Chapter 8 Flashcards
play development stages
unoccupied play
solitary play
onlooker play
parallel play
associative play
cooperative play
unoccupied play
baby moving, no goal
solitary play
playing by themself
onlooker play
watching older/other kids play, learning
parallel play
2 kids playing next to each other, no interaction
associative play
doing your own thing but sharing items
cooperative play
playing and interacting with others, common goal
starts around age 3
typical for ______ to play
mammals
sensorimotor play
repetitive motor actions
functional (practice) play
using an object in your play
rolling a ball or car, specific goal in mind
constructive play
building something
social play
playing with others
dramatic play
theme or story (ex. playing family), acting
games play
board games/sports, rules!
difference in thinking with men and women
men - unilateral (speed up time to think, but slower damage recovery)
women - bilateral (slow down time processing but easier damage recovery)
primordial glands
medulla (inside) - potential for testes
cortex (outside) - potential for ovary (default)
sex genes on chromosomes
SRY on Y chromosome, if present kicks off medulla
DSS on X chromosome, if present kicks off cortex
apparent around 7-8 weeks in pregnancy
wolffian duct system
male tract
mullerian duct system
female tract
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
affects adrenal glands
usually assigned female at birth/easier for surgeons to reassign these people as female in surgery
personality differences (gender atypical behavior, girls more aggressive, less interested in infants)
spatial ability in CAH
women with CAH did better in spatial abilities, defying the usual gender difference
increase in androgen=better score on mental rotation (better in spatial)
increase in testosterone=better lateralization (better in time)
what is recommended with surgery and intersex people?
if there is no pain, wait and let them decide about surgery later in life/when they can give consent
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
recessive, feminine/construct as girls
doesn’t present in XX, need XY
immune to affects to androgens, have testes AND mullerian duct
don’t menstruate, find out at puberty
surgically remove testes (can cause cancer)
used to show biology doesn’t impact thought
5-alpha reductase
rare! less that 60 cases all from DR
challenged Money’s idea (reimer case)
raised as girls w/ XY, clit –> testes @ puberty, transition to boy
DR culture isn’t binary, 3 sexes (boy, girl, girl –> boy)
turners syndrome
45 chromosomes in most dna
most result in still birth, others considered “genetic mosaics”
1:2500 girls, most common
not identified usually, female genitals and gonads
result: heart, kidney, thyroid problems
bad spatial abilities
klinefelter’s syndrome
extra chromosome, XXY
1:1000 male births, issues w/ language development around age 2-3
diagnosed with reading disabilities
gender identity
who you are
another term for gender identity disorder
gender dysphoria (sex doesn’t = gender)
gender role
attitudes, behaviors and beliefs that culture deems appropriate for each sex/gender (ex. toys, career, shaving)
male = more rigid (better to have a tom boy daughter than fem son)
gender role stereotypes
gender roles applied rigidly, “this is how it has to be”
4 theories of gender typing
psychoanalytic
social learning theory
cognitive development
gender schema
psychoanalytic gender typing
freud
- phallic stage: super ego, sexual orientation, and
gender identity emerge
interaction w/ parents thought to be crucial, once constructed couldn’t change
oedipal conflict
- son is sexually attracted to mother, father would
find out and castrate him
electra conflict
- daughter is sent into world ill equipped, penis envy
social learning theory gender typing
parents have role but not main one, classical and operant conditioning
reinforcement - parents, teachers, etc. reinforce behavior w/ gender roles, subtle and blatantly
modeling - kids learn by imitation
- symbolic modeling - imitation through media (tv,
internet, etc.)
cognitive development gender typing
kohlberg (thought kids won’t behave in gender ways until their own gender is established, proven wrong!)
3 stages:
gender identity - construct identity @ 2
gender stability - understand being boy/girl is stable, 2-4, themselves first and others later
gender constancy - 5-7, once realized, become rigid in gender roles (if brought up neutrally this isn’t established)
gender schema gender typing
combines social learning and cognitive development
children learn through imitation, reinforcement, punishment, but use this info to construct gender schema (what is appropriate for each gender)
dittmar et al (2006)
appearance based, barbie has interesting proportions
did a study with plus-size doll vs. barbie vs. control (no doll) in 5-8 yr old girls
barbie: drive for thinness
plus size/control: less drive
more impactful for younger girls
barbie and bratz doll criticism
baby face on adult body! (large eyes)
in chinese culture, the child’s self-concept emphasizes…
social obligations
conversations where parents warmly explain and label emotions ehance
children’s emotional understanding
prosocial/altruistic behavior
actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self
children playing with the same-sex parent contributes to
social competence
induction
an adult helps make the child aware of feelings by pointing out the effects of the child’s misbehavior on others
warmth and responsiveness model characteristics
children are more likely to copy actions of warm, responsive adults
competence and power model characteristics
children admire and therefore tend to imitate competent, powerful models
consistency between assertions and behavior model characteristics
when models say one thing and actually do as they say, the child is more inclined to replicate this
time outs/mild punishments increase…
consistency
a warm parent-child relationship
explanations
physical discipline in african-american families
culturally approved, children see it in context of parental warmth viewing it as an effort to encourage maturity, not aggression
moral imperative
protect people’s rights and welfare
social conventions
customs determined solely by consensus(ex. table manners)
matters of personal choice
choice of friends, hairstyle, etc. that do not violate rights and are up to individual
proactive aggression
children act to fulfill a need or desire and unemotionally attack a person to achieve their goal
reactive aggression
angry, defensive response to provocation or a blocked goal and is meant to hurt another person
physical vs. verbal vs. relational aggression
p - harms others through physical injury
v - harms others through threats/words
r - damages another’s peer relationships through social exclusion, gossip or friendship manipulation
gender-schemic vs. gender-aschemic child
schemic - gender plays a big role in decisions
aschemic - doesn’t view the world in gender-linked terms
what is the most successful approach to parenting?
authoritative child rearing
patterns of boys vs. girls rooms, clothes and toys
rooms:
girls - floral, yellow bedding, lace
boys - blue bedding, sports/animal decor
clothes (provided by female family):
girls - multicolor
boys - red, white, blue
toys:
girls - more stuffed animals
boys - cars/construction
what influences boys/girls items?
culture/media, parents/family members
what toys were rated best for development?
neutral/moderately masculine toys
causes of childhood obesity
biological/genetics
environment
obesogenic environment
50 genes that influence, mostly small effects
increases hunger levels, sedentary and body fat lifestyles, reduce fullness
ex. MC4R - frequent hunger = overeating
FTO - common, trouble limiting calorie intake with access to excess food
externality hypothesis
people who are overweight are more likely to be induced to eat by salient external cues than normal weight individuals
tv impacts on child obesity
causes them to be sedentary
80% of food ads on nickelodeon were for junk food
sleeping more (increases/decreases) weight gain
decreases
family based intervention for child obesity
family revises eating patterns
family engages in daily exercise
limit screen time
make sure they sleep enough
fleming-milici and harris (2018)
compared commercials that aired on nickelodeon during 2008 vs. 2012, found:
- increase in food ads, esp. in black households
- healthy food ads were low in frequency
difference between boys vs. girls when comparing themselves to others
girls: compared hair, body, face, appearance
- role models: made them feel sad
boys: compared on ability/functionality
- role models: made them feel inspired
why did african americans select significantly heavier ideal body sizes than white people?
more black role models w/ healthier bodies/less emphasis on skinny = pretty
fluid intelligence
things that aren’t taught/will be difficult to teach
less culturally driven
all of piaget tests/ideas = fluid capabilities
crystallized intelligence
things you learn/can be taught
more culturally driven
standford-binet intelligence scale
goal: identify kids who would have trouble in school compared to age mates (age appropriate tests)
cons: given # to IQ, administered by professional/psychologist
weschsler intelligence scale for children III (WISC-III)
culturally driven and mostly represent white middle class, used in military and schools
cons: given # to IQ, administered by professional/psychologist
biology is destiny is believed by who?
herrnstein and murray
jensen
herrnstein and murray
believed people in power (politicians, etc.) arrived on top of bell curve of intelligence and people w/ social support on bottom
thought to be biological difference, selectively picked data that backed up their ideas
jensen
noted IQ different between black and white kids
one of only studies to credit biology, not social
politicians chose to believe him in order to cut programs like head start meant to help these kids
cultivation effect
adults who consume lots of news think world is scary place, same goes for kids watching violent things!
environment plays a large role is believed by who
scarr+weinberg
shirly brice heath
McKonan+weinstein
scarr and weinberg (1983)
transracial adoption (black kids in white families)
these kids had higher IQ than usual black children
shirly brice heath (1989)
parents reading to kids (white and black)
white: parents read to kids like IQ test “how many balloons are there on the page?”
black: parents read to kids relating to real life “balloons, like the ones at your birthday party!”
neither wrong!
stereotype threat/mckonan and weinstein (2003)
assessed how a strong stereotype was believed/how it would impact result
gave latino, white and black kids IQ test, told half it was a test
black and latino with strong stereotype did worse than white when told it was a test
if stereotype is believed, will affect your testing
sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
believe intelligence should be considered in context (outrun you vs. bear example)
three subtheories of sternberg
componential
experiential
contextual
componential subtheory
info processing/analytic
metacognition (decider)
strategy application
knowledge acquisition (what do we need to do to solve problem)
experiential subtheory
creative
novelty of task (doing something w/o ever dealing with it before)
automatization of skills (stroop test=reading has become automatic)
contextual subtheory
practical
adapting- changing things in yourself
shaping- changing the environment
selecting- selecting new environment
gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
inclusive and valued different types of intelligence
intelligences not relate and not biology=destiny
linguistic intelligence
language based intelligence
words, writing, good at speaking
careers: writers, journalists, teachers, lawyers
logico-mathematical intelligence
good with patterns and numbers
represents piaget
careers: scientist, mathematician
musical intelligence
interest in music, drawn to pitch
singing, playing instruments
careers: singer, composer, musician
spatial intelligence
good @ visual and spatial reasoning
direction, maps, charts, etc
careers: artist, architect, engineer
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
fine and gross body control/movements
sports and gaming
careers: dancer, builder, actor, sculptor
interpersonal intelligence
understand/relate to other people’s body language and emotion
careers: psychologists, sales, politician
intrapersonal intelligence
understanding self/perspective, in touch with self/self aware
careers: writer, philosopher
natural intelligence
patterns/relationships in nature (late addition)
careers: biologist, gardener, farmer
divergent thinking
multiple answers to a problem (schools do not do this enough)
convergent thinking
one right answer to a problem
ex. 2+2=4
mastery oriented attributions
assessed with effort and love of learning/learning for learnings sake
when they do not do well=what can they do to succeed
performance oriented attributions
schools promote this! very common in our culture
rewards for grades=performance oriented
showing effort is not important
learned helplessness
learned helplessness
if you seem to always fail, you stop trying
worry: focus on outcome not effort
us vs. france in ADHD
us: large percent of kids with ADHD
france: think this is usual kid behavior
____% of ADHD is heritability
80
boys are diagnosed _________ than girls with ADHD
5-10 times more frequently
ritalin controversy
US has 5 times the ritalin consumption of the rest of the world
ritalin has a _______ effect
paradoxical (stimulant that ends up suppressing ADHD)
ritalin side effects
sleep and appetite reduction
3 ADHD presentations
predominantly inattentive presentation
- difficulty staying on track in conversations/paying attention to detail
predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentations
- fighting and talking in class, cannot sit still/restless, impulsive, speaking at inappropriate times
combined presentation
-combination of above
popular children
gets lots of likes and high levels of communication confidence
rejected children
gets lots of dislikes and low levels of communication confidence
controversial children
gets lots of likes and dislikes
neglected children
gets no likes or dislikes and low levels of communication confidence
2 subtypes in rejected children
rejected-aggressive
- not good at emotional perspectives/struggle with empathy, misinterpret innocent behaviors as hostile, bullies
rejected-withdrawn
- not aggressive/socially awkward, targeted by bullies/bullied
at any given time, ____% of american children live in single parent households
25
consequences of divorce
financial hardship
- mother headed households more than father
moving can be disruptive
- minimal parenting: when family under stress, hands-on parents slack but rebound later
gender differences in reaction to divorce
girls:
- decline in school
- long term relationship effects (either get into them too late or early)
- try to please parents, more long term than immediate effects shown
boys:
- decline in school
- acting out/adjustment problems
throughout divorce, young children may
exhibit separation anxiety
blame themselves
fantasize about parents reuniting
throughout divorce, older children may
respond positively to extra responsibility
negative behaviors:
- truancy (skipping school)
- delinquency (trouble)
- running away
risks of being bullied
perceived as different/weak
sociometric status
LGBTQIA kids
biology
- methylation (genes turning off) changed as a function due to exposure to bullying (cardiac/neuro genes effected)
