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High School Biology > Biology EOC (things I don't know) > Flashcards

Biology EOC (things I don't know) Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe an endoplasmic reticulum

A

Transports materials inside the cell

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2
Q

Describe a golgi apparatus

A

Modifies and sorts molecules made by other organelles, and distributes them to where they are needed

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3
Q

Describe a vesicle

A

They aid in the import and export of molecules

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4
Q

Describe a lysosome

A

Digests food and recycles organelles

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5
Q

Describe centrioles

A

Involved in cell division

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6
Q

What is a unicellular organism?

A

An organism made up of a single cell

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7
Q

Where are chromatids joined?

A

At a centromere

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8
Q

What is growth?

A

An increase in the size or complexity of an organism

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9
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

A continuous process in which cells grow, make copies of their chromosomes, and divide to form daughter cells

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10
Q

What is a type of asexual reproduction in which the parent splits in two to form two identical daughter cells?

A

Binary Fission

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11
Q

What are the four phases of Mitosis in order?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

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12
Q

Describe prophase

A

The phase of mitosis where the chromosomes condense and spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the sister chromatids

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13
Q

Describe metaphase

A

The phase of mitosis where the spindle fibers move the sister chromatids to the center of the cell in a line

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14
Q

Describe anaphase

A

The phase of mitosis where the spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids apart that their centromeres and duplicate the parent chromosome

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15
Q

Describe telophase

A

The phase of mitosis where the spindle fibers disappear and new nuclear membranes and two new nuclear form around the chromosomes

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16
Q

What are the 3 phases of the complete cell cycle?

A

Interphase, cytokinesis, and mitosis

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17
Q

Describe interphase

A

The period of growth and DNA replication that occurs between cell divisions

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18
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The division of cytoplasm

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19
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The division of the cell nucleus, producing two new nuclei, each with a complete set of chromosomes

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20
Q

What is facilitated transport?

A

The diffusion of molecules across a membrane with the aid of a channel protein

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21
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Any change that a cell or organism reacts to

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22
Q

What is a response?

A

A reaction to a stimulus

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23
Q

In what organelle is DNA found?

A

Nucleic acid

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24
Q

What is nucleic acid?

A

Where genetic information (info passed on from one generation to the next) is stored

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25
Q

Nucleic acids are assembled from units called what?

A

Nucleotides

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26
Q

A nucleic acid called deoxribonucleicacid is better known as what?

A

DNA

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27
Q

Describe a ribosome

A

The site of protein synthesis

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28
Q

What are subtractes?

A

The reactants that are affected by enzymes in enzyme-catalyzed reactions

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29
Q

What is an active site?

A

A place on the part of an enzyme where substrates bind

**

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30
Q

What are proteins?

A

Large organic ,molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and small amounts of sulfur

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31
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

A building block of a protein that contains a compound whose molecule contains at least one amino group and one carboxyl group

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32
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

The bond that holds two amino acids together

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33
Q

What are lipids?

A

Organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and store food energy until needed

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34
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio

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35
Q

Which biochemical does Biuret’s solution test for and how does it change?

A

Proteins (changes from blue to violet)

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36
Q

Which biochemical does Benedict’s Solution test for and what color does the solution change to?

A

Carbohydrates (solution changes from blue to brick red and sucrose doesn’t change colors)

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37
Q

Which biochemical does Lugol’s Solution test for and what color does the solution change to?

A

It tests for some carbohydrates and the solution changes from yellow-orange to purple-black

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38
Q

What happens when you add Lipids (fats and oils) to a sheet of paper?

A

The paper changes from Opaque to transparent/ translucent

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39
Q

Where did an asteroid or comet collide?

A

An asteroid or comet collided with Earth in what is now the Gulf

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40
Q

What is an example of a Mass Extinction?

A

The mass extinction of 65 million years ago

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41
Q

What is an ecological succession?

A

When living things repopulate an area

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42
Q

What is an ecological succession?

A

When living things repopulate an area

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43
Q

What is a secondary succession? Give an example

A

It follows a disturbance that has wiped out most living things in an area, but not destroyed, covered, or removed the soil. Ex: after a hurricane blows down trees, leaving the soil behind

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44
Q

What is a pioneer species?

A

The first organisms to return to an area after a disturbance

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45
Q

What is a climax community?

A

The ecosystem reaches a stage in which it does not change much

46
Q

What does burning fossil fuels cause?

A

Acid rain

47
Q

What Pacific Island species has been wiped out by snakes that were introduced in the 20th century?

A

Birds

48
Q

What is a decomposer? Give an example

A

Gets its energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms (Ex: Most fungi and many bacteria)

49
Q

What is an energy pyramid?

A

Scientists show the energy loss between trophic levels in an ecosystem

50
Q

Does each higher trophic level contain more or less organisms?

A

It contains fewer organisms as you go higher up the trophic levels

51
Q

How much of the energy from one trophic level is passed on to the next level?

A

Only about 10% of the energy from one trophic level is passed on to the next trophic level

52
Q

What is a trophic level?

A

Each feeding level (producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, etc) in an ecosystem

53
Q

What is the correct order for the transfer of energy within an organism?

A

Producer > Herbivore > Carnivore > Decomposer

54
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate is an organic compound that transfers energy within the cell

55
Q

What is ADP?

A

Adenosine Diphosphate is a chemical that plays an important role in energy transfer

56
Q

What is the ATP-ADP Cycle?

A

A chemical cycle in which ATP is transformed into ADP and vice versa

57
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

A process that releases energy in the ell by breaking don food molecules in the presence of oxygen (to break down food for energy)

58
Q

What is an aerobic process?

A

A process that requires oxygen

59
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

A process that splits glucose

60
Q

What is the Krebs Cycle?

A

A series of chemical reactions where pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide

61
Q

How many ATP molecules does glycolysis make per glucose molecule?

A

It makes 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule

62
Q

How many ATP molecules does the Krebs Cycle and high energy molcules produce?

A

The Krebs cycle and highvenergy electrons produce 36 ATP molecules

63
Q

What process doesn’t require oxygen?

A

Anaerobic Respiration

64
Q

What are products of cellular respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

65
Q

Where is the energy available to the cell stored?

A

In the phosphate tail of the ATP molecule

66
Q

In light dependent reactions in photosynthesis, does chlorophyll require light?

A

Yes, chlorophyll requires light in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

67
Q

What are products of cellular respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

68
Q

What are the products and reactions of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + Water —(Light energy)—> Glucose + Oxygen

69
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process by which plants, algae, and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight to make food

70
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

The green pigment in plants

71
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

72
Q

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose and Oxygen

73
Q

In light independent (dark reactions), do they require light?

A

No, light independent reactions don’t require light

74
Q

What are biochemical cycles?

A

They involve the movements of organic and inorganic chemicals through the lithosphere

75
Q

What are reservoirs?

A

Places where various chemicals are stored and from which they are recycled

76
Q

What is the water cycle?

A

The continuous movement of water through reservoirs in the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere (Ex: evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff)

77
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The movement of water from plants into the air, usually through openings in their leaves

78
Q

What do hydroelectric dams create?

A

Energy

79
Q

Why do dams harm fish populations?

A

Because they can prevent them from reaching their breeding ground

80
Q

What is the nitrogen cycle?

A

The continuous movement of nitrogen through each of Earth’s systems

81
Q

What is a key element in organisms and makes up of 78% of Earth’s atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen

82
Q

What is the Carbon-Oxygen cycle?

A

The continuous movement of carbon and oxygen through all of Earth’s systems

83
Q

What is responsible for converting gaseous nitrogen into nitrates and ammonia?

A

Bacteria

84
Q

What is a behavioral adaptation?

A

Something an animal does that helps it survive

85
Q

What is a functional adaptation?

A

An adaptation that is related to the way its body works

86
Q

What is a structural adaptation?

A

An adaptation that is related to a plant’s or animal’s form or structure

87
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

The region of Earth that supports life

88
Q

What is population density?

A

The number of individuals of the same species living in a given area

89
Q

What is exponential growth?

A

When a population doubles at a regular rate

90
Q

What are density-dependent limiting factors?

A

A limiting factor that has more of an effect on large or crowded populations

91
Q

What are density-independent limiting factors?

A

A limiting factor that limits the growth of a population regardless of its size

92
Q

What happens in predation?

A

One species, the predator, hunts and eats another (called the prey)

93
Q

What is the carrying capacity?

A

The largest population that an environment can support over a long period of time

94
Q

What is a natural resource?

A

A product of the environment that is used by humans or other organisms

95
Q

What is sustainable development? Give examples

A

Oe way to conserve vital resources such as land, forests, fisheries, air, and freshwater. Ex: Plowing land to prevent erosion, conserving water, and replanting forests with a variety of trees

96
Q

What is DNA?

A

A large molecule found in a cell’s nucleus that directs the assembly of proteins in the cell. It also determines what traits are inherited or passed down from one generation to the next

97
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

One of the chemical building blocks of a nucleic acid, it is made up of a phosphate, the sugar deoxyribose, and a nitrogenous base. Contains either adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine

98
Q

What does adenine pair with?

A

Thymine

99
Q

What does cytosine pair with?

A

Guanine

100
Q

How do multi-cellular organisms grow?

A

By making more cells

101
Q

What is the copying of DNA during cell division called?

A

DNA replication, during which the strands of DNA separate from each other

102
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA?

A

Nucleotides

103
Q

What is the result of DNA replication?

A

Providing new cells with a complete and identical copy of genetic material

104
Q

What is a protein’s job?

A

Providing new cels with a complete and identical copy of genetic material

105
Q

Where are proteins assembled?

A

Proteins are assembled on ribosomes, which are organelles found in the cytoplasm

106
Q

What does the RNA (ribonucleic acid) do?

A

RNA carrie information from the DNA to the ribosomes and uses it to make proteins

107
Q

What are the 3 main differences between RNA and DNA?

A

RNA has a single strand of nucleotides instead of 2, RNA as Uracil instead of thymine, and RNA contains the 5 carbon sugar ribose rather than the deoxyribose found in DNA

108
Q

What are the 3 main types of RNA?

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA), Messenger RNA (mRNA), and Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

109
Q

What does transcription do?

A

Copies a molecule of DNA into a complementary strand of RNA

110
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

The entire process of constructing proteins

111
Q

What is translation?

A

When the information is decoded and used to arrange amino acids into proteins (info is translated from nucleotides to amino acids)

High School Biology (23 decks)

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