pharmacology quiz 2 Flashcards
Pharmakon means
drug or poison
kinesis means
motion
process through the body
absorption, distribution, metabolism, then excretion
pharmacokinetics is _____
how drugs move through the body
drug coming into the body is ___
absorption
most common way the drug is absorbed through the body is through the _____
GI tract
our ____ is how that drug gets distributed
blood
primary organ for metabolism
liver
_____ do a little bit of metablism
kidney
kidney excretes by how ____
urine
liver excretes by how ___
bile
____ of absorption determines how soon effects will take place
rate
____ of drug determines how intense the effects will be
amount
quicker drug dissolves, the quicker we see effects is known as ____
rate of dissolution
larger the _____, the quicker the absorption of the drug
surface area
patient’s who have better ____ ____ are going to have quicker/better absorption
blood flow
if a drug is ____ _____, it is absorbed more quickly because our cellular membranes are made up of lipids
lipid solubility
two major groups for route of administation
enteral gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and parenteral (outside of the GI tract)
enteral (GI tract)
oral (PO) medications
parenteral (outside the GI tract)
is faster than through the GI tract, so IV, subcutaneous, intramuscular
_____ is the fastest route of absorption
intravenous (IV)
advantages of oral (PO)
safer than injections, ideal for self-administration, and is easy/convenient/inexpensive
disadvantages of oral (PO)
can cause GI irritation, requires cooperative patient, inactivation, variability (each pt metabolizes drug differently)
absorption pattern of oral (PO)
slow and variable
barriers to absorption (oral)
epithelial lining of GI tract and capillary wall
advantages of IV
rapid onset, control, permits use of large fluid volumes, and permits use of irritant drugs
disadvantages of IV
high cost, difficulty, inconvenience, irreversibility, infection, high risk
barriers to absorption of IV
none
absorption pattern of IV
instantaneous and complete
advantages of IM and subQ
can be used for poorly soluble drugs and can be used for depot preparations
depot preparations means
when we give an IM injection one time and it activates for several months
disadvantages of IM and subQ
discomfort, inconvenience, can cause muscle and nerve damage injury with improper technique, bleeding risk
barriers to absorption for IM and subQ
none
absorption pattern for IM and subQ
variable, water solubility, and blood flow
when is parenteral administration is preferred?
emergencies, situations requiring tight control, GI incompatibility (drugs that are destroyed by GI system or cause GI injury), treatment with drugs cannot cross membranes, condition better treated with long-acting preparation, patients who cannot or will not take oral preperation
_____ is the movement of drugs throughout the body and dependent on blood flow
distribution
distribution process
blood flow to tissues, drugs ability to enter cells, and ability to exit the vascular system
___ ____ is the enzymatic alteration of drug structure to a more water-soluble for that can be excreted
drug metabolism
certain drugs that are completely metabolized by the liver the first time they pass through the liver
first-pass effect
_____ is the removal of drugs through the body
excretion
drugs and their metabolites can exit the body through
bile, urine/feces, sweat/saliva, breast milk, and expired air
two important levels of monitoring of drug responses
minimum effective concentration (minimum point where a drug effects a patient) and toxic concentration (too high can kill a patient)
therapeutic range (positive)
determines whether the drug can be given safely (between MEC and toxic concentration)
drug half-life
amount of time for the % of drug in a body to decrease by 50%
repeated dosing means
how a medication plateaus
highest amount of drug in the body, 1-2 hours after the last dose is the ____
peak
lowest amount of drug in body, seconds before next dosage
trough
loading drug is ___
tapering drug
pharmacodynamics is ___
force or power of drug
relationship between the size of an administered dose and the intensity of the response produced is ___
dose-response relationship
ED50 ___
average effective dose
LD50 __
lethal effective dose
minimum amount of drug needed to elicit a response
relative potency
maximum response a drug can elicit
maximum efficacy
intensifies the effects
potentiate
Reduces the effects
inhibit
effect not seen with single drug use
new response
what fruit decreases metabolism of certain drugs, meaning drugs can stay in body longer
grapefruit
empty stomach is when
1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal
-erol
SABA- short acting beta-agonist
fast acting/rescue inhaler
bronchodilator
fluoroquinolones
levofloxacin (levaquin) or ciprofloxacin (cipro)
fluoroquinolone is great for what?
bacterial respiratory infections
side effects of fluoroquinolones?
joint pain, clostridium difficile, liver toxicity, renal failure, prolonged QT syndrome, and achilles tendon rupture
corticosteroids
reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system
corticosteroids you must never do what?
stop abruptly and requires weaning
corticosteroids can decrease what swelling of ____
kidneys
