Pharmacology Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Adverse drug reaction:

A

Any noxious, unintended, undesired effect that occurs at normal drug doses

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2
Q

ADR effects: mild

A

Drowsiness, itching, nausea, and rash

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3
Q

ADR effects: severe

A

Respiratory depression, organ injury, anaphylaxis, and death

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4
Q

side effect:

A

a nearly unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at therapeutic doses

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5
Q

toxicity:

A

any severe ADR, regardless of the dose that caused it

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6
Q

allergic reaction:

A

Immune response, the intensity of which is determined by immune system, not dosage

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7
Q

idiosyncratic effect:

A

Uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition

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8
Q

paradoxical effect:

A

The opposite of the intended drug response

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9
Q

latrogenic disease:

A

Occurs as the result of the medical care or treatment, including disease produced by drugs

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10
Q

physical dependence:

A

Body has adapted to drug exposure in such a way that abstinence syndrome will develop if discontinued

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11
Q

carcinogenic effect:

A

The ability of certain medications and chemicals to cause cancer

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12
Q

teratogenic effect:

A

Drug-induced birth defect

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13
Q

Hepatotoxic drugs:

A

Liver is primary site of metabolism, drugs can also cause liver failure, combining hepatotoxic drugs increases risk of liver injury

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14
Q

QT drugs:

A

QT drugs- prolong QT interval, can cause life-threatening dysrhythmias, females at higher risk, multiple QT drugs should not be given concurrently

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15
Q

Filter metabolites out for body, cumulative exposure can cause damage

A

Kidneys

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16
Q

Black box warnings:

A

Strongest safety warning a drug can carry and still remain on the marker, concise summary of the adverse effects of concern

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17
Q

Communication mistakes are __% of fatal errors

A

90%

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18
Q

tolerance:

A

Decreased responsiveness to a drug as a result of repeated drug administration

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19
Q

comorbidities and drug interactions

A

Drugs taken to manage one condition may complicate management of another condition

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20
Q

Good diet can elicit therapeutic responses and reduce harm from ADRs

A

Diet

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21
Q

ototoxic reactions cause permanent damage, very important to catch it early

22
Q

the ___ ear are affected by drugs

23
Q

identifying ADR:

A

underlying illness, polypharmacy, and unknown

24
Q

ways to minimize ADRs

A

early identification is key, know major ADRs that a drug can produce, monitoring of organ function if toxic drugs are being given, individualizing therapy, and patient teaching

25
medication error: definition
any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the healthcare professional, patient, or consumer
26
pathophysiology-kidney disease:
reduces rate of drug excretion - drugs may accumulate to toxic levels
27
pathophysiology - liver disease
reduces rate of drug metabolism - drugs may accumulate to toxic levels
28
geriatric concerns:
organ function, comorbidities, polypharmacy, noncompliance
29
pharmacokinetic changes: ADME (elderly)
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
30
absorption in eldery:
rate of absorption slows down, gastric acidity declines
31
distribution in elderly:
increased body fat % (plasma drug levels reduced), decreased % lean body mass (plasma drug levels increased), decreased total body water, and decreased serum albumin concentration
32
metabolism in elderly
tends to decline with age
33
excretion in elderly:
begins to decline progressively in early adulthood (MOST important cause of ADRs in older adults)
34
important risk factors (elderly)
reduced function- drug accumulation, polypharmacy, greater severity of illness, low therapeutic index drugs, increased individual variation, inadequate supervision of long-term therapy, poor adherence
35
synthetic thyroxine (T4)
levothyroxine (Synthroid, Levoxyl) most common form is pill in mcg, can be IV
36
what is reason for synthetic thyroxine (T4)
hypothyroidism - a lot in obese patients, cardiovascular disease, and COPD
37
side effects of synthetic thyroxine (T4)
tachycardia, palpations, dyspnea on exertion, and goiter (irregular thyroid gland growth)
38
synthetic thyroxine (T4) you administer on ____ & most commonly at ____ in the morning in the hospital
empty stomach, 0730
39
if a levothyroxine dose is too low, watch for:
bradycardia, lethargy, constipation, excessive fatigue, and excessive sleeping
40
if levothyroxine dose is for high, watch for:
irritability, palpitations, tachycardia, diarrhea, tremors, and insomnia
41
proton pump inhibitors:
pantoprazole (protonix), omeprazole (prilosec), lansoprazole (prevacid)
42
indications for a proton pump inhibitor:
GERD, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and stress ulcer prophylaxis
43
pantoprazole is given in the hospital very often for
stress ulcer prophylaxis
44
forms of pantoprazole
PO dosage, IV push dosage (given slowly over 2 minutes), and IV piggyback (GI bleed)
45
side effects of proton pump inhibitors:
cutaneous lupus, clostridium difficile, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, bone fracture, and hypomagnesemia
46
hydrocodone indications:
pain, cough
47
hydrocodone commonly given in a combination form with other meds:
hydrocodone/acetaminophen = norco, vicodin, or lortab for pain hydrocodone/chlorpheniramine = tussionex for cough
48
adults can only have _____ of acetaminophen a day
4000 mg (4g), risk of liver damage
49
black box warnings for hydrocodone:
-addiction, abuse, misuse - life-threatening respiratory depression - risks from use with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants - interactions with alcohol
50
other adverse reactions for hydrocodone:
constipation, itching, vomiting, hypotension, CNS depression, and withdrawal