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High School Biology > Chapters 15 & 16 > Flashcards

Chapters 15 & 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the total amount of genetic information in a population?

A

The gene pool

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2
Q

How do genetic variations arise?

A

Differences in genotypes arise by mutation, recombination, and the random pairing of gametes

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3
Q

How do you find phenotype frequency?

A

Phenotype frequency is equal to the number of individuals with a particular phenotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population

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4
Q

What frequency needs to be acted upon by an outside force in order to change?

A

Allele frequency

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5
Q

What is is a theoretical model of a population in which no evolution occurs and the gene pool of the population is stable?

A

Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium

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6
Q

What is used to describe an non-evolving population?

A

Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium

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7
Q

During Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, what has no effect on the overall gene pool?

A

Shuffling of alleles by meiosis and random fertilization have no effect on the overall gene pool

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8
Q

What are 5 assumptions of the H-W principle?

A

Large population size, no net mutations, no migration, random mating, no natural selection

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9
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?

A

1.0 = p squared + 2pq + q squared
Ø P squared = Frequency of AA genotype
Ø 2pq = frequency of Aa
Ø q squared = frequency of aa genotype

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10
Q

What can traits be mapped on? What does this map show?

A

Traits can be mapped on a bell curve, which shows that most individuals have average traits and very few have extreme traits

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11
Q

For Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium to occur, what must happen?

A

The gene pool of a non-evolving population remains constant over multiple generations (allele frequency doesn’t change)

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12
Q

What can cause evolution to happen?

A

When populations are subject to genetic mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, or natural selection.

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13
Q

What is gene flow?

A

Gene flow- Emigration and immigration cause gene flow between populations and can thus affect gene frequencies

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14
Q

What is genetic drift and what kind of populations does it affect the most?

A

It’s the change in allele frequencies due to random events. It operates most strongly in small populations.

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15
Q

What can genetic bottleneck cause?

A

A drastic reduction in population due to volcanoes, earthquakes, landslides, etc; Reduced genetic variation; and the new smaller population may not be able to adapt to new selection pressures

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16
Q

What is the founder effect and what can it cause?

A

It occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population. It causes reduced genetic variation and may lead to speciation.

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17
Q

What’s an example of genetic bottleneck?

A

Cheetahs- they have little genetic variation in the gene pool
This can probably be attributed to a population bottleneck they experienced around 10,000 years ago, barely avoiding extinction at the end of the last ice age.

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18
Q

Define nonrandom mating

A

Whenever individuals may choose partners

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19
Q

What occurs when a certain trait increases an individual’s success at mating?

A

Sexual selection

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20
Q

What can sexual selection help explain?

A

Sexual selection explains the development of traits that improve reproductive success but [may] harm the individual

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21
Q

What are the three types of natural selection?

A

Stabilizing, disruptive, and directional

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22
Q

What favors the formation of average traits?

A

Stabilizing selection

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23
Q

What favors extreme traits rather than average traits?

A

Disruptive selection

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24
Q

What favors the formation of 1 extreme trait?

A

Directional selection

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25
Q

What is a population of organisms that can successfully interbreed but cannot breed with other groups?

A

A species is a population of organisms that can successfully interbreed but cannot breed with other groups.
[According to the biological species concept]

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26
Q

What results from the separation of population subgroups by geographic barriers?

A

Geographic isolation

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27
Q

What results from the separation of population subgroups by barriers to successful breeding, such as different mating seasons?

A

Reproductive isolation

28
Q

What is reproductive isolation within the same geographical area?

A

Sympatric speciation is reproductive isolation within the same geographical area

29
Q

In what model do species undergo small changes at a constant rate?

A

In the gradual model of speciation (gradualism)

30
Q

What is it called when new species arise abruptly, differ greatly from their ancestors, and then change little over long periods?

A

Punctuated equilibrium

31
Q

What is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms?

A

Evolution

32
Q

-In 1831 who set sail from England aboard the HMS Beagle for a voyage around the world?

A

Charles Darwin

33
Q

What did Darwin observe about the Galapagos during his time there?

A

Darwin observed that the Galápagos Islands were close together but had very different climates

34
Q

What did Darwin begin to hypothesize on the voyage home?

A

Darwin wondered if animals living on different islands had once been members of the same species. If so, then he concluded that these separate species would have evolved from an original South American ancestor species

35
Q

Why helped scientists recognize that Earth is many millions of years old, and the processes that changed Earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the present?

A

Hutton and Lyell

36
Q

Why did Lyell stress in /Lyell’s Principle of Geology/?

A

Lyell stressed that scientists must explain past events in terms of processes that they can actually observe [so people believe them]

37
Q

What conclusions did Darwin come up with as a result of the understanding that the earth is millions of years old and has always had the same geological processes?

A
  1. If the Earth could change over time, life might change as well. 2. It would have taken many years for life to change in the way Lyell suggested 3. This would have been possible only if the Earth was extremely old.
38
Q

Who recognized that:
Ø Living things have changed over time,
Ø All species were descended from other species,
Ø Organisms were adapted to their environments?

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

39
Q

Who proposed that by selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime? What were the flaws in this theory?

A

Lamarck proposed that these traits could then supposedly be passed on their offspring. Over time, this process led to change in a species.
Other flaws include a tendency toward perfection and use and disuse

40
Q

What didn’t Lamarck know?

A

How traits are inherited and that an organism’s behavior has no effect on its heritable characteristics

41
Q

Who reasoned that if the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone?

A

Thomas Malthus

42
Q

Who sent an essay [that basically summarized Darwin’s theories] for Darwin to review?

A

Alfred Wallace

43
Q

Who did Darwin give his manuscript to to publish when he died?

A

His wife

44
Q

What two things did Darwin say in his book?

A

He proposed a mechanism for evolution called natural selection and he presented evidence that evolution has been taking place for millions of years- and continues in all living things.

45
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

When humans only breed organisms with desirable traits

46
Q

How did Darwin come up with a scientific hypothesis to explain how evolution occurs?

A

Darwin compared processes in nature to artificial selection

47
Q

What forces organisms to compete for resources?

A

High birth rates and a shortage of life’s basic needs forces organisms to compete for resources

48
Q

The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment is its what?

A

Its fitness

49
Q

Define fitness

A

The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment

50
Q

What did Darwin propose about fitness and natural selection?

A

Darwin proposed that an organism’s fitness is a result of its adaptations, which is a result of natural selection

51
Q

Why did Darwin refer to survival of the fittest as natural selection?

A

Because of its similarities to artificial selection

52
Q

What is descent with modification?

A

The concept that natural selection produces organisms that have different structures, establish different niches, or occupy different habitats. Also that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time

53
Q

The idea that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time is called what?

A

Descent with modification

54
Q

What are some things that give proof for Darwin’s theory that things have been evolving for millions of years?

A

The fossil record, geographical distribution, homologous structures, and similarities in early development, [or embryology]

55
Q

What are similarities in early development of an organism?

A

Embryology

56
Q

What shows that the types and distribution of organisms on Earth have changed over time?

A

The fossil record

57
Q

What is the study of the locations of organisms around the world that provides evidence of descent with modification?

A

Biogeography

58
Q

What is biogeography?

A

The study of the locations of organisms around the world that provides evidence of descent with modification

59
Q

Do all homologous structures serve functions?

A

No

60
Q

Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues are called what?

A

Homologous structures

61
Q

Define homologous structures

A

Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues

62
Q

The organs of many animals are so reduced in size that they are just vestiges, or traces, of homologous organs in other species. What are they called?

A

These organs are called vestigial organs

63
Q

Define vestigial organs

A

The organs of many animals are so reduced in size that they are just vestiges, or traces, of homologous organs in other species.

64
Q

What develop in the same order and in similar patterns to produce the tissues and organs of all vertebrates?

A

The same group of embryonic cells

65
Q

What are some similarities in the development of many animals with backbones?

A

The early stages, or embryos, of many animals with backbones are very similar. The same groups of embryonic cells develop in the same order and in similar patterns to produce the tissues and organs of all vertebrates.

High School Biology (23 decks)

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