, all benign

dominant; autosomal

57
Q

color blindness (dom or rec, auto or x)

A

recessive; x-linked

58
Q

severe combined immune deficiency (description, dom or rec, auto or x)

A

no immunity to anything, can quickly succumb to illnesses that other people with immune systems can fight off

recessive; x-linked

59
Q

imprinting (genetic)

A

one gene is silenced, sometimes only maternal or paternal is expressed (important for fetus development)

60
Q

practice genetics!!

A

yupppppp

61
Q

mothers that were exposed to the Rwandan Tutsi genocide had what effects

A

increased PTSD
impaired regulation of stress hormones
elevated methylation of the GR gene
parents with PTSD often have children with PTSD

Dev Psych 220 (15 decks)

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