Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

High School Biology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What question did Griffith ask?

A

How do certain types of bacteria cause pnuemonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did Griffith do to test his question?

A

He isolated two different strains of pneumonia bacteria from mice and grew them in his lab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What observations did Griffith make about his bacteria cultures?

A

That the disease causing strain’s colony had smooth edges and the harmless strain’s colony had rough edges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What was Griffith’s 4th experiment?

A

Griffith mixed his heat killed, disease causing bacteria with live, harmless bacteria and injected the mixture into the mice. The mice developed pneumonia and died.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did Griffith call the process that took place in his 4th experiment?

A

Transformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define transformation

A

When one strain of bacteria permanently changes into another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did Griffith hypothesize after he discovered transformation?

A

That a factor must contain information that could change harmless bacteria into a disease-causing one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What did Avery do and why?

A

He repeated Griffith’s last experiment to determine which molecule was most important for transformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What did Avery make an extract from and what did he do with it?

A

Heat killed bacteria that they treated with enzymes that destroy proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acid, and DNA. Transformation still occurred.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What did Avery repeat Griffith’s experiment using and what was their conclusion?

A

They repeated his experiment using enzymes that would break down DNA. Transformation didn’t occur, so they concluded that DNA was the transforming factor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a virus that infects bacteria known as?

A

A bacteriophage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who was Fredrick Griffith?

A

A British scientist in the 1920s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What did Hershey and Martha Chase study?

A

Viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a bacteriophage composed of?

A

DNA or an RNA core and a protein coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What did Hershey and Martha Chase grow the viruses with?

A

They grew the viruses in cultures containing radioactive isotopes of Phosphorus-32 (32P) and Sulfur-35(35S)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why did Hershey and Martha Chase grow the viruses with 32P and 35S?

A

Because if 35S was found in the bacteria, it would mean that the viruses’ protein had been injected into the bacteria. If 32P was found in the bacteria, then it was the DNA that had been injected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Was 35S or 32P found in the bacteria?

A

Nearly all the radioactivity in the bacteria was from phosphorus (32P)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What did Hershey and Martha Chase conclude from their experiment?

A

They concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are nucleic acids made up of?

A

A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a nucleotide made up of?

A

A monomer of nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 4 kinds of bases in DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What did Chargaff discover? What is this discovery called?

A

That the percentages of Guanine and Cytosine are almost equal and the percentages of Adenine and Thymine are almost equal. These are called Chargaff’s rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What did Rosalind Franklin use to get information about the structure of DNA?

A

X-ray diffraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How did Rosalind Franklin use x-ray beams in her research?

A

She aimed an X-ray beam at concentrated DNA samples and recorded the scattering pattern of the X-rays on film

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Who used clues from Franklin’s pictures/ pattern?

A

Watson and Crick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How did Watson and Crick use Franklin’s research?

A

They used clues from her pattern to build a model that explained how DNA carried information and could be copied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What did Watson and Crick’s model look like?

A

A double helix, in which two strands were wound around each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What did Watson and Crick discover?

A

That hydrogen bonds can form only between certain base pairs- adenine and thymine, and guanine and cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the theory that only A&T and C&G can bond together?

A

Base pairing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Who discovered base pairing?

A

Watson and Crick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does chromatin contain?

A

DNA tightly coiled around histones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does DNA and histone form?

A

Chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where is chromatin found?

A

In eukaryotic chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What makes up a nucleosome?

A

DNA and histone molecules

36
Q

What do DNA and histone molecules form?

A

Nucleosomes

37
Q

What do tightly packed together nucleosomes form?

A

A thick fiber

38
Q

What does each strand of the DNA double helix contain information for?

A

How to reconstruct the other half by the mechanism of base pairing

39
Q

In most prokaryote’s chromosomes how does DNA replication work?

A

It begins at a single point and continues in 2 directions

40
Q

In most eukaryote’s chromosomes how does DNA replication work?

A

It occurs at hundreds of places siamotainously. Replication proceeds in both directions until each chromosome is correctly copied

41
Q

What are the sites where separation and replication occur called?

A

Replication Forks

42
Q

What is a replication fork?

A

The site where separation and replication occurs

43
Q

What does a cell do before it divides?

A

It duplicates its DNA in a process called replication

44
Q

What does replication ensure?

A

That each resulting cell will have a complete set of DNA

45
Q

Describe the process of DNA replication

A

The DNA molecule separates into two strands, then produces tow new complementary strands following the rule of base pairing.

46
Q

What carries out DNA replication?

A

Enzymes that unzip the molecule of DNA

47
Q

What bonds are broken during DNA replication?

A

Hydrogen bonds between base pairs are broken and the 2 strands of DNA unwind

48
Q

What is the principle enzyme involved in DNA replication called?

A

DNA polymerase

49
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

It joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule and then “proofreads” each new DNA strand

50
Q

What are genes?

A

Coded instructions that control the production of proteins

51
Q

What is the production of proteins controlled by?

A

Genes

52
Q

How can genetic messages be decoded?

A

By copying part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA

53
Q

What does RNA contain?

A

Coded information for making proteins

54
Q

What are the 3 main differences between DNA and RNA?

A

The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose, RNA is generally single stranded, and RNA contains uracil in place of thymine

55
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA called?

A

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

56
Q

What does Messenger RNA (mRNA) do?

A

It carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins

57
Q

What does Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) do?

A

Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

58
Q

What does Transfer RNA do (tRNA) do?

A

During protein construction, tRNA transfers each amino acid to the ribosome

59
Q

Where does the process of Protein synthesis begin?

A

At a section of DNA called a promoter

60
Q

What is an intron?

A

A part of the DNA that isn’t needed to produce a protein

61
Q

What is a part of the DNA that isn’t needed to produce a protein called?

A

An intron

62
Q

What is an exon?

A

A DNA sequence that codes for proteins

63
Q

What is a DNA sequence that codes for proteins called?

A

An Exon

64
Q

What is cut out of RNA molecules?

A

Introns

65
Q

What are spliced together to form RNA?

A

The exons

66
Q

What does a codon consist of?

A

Three consecutive nucleotides on mRNA that specify a particular amino acid

67
Q

What is translation?

A

The decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein)

68
Q

What is the process of decoding an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein) called?

A

Translation

69
Q

What does the cell use information form mRNA for during translation?

A

During translation, the cell uses information from mRNA to produce proteins

70
Q

What binds new tRNA molecules and amino acids together as it moves along the mRNA?

A

The ribosomes

71
Q

What do new tRNA molecules bind with during translation?

A

They bind with ribosomes

72
Q

What stops the process of translation?

A

When the ribosome reaches a stop codon

73
Q

Define a mutation

A

Changes in genetic material

74
Q

What are the 2 main kinds of mutations?

A

Gene mutations and chromosomal mutations

75
Q

Define a gene mutation

A

A mutation that produces changes in a single gene

76
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

A type of gene mutation that involves a change in only one or a few nucleotides because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence

77
Q

What is a chromosomal mutation?

A

A mutation that produces a change in a whole chromsome

78
Q

What are some types of point mutations?

A

Substitutions, insertions, and deletions

79
Q

What do substitutions (a type of point mutation) usually affect?

A

Only a single amino acid

80
Q

What do insertions or deletions usually effect?

A

Their effect is more dramatic because they cause a shift in the grouping of codons

81
Q

What are changes that cause a shift in the grouping of codons called?

A

Frameshift mutations

82
Q

What happens in an insertion?

A

An extra base is inserted into a base sequence

83
Q

What happens in a deletion (gene mutation + point mutation)

A

The loss of a single base is deleted and the reading frame is shifted

84
Q

What do chromosomal mutations usually involve?

A

Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes

85
Q

What are some types of chromosomal mutations?

A

Deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations

86
Q

What do chromosomal deletions usually involve?

A

The loss of all or part of the chromosome

High School Biology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions