Chapter 8 Flashcards
play development stages
unoccupied play
solitary play
onlooker play
parallel play
associative play
cooperative play
unoccupied play
baby moving, no goal
solitary play
playing by themself
onlooker play
watching older/other kids play, learning
parallel play
2 kids playing next to each other, no interaction
associative play
doing your own thing but sharing items
cooperative play
playing and interacting with others, common goal
starts around age 3
typical for ______ to play
mammals
sensorimotor play
repetitive motor actions
functional (practice) play
using an object in your play
rolling a ball or car, specific goal in mind
constructive play
building something
social play
playing with others
dramatic play
theme or story (ex. playing family), acting
games play
board games/sports, rules!
difference in thinking with men and women
men - unilateral (speed up time to think, but slower damage recovery)
women - bilateral (slow down time processing but easier damage recovery)
primordial glands
medulla (inside) - potential for testes
cortex (outside) - potential for ovary (default)
sex genes on chromosomes
SRY on Y chromosome, if present kicks off medulla
DSS on X chromosome, if present kicks off cortex
apparent around 7-8 weeks in pregnancy
wolffian duct system
male tract
mullerian duct system
female tract
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
affects adrenal glands
usually assigned female at birth/easier for surgeons to reassign these people as female in surgery
personality differences (gender atypical behavior, girls more aggressive, less interested in infants)
spatial ability in CAH
women with CAH did better in spatial abilities, defying the usual gender difference
increase in androgen=better score on mental rotation (better in spatial)
increase in testosterone=better lateralization (better in time)
what is recommended with surgery and intersex people?
if there is no pain, wait and let them decide about surgery later in life/when they can give consent
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
recessive, feminine/construct as girls
doesn’t present in XX, need XY
immune to affects to androgens, have testes AND mullerian duct
don’t menstruate, find out at puberty
surgically remove testes (can cause cancer)
used to show biology doesn’t impact thought
5-alpha reductase
rare! less that 60 cases all from DR
challenged Money’s idea (reimer case)
raised as girls w/ XY, clit –> testes @ puberty, transition to boy
DR culture isn’t binary, 3 sexes (boy, girl, girl –> boy)
turners syndrome
45 chromosomes in most dna
most result in still birth, others considered “genetic mosaics”
1:2500 girls, most common
not identified usually, female genitals and gonads
result: heart, kidney, thyroid problems
bad spatial abilities
klinefelter’s syndrome
extra chromosome, XXY
1:1000 male births, issues w/ language development around age 2-3
diagnosed with reading disabilities
gender identity
who you are
another term for gender identity disorder
gender dysphoria (sex doesn’t = gender)
gender role
attitudes, behaviors and beliefs that culture deems appropriate for each sex/gender (ex. toys, career, shaving)
male = more rigid (better to have a tom boy daughter than fem son)
gender role stereotypes
gender roles applied rigidly, “this is how it has to be”
4 theories of gender typing
psychoanalytic
social learning theory
cognitive development
gender schema
psychoanalytic gender typing
freud
- phallic stage: super ego, sexual orientation, and
gender identity emerge
interaction w/ parents thought to be crucial, once constructed couldn’t change
oedipal conflict
- son is sexually attracted to mother, father would
find out and castrate him
electra conflict
- daughter is sent into world ill equipped, penis envy
social learning theory gender typing
parents have role but not main one, classical and operant conditioning
reinforcement - parents, teachers, etc. reinforce behavior w/ gender roles, subtle and blatantly
modeling - kids learn by imitation
- symbolic modeling - imitation through media (tv,
internet, etc.)
cognitive development gender typing
kohlberg (thought kids won’t behave in gender ways until their own gender is established, proven wrong!)
3 stages:
gender identity - construct identity @ 2
gender stability - understand being boy/girl is stable, 2-4, themselves first and others later
gender constancy - 5-7, once realized, become rigid in gender roles (if brought up neutrally this isn’t established)
gender schema gender typing
combines social learning and cognitive development
children learn through imitation, reinforcement, punishment, but use this info to construct gender schema (what is appropriate for each gender)
dittmar et al (2006)
appearance based, barbie has interesting proportions
did a study with plus-size doll vs. barbie vs. control (no doll) in 5-8 yr old girls
barbie: drive for thinness
plus size/control: less drive
more impactful for younger girls
barbie and bratz doll criticism
baby face on adult body! (large eyes)
in chinese culture, the child’s self-concept emphasizes…
social obligations
conversations where parents warmly explain and label emotions ehance
children’s emotional understanding
prosocial/altruistic behavior
actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self
children playing with the same-sex parent contributes to
social competence
induction
an adult helps make the child aware of feelings by pointing out the effects of the child’s misbehavior on others
warmth and responsiveness model characteristics
children are more likely to copy actions of warm, responsive adults
competence and power model characteristics
children admire and therefore tend to imitate competent, powerful models
consistency between assertions and behavior model characteristics
when models say one thing and actually do as they say, the child is more inclined to replicate this
time outs/mild punishments increase…
consistency
a warm parent-child relationship
explanations
