Biology EOC (things I don't know) Flashcards
Describe an endoplasmic reticulum
Transports materials inside the cell
Describe a golgi apparatus
Modifies and sorts molecules made by other organelles, and distributes them to where they are needed
Describe a vesicle
They aid in the import and export of molecules
Describe a lysosome
Digests food and recycles organelles
Describe centrioles
Involved in cell division
What is a unicellular organism?
An organism made up of a single cell
Where are chromatids joined?
At a centromere
What is growth?
An increase in the size or complexity of an organism
What is the cell cycle?
A continuous process in which cells grow, make copies of their chromosomes, and divide to form daughter cells
What is a type of asexual reproduction in which the parent splits in two to form two identical daughter cells?
Binary Fission
What are the four phases of Mitosis in order?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
Describe prophase
The phase of mitosis where the chromosomes condense and spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the sister chromatids
Describe metaphase
The phase of mitosis where the spindle fibers move the sister chromatids to the center of the cell in a line
Describe anaphase
The phase of mitosis where the spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids apart that their centromeres and duplicate the parent chromosome
Describe telophase
The phase of mitosis where the spindle fibers disappear and new nuclear membranes and two new nuclear form around the chromosomes
What are the 3 phases of the complete cell cycle?
Interphase, cytokinesis, and mitosis
Describe interphase
The period of growth and DNA replication that occurs between cell divisions
What is cytokinesis?
The division of cytoplasm
What is mitosis?
The division of the cell nucleus, producing two new nuclei, each with a complete set of chromosomes
What is facilitated transport?
The diffusion of molecules across a membrane with the aid of a channel protein
What is a stimulus?
Any change that a cell or organism reacts to
What is a response?
A reaction to a stimulus
In what organelle is DNA found?
Nucleic acid
What is nucleic acid?
Where genetic information (info passed on from one generation to the next) is stored
Nucleic acids are assembled from units called what?
Nucleotides
A nucleic acid called deoxribonucleicacid is better known as what?
DNA
Describe a ribosome
The site of protein synthesis
What are subtractes?
The reactants that are affected by enzymes in enzyme-catalyzed reactions
What is an active site?
A place on the part of an enzyme where substrates bind
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What are proteins?
Large organic ,molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and small amounts of sulfur
What is an amino acid?
A building block of a protein that contains a compound whose molecule contains at least one amino group and one carboxyl group
What is a peptide bond?
The bond that holds two amino acids together
What are lipids?
Organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and store food energy until needed
What are carbohydrates?
Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio
Which biochemical does Biuret’s solution test for and how does it change?
Proteins (changes from blue to violet)
Which biochemical does Benedict’s Solution test for and what color does the solution change to?
Carbohydrates (solution changes from blue to brick red and sucrose doesn’t change colors)
Which biochemical does Lugol’s Solution test for and what color does the solution change to?
It tests for some carbohydrates and the solution changes from yellow-orange to purple-black
What happens when you add Lipids (fats and oils) to a sheet of paper?
The paper changes from Opaque to transparent/ translucent
Where did an asteroid or comet collide?
An asteroid or comet collided with Earth in what is now the Gulf
What is an example of a Mass Extinction?
The mass extinction of 65 million years ago
What is an ecological succession?
When living things repopulate an area
What is an ecological succession?
When living things repopulate an area
What is a secondary succession? Give an example
It follows a disturbance that has wiped out most living things in an area, but not destroyed, covered, or removed the soil. Ex: after a hurricane blows down trees, leaving the soil behind
What is a pioneer species?
The first organisms to return to an area after a disturbance
What is a climax community?
The ecosystem reaches a stage in which it does not change much
What does burning fossil fuels cause?
Acid rain
What Pacific Island species has been wiped out by snakes that were introduced in the 20th century?
Birds
What is a decomposer? Give an example
Gets its energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms (Ex: Most fungi and many bacteria)
What is an energy pyramid?
Scientists show the energy loss between trophic levels in an ecosystem
Does each higher trophic level contain more or less organisms?
It contains fewer organisms as you go higher up the trophic levels
How much of the energy from one trophic level is passed on to the next level?
Only about 10% of the energy from one trophic level is passed on to the next trophic level
What is a trophic level?
Each feeding level (producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, etc) in an ecosystem
What is the correct order for the transfer of energy within an organism?
Producer > Herbivore > Carnivore > Decomposer
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate is an organic compound that transfers energy within the cell
What is ADP?
Adenosine Diphosphate is a chemical that plays an important role in energy transfer
What is the ATP-ADP Cycle?
A chemical cycle in which ATP is transformed into ADP and vice versa
What is cellular respiration?
A process that releases energy in the ell by breaking don food molecules in the presence of oxygen (to break down food for energy)
What is an aerobic process?
A process that requires oxygen
What is glycolysis?
A process that splits glucose
What is the Krebs Cycle?
A series of chemical reactions where pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide
How many ATP molecules does glycolysis make per glucose molecule?
It makes 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
How many ATP molecules does the Krebs Cycle and high energy molcules produce?
The Krebs cycle and highvenergy electrons produce 36 ATP molecules
What process doesn’t require oxygen?
Anaerobic Respiration
What are products of cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide and water
Where is the energy available to the cell stored?
In the phosphate tail of the ATP molecule
In light dependent reactions in photosynthesis, does chlorophyll require light?
Yes, chlorophyll requires light in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis
What are products of cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide and water
What are the products and reactions of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + Water —(Light energy)—> Glucose + Oxygen
What is photosynthesis?
The process by which plants, algae, and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight to make food
What is chlorophyll?
The green pigment in plants
What is cellular respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
Glucose and Oxygen
In light independent (dark reactions), do they require light?
No, light independent reactions don’t require light
What are biochemical cycles?
They involve the movements of organic and inorganic chemicals through the lithosphere
What are reservoirs?
Places where various chemicals are stored and from which they are recycled
What is the water cycle?
The continuous movement of water through reservoirs in the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (Ex: evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff)
What is transpiration?
The movement of water from plants into the air, usually through openings in their leaves
What do hydroelectric dams create?
Energy
Why do dams harm fish populations?
Because they can prevent them from reaching their breeding ground
What is the nitrogen cycle?
The continuous movement of nitrogen through each of Earth’s systems
What is a key element in organisms and makes up of 78% of Earth’s atmosphere?
Nitrogen
What is the Carbon-Oxygen cycle?
The continuous movement of carbon and oxygen through all of Earth’s systems
What is responsible for converting gaseous nitrogen into nitrates and ammonia?
Bacteria
What is a behavioral adaptation?
Something an animal does that helps it survive
What is a functional adaptation?
An adaptation that is related to the way its body works
What is a structural adaptation?
An adaptation that is related to a plant’s or animal’s form or structure
What is the biosphere?
The region of Earth that supports life
What is population density?
The number of individuals of the same species living in a given area
What is exponential growth?
When a population doubles at a regular rate
What are density-dependent limiting factors?
A limiting factor that has more of an effect on large or crowded populations
What are density-independent limiting factors?
A limiting factor that limits the growth of a population regardless of its size
What happens in predation?
One species, the predator, hunts and eats another (called the prey)
What is the carrying capacity?
The largest population that an environment can support over a long period of time
What is a natural resource?
A product of the environment that is used by humans or other organisms
What is sustainable development? Give examples
Oe way to conserve vital resources such as land, forests, fisheries, air, and freshwater. Ex: Plowing land to prevent erosion, conserving water, and replanting forests with a variety of trees
What is DNA?
A large molecule found in a cell’s nucleus that directs the assembly of proteins in the cell. It also determines what traits are inherited or passed down from one generation to the next
What is a nucleotide?
One of the chemical building blocks of a nucleic acid, it is made up of a phosphate, the sugar deoxyribose, and a nitrogenous base. Contains either adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine
What does adenine pair with?
Thymine
What does cytosine pair with?
Guanine
How do multi-cellular organisms grow?
By making more cells
What is the copying of DNA during cell division called?
DNA replication, during which the strands of DNA separate from each other
What are the building blocks of DNA?
Nucleotides
What is the result of DNA replication?
Providing new cells with a complete and identical copy of genetic material
What is a protein’s job?
Providing new cels with a complete and identical copy of genetic material
Where are proteins assembled?
Proteins are assembled on ribosomes, which are organelles found in the cytoplasm
What does the RNA (ribonucleic acid) do?
RNA carrie information from the DNA to the ribosomes and uses it to make proteins
What are the 3 main differences between RNA and DNA?
RNA has a single strand of nucleotides instead of 2, RNA as Uracil instead of thymine, and RNA contains the 5 carbon sugar ribose rather than the deoxyribose found in DNA
What are the 3 main types of RNA?
Transfer RNA (tRNA), Messenger RNA (mRNA), and Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
What does transcription do?
Copies a molecule of DNA into a complementary strand of RNA
What is protein synthesis?
The entire process of constructing proteins
What is translation?
When the information is decoded and used to arrange amino acids into proteins (info is translated from nucleotides to amino acids)
