Midterm Study Guide Flashcards
How many variables should a controlled experiment have?
2
What is a hypothesis? What are they used for?
An if/then statement used as the starting point for an experiment
What is biology?
It’s the study of life
When should you always use safe practices in biology?
When you’re working with animals, plants, and bacteria
What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative observations?
Qualitative = Appearance Quantitative = Numerical
Who first identified cells?
Robert Hooke
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
- Cells are composed of living things.2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
- Cells come from pre-existing cells.
What does the nucleus do?
It’s the control center
What does the rough ER do?
Protein synthesis
What does the smooth ER do?
Protein synthesis
What does the Golgi body do?
It sends proteins to various parts of the cell
What does the mitochondria do?
It produces food/energy and is known as the powerhouse of the cell
What does the chloroplast do?
It’s found only in plants; responsible for plants’ green color and photosynthetic ability
What does the lysosome do?
It aids in indigestion
What does the ribosome do?
Protein synthesis
What does the cell membrane do?
It keeps organelles and cytoplasm together
What does the cell wall do?
It’s found only in plants; structure and support
What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus and eukaryotes have a nucleus
What is diffusion?
The movement of fluid from an area of high to an area of low concentration
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water
What is facilitated transport in the cell?
When protein carriers help move substances across the cell membrane
What is active transport?
When substances move across the cell membrane with the help of energy
What are the pumps and transport molecules in the cell membrane made out of?
Protein
What are heterotrophs?
Organisms that can’t make their own food
What are autotrophs?
Organisms that can make their own food
What is ATP?
Energy
What are the three things that make up an ATP molecule?
- Adenosine
- Ribose sugar
- 3 phosphate groups
How do you get energy from ATP?
From food and cellular respiration
What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
Water and carbon dioxide are the reactants. Glucose and oxygen are the products
What does sunlight do for photosynthesis?
It provides energy for the equation/reaction to take place
What makes plants green?
Chlorophyll
What organelle is the location of photosynthesis?
The chloroplast
What could impact the rates of photosynthesis?
Temperature, sunlight, and water.
What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?
Oxygen and glucose are the reactants. Carbon dioxide and water are the products
How many ATP molecules are made during the entire process of cellular respiration?
Between 36 and 38
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
6O2 + C6H12O6 > CO2 + H2O (+38ATP)
What molecules start glycolysis?
ATP and glucose
How many ATP molecules are made during glycolysis?
Four ATP are made in total; but there’s a net gain of two
What are the two types of fermentation?
Lactic acid and alcohol
What does lactic acid fermentation cause in humans?
Muscle cramps
What happens in cellular respiration after glycolysis when oxygen is present?
The Krebs cycle and the ETC
What organelle is the location of cellular respiration?
The mitochondria
What happens to a body cell when it grows and divides?
It creates two new daughter cells that are genetically identical
What are the stages of interphase during the cell cycle?
G1, S, and G2
What happens during each of the stages of interphase?
G1- Proteins and organelles are made
S- DNA and chromosomes are synthesized
G2- Preparing for mitosis
What is a chromosome?
Two chromatids connected by a centromere; contains genetic material
What are the stages of mitosis in their proper order?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
What happens during each stage of mitosis?
Prophase- The nuclear envelope dissipates; chromosomes duplicate
Metaphase- chromosomes line up in the middle; spindle fibers attach
Anaphase- Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart and move them towards the centrioles
Telophase- Two new daughter cells exist but are still attached because the cytoplasm hasn’t been pinched yet via cytokinesis
How many cells result from mitosis? How many chromosomes does each new cell have?
It results in 2 new cells with 46 chromosomes each
What is cancer, and what is a cancerous growth called?
Cancer is uncontrollable self growth. A cancerous growth is called a tumor
What makes up a nucleotide of DNA?
A phosphate group, ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base
What is the function of DNA? Where is it located in eukaryotic cells?
DNA contains genetic material and is located in the nucleus
What are the similarities between DNA and RNA?
Bases (except for uracil in RNA), a phosphate backbone, and a ribose sugar
Where does protein synthesis occur?
In the ribosomes
What are amino acids?
The building blocks of life
What does Benedict’s solution indicate the presence of?
Starch
What are enzymes?
Substances that lower the amount of activation energy to increase the rate of chemical reactions
How do enzymes speed up reactions?
By lowering the amount of activation energy needed
How much ATP is made during the different stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis- 2
Krebs- 2
ETC- Up to 34
What is a solvent?
The thing that the solute dissolves into (ex: water)
What is a monosaccharide?
A simple sugar
What are the steps of photosynthesis?
- Light reaction
2. Calvin cycle
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic?
Aerobic requires oxygen and anaerobic doesn’t need oxygen
What is contact inhibition?
The fact that cells will reproduce until they come in contact with another cell
Do cells shrink, swell, or stay the same in a hypertonic solution?
They shrink
Do cells shrink, swell, or stay the same in a hypotonic solution?
They swell
Do cells shrink, swell, or stay the same in a isotonic solution?
They stay the same
