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High School Biology > Midterm Study Guide > Flashcards

Midterm Study Guide Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many variables should a controlled experiment have?

A

2

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2
Q

What is a hypothesis? What are they used for?

A

An if/then statement used as the starting point for an experiment

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3
Q

What is biology?

A

It’s the study of life

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4
Q

When should you always use safe practices in biology?

A

When you’re working with animals, plants, and bacteria

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5
Q

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative observations?

A 
Qualitative = Appearance
Quantitative = Numerical
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6
Q

Who first identified cells?

A

Robert Hooke

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7
Q

What are the three parts of the cell theory?

A
  1. Cells are composed of living things.2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
  2. Cells come from pre-existing cells.
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8
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

It’s the control center

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9
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

Protein synthesis

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10
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

Protein synthesis

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11
Q

What does the Golgi body do?

A

It sends proteins to various parts of the cell

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12
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

It produces food/energy and is known as the powerhouse of the cell

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13
Q

What does the chloroplast do?

A

It’s found only in plants; responsible for plants’ green color and photosynthetic ability

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14
Q

What does the lysosome do?

A

It aids in indigestion

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15
Q

What does the ribosome do?

A

Protein synthesis

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16
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

It keeps organelles and cytoplasm together

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17
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

It’s found only in plants; structure and support

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18
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus and eukaryotes have a nucleus

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19
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of fluid from an area of high to an area of low concentration

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20
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water

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21
Q

What is facilitated transport in the cell?

A

When protein carriers help move substances across the cell membrane

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22
Q

What is active transport?

A

When substances move across the cell membrane with the help of energy

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23
Q

What are the pumps and transport molecules in the cell membrane made out of?

A

Protein

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24
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that can’t make their own food

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25
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Organisms that can make their own food

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26
Q

What is ATP?

A

Energy

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27
Q

What are the three things that make up an ATP molecule?

A
  1. Adenosine
  2. Ribose sugar
  3. 3 phosphate groups
28
Q

How do you get energy from ATP?

A

From food and cellular respiration

29
Q

What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?

A

Water and carbon dioxide are the reactants. Glucose and oxygen are the products

30
Q

What does sunlight do for photosynthesis?

A

It provides energy for the equation/reaction to take place

31
Q

What makes plants green?

A

Chlorophyll

32
Q

What organelle is the location of photosynthesis?

A

The chloroplast

33
Q

What could impact the rates of photosynthesis?

A

Temperature, sunlight, and water.

34
Q

What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen and glucose are the reactants. Carbon dioxide and water are the products

35
Q

How many ATP molecules are made during the entire process of cellular respiration?

A

Between 36 and 38

36
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 > CO2 + H2O (+38ATP)

37
Q

What molecules start glycolysis?

A

ATP and glucose

38
Q

How many ATP molecules are made during glycolysis?

A

Four ATP are made in total; but there’s a net gain of two

39
Q

What are the two types of fermentation?

A

Lactic acid and alcohol

40
Q

What does lactic acid fermentation cause in humans?

A

Muscle cramps

41
Q

What happens in cellular respiration after glycolysis when oxygen is present?

A

The Krebs cycle and the ETC

42
Q

What organelle is the location of cellular respiration?

A

The mitochondria

43
Q

What happens to a body cell when it grows and divides?

A

It creates two new daughter cells that are genetically identical

44
Q

What are the stages of interphase during the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, and G2

45
Q

What happens during each of the stages of interphase?

A

G1- Proteins and organelles are made
S- DNA and chromosomes are synthesized
G2- Preparing for mitosis

46
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Two chromatids connected by a centromere; contains genetic material

47
Q

What are the stages of mitosis in their proper order?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

48
Q

What happens during each stage of mitosis?

A

Prophase- The nuclear envelope dissipates; chromosomes duplicate
Metaphase- chromosomes line up in the middle; spindle fibers attach
Anaphase- Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart and move them towards the centrioles
Telophase- Two new daughter cells exist but are still attached because the cytoplasm hasn’t been pinched yet via cytokinesis

49
Q

How many cells result from mitosis? How many chromosomes does each new cell have?

A

It results in 2 new cells with 46 chromosomes each

50
Q

What is cancer, and what is a cancerous growth called?

A

Cancer is uncontrollable self growth. A cancerous growth is called a tumor

51
Q

What makes up a nucleotide of DNA?

A

A phosphate group, ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base

52
Q

What is the function of DNA? Where is it located in eukaryotic cells?

A

DNA contains genetic material and is located in the nucleus

53
Q

What are the similarities between DNA and RNA?

A

Bases (except for uracil in RNA), a phosphate backbone, and a ribose sugar

54
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur?

A

In the ribosomes

55
Q

What are amino acids?

A

The building blocks of life

56
Q

What does Benedict’s solution indicate the presence of?

A

Starch

57
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Substances that lower the amount of activation energy to increase the rate of chemical reactions

58
Q

How do enzymes speed up reactions?

A

By lowering the amount of activation energy needed

59
Q

How much ATP is made during the different stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis- 2
Krebs- 2
ETC- Up to 34

60
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The thing that the solute dissolves into (ex: water)

61
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A simple sugar

62
Q

What are the steps of photosynthesis?

A
  1. Light reaction

2. Calvin cycle

63
Q

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic?

A

Aerobic requires oxygen and anaerobic doesn’t need oxygen

64
Q

What is contact inhibition?

A

The fact that cells will reproduce until they come in contact with another cell

65
Q

Do cells shrink, swell, or stay the same in a hypertonic solution?

A

They shrink

66
Q

Do cells shrink, swell, or stay the same in a hypotonic solution?

A

They swell

67
Q

Do cells shrink, swell, or stay the same in a isotonic solution?

A

They stay the same

High School Biology (23 decks)

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