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High School Biology > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define anabolic

A

Small molecules combined (ex:photosynthesis)

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2
Q

Define endergonic

A

Used to describe something that stores energy (ex: photosynthesis)

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3
Q

Where does the light dependent reaction occur?

A

In the thylakoid membrane

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4
Q

Where does the calvin cycle occur?

A

In the stroma

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of electron flow that occur in the light dependent reaction?

A

The cyclic electron flow and the noncyclic electron flow

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6
Q

What is another name for photosystem 1?

A

P700

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7
Q

What is another name for photosystem 2? What occurs in it (hint: a type of electron flow)

A

P680 and the noncyclic electron flow

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8
Q

What makes up ATP?

A

The nitrogen base adenine, pentose (5c) sugar ribose, and 3 phosphate groups

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9
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

In the thylakoid membrane, the stroma, and mesophyll cells

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10
Q

What is a stack of thylakoid membranes called?

A

A granum

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11
Q

Where are chlorophyll molecules located?

A

In the thylakoid membrane

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12
Q

What does chlorophyll have in its center?

A

Mg+

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13
Q

What type are plants that do photosynthesis?

A

They’re autotrophs

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14
Q

What is a stroma and where is it found?

A

It’s a pore in a plant’s cuticle through which water vapor and gases (CO2 and H2O) are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere. It’s found on the underside of leaves

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15
Q

What do chlorophyll pigments do and how?

A

Chlorophyll pigments harvest energy (photons)by absorbing certain wavelengths and this makes plants green because the green wave length is reflected, not absorbed

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16
Q

What colors do chlorophyll absorb the best?

A

Blue-violet and red light best

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17
Q

What are carotenoids?

A

Pigments that are present in plants and are either red, orange, or yellow

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18
Q

What is oxidation?

A

It’s a type of redox reaction and it’s the loss of e-

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19
Q

What is reduction?

A

Reduction is a type of redox reaction and it’s the gain of e-

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20
Q

What is the redox reaction?

A

It’s the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another

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21
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2+6H2O&raquo_space;»>light»»> C6H12O6+ 6O2

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22
Q

What is the ultimate energy source for all life on earth?

A

Sunlight

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23
Q

Where do plants store energy?

A

In the chemical bonds of sugars

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24
Q

How is chemical energy released during cellular respiration?

A

It’s released as ATP

25
Q

What is the last phosphate group in ATP bonded with?

A

A high energy chemical bond

26
Q

What will breaking of the last phosphate bond from ATP do?

A

It will release energy for cells to use, form ADP, and produce a free phosphate group

27
Q

What does ATP look like when it only has three phosphates?

A

A-P-P-P

28
Q

What is the process of breaking of the last phosphate bond from ATP?

A

Phosphorylation

29
Q

What are the products of the light reaction?

A

ATP and NADPH

30
Q

What are the products of the Calvin cycle?

A

ADP, glucose, and NADP+

31
Q

What is another name for the Calvin cycle?

A

Carbon fixation, or C3 fixation

32
Q

What photosystem does the cyclic electron flow use?

A

Photosystem 1 (P700)

33
Q

What does the cyclic electron flow generate?

A

ATP

34
Q

Where do both the cyclic and noncyclic electron flows occur?

A

In the thylakoid membrane because they are both part of the light reaction

35
Q

What photosystems does the non-cyclic electron flow use?

A

Photosystem 2 (P680) and photosystem 1 (P700)

36
Q

What chain does both the noncyclic and cyclic electron flows use?

A

The electron transport chain (ETC)

37
Q

What does the noncyclic electron flow generate?

A

02, ATP, and NADPH

38
Q

ADP+P= ?

A

ADP+P= ATP

39
Q

NADP+ +H =?

A

NADPH

40
Q

Oxygen comes from the splitting of what?

A

H2O

41
Q

What replaces the high–energy electrons that chlorophyll lost to the electron transport chain? (During the light reaction)

A

The energized electrons from water

42
Q

What is released into the air when the light dependent reaction happens?

A

Oxygen

43
Q

Where does the hydrogen go to during the light dependent reaction?

A

It stays in the thylakoid membrane after energy from electrons is used to transport them from the stroma into the inner thylakoid space

44
Q

What re-energizes the electrons towards the end of the electron transport chain (in photosystem 1)?

A

Pigments in photosystem one uses energy from light to re-energize the electrons

45
Q

What picks up the high-energy electrons and what does it become?

A

After the electrons become very high energy from the pigments in photosystem one, NADP+ then picks up these high-energy electrons along with H+ ions to become NADPH

46
Q

What binds ADP and a phosphate group together and what do they produce?

A

ATP synthesis binds ADP and phosphate group together to produce ATP (ADP + P > ATP)

47
Q

Approximately what percentage of plants on earth are C3 plants?

A

Around 80% of plants on earth are C3 plants, which means they use the Calvin cycle

48
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

A

It occurs in the stroma

49
Q

What’s the analogy used to compare the stroma to the chloroplast?

A

Stroma is to chloroplast as cytoplasm is to cells

50
Q

What does the Calvin cycle use as energy instead of light?

A

It uses ATP and NADPH from the light reaction as energy

51
Q

What else besides ATP and NADPH does the Calvin cycle use?

A

It uses CO2

52
Q

How many turns of the Calvin cycle does it take to produce 1 glucose molecule?

A

It takes 2 turns

53
Q

How many ATP and NADPH does the Calvin cycle use in 6 turns?

A

It uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH

54
Q

What combines with what to create 12 three-carbon molecules? (In the Calvin cycle)

A

Six carbon dioxide molecules enter the cycle from the atmosphere and combine with 6 five-carbon molecules to create 12 three-carbon molecules

55
Q

How many of what kind of molecules are removed from the Calvin cycle?

A

Two of the 12 three–carbon molecules are removed from the cycle

56
Q

What are the 2 three-carbon molecules that are removed from the Calvin cycle used for?

A

There used to produce sugars, lipids, amino acids, and other compounds

57
Q

What are the 10 remaining three-carbon molecules converted into?

What are they used for?
(All during the Calvin cycle)

A

The 10 remaining three–carbon molecules are converted back into the 6 five–carbon molecules, which are used to begin the next cycle

58
Q

Define heterotroph

A

An organism that gets its energy from the food eats. Plants that participate in photosynthesis do not fall under this category

High School Biology (23 decks)

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