Pharmacology of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What are present in neurones in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Lewy bodies

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2
Q

What are Lewy bodies?

A

Intracellular aggregations of protein such as Alpha-synuclein (also found in dementia)

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3
Q

How to diagnose Parkinson’s disease?

A

Gradual dopaminergic nigra cell loss possible via dopamine transporter imaging

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4
Q

Where does dopamine transporter imaging occur?

A

Striatum

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5
Q

What is highly oxidisable and produces free radicals?

A

Dopamine
and oxidation products such as H2O2
MAO – monoamine oxidase (B isoform) is critically involved in oxidation
processes

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6
Q

What are the oxidation products of dopamine?

A

H2O2

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7
Q

What enzyme is involved in oxidation of dopamine?

A

MAO - monoamine oxidase (B isoform)

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8
Q

What occurs in Parkinson’s disease with dopamine?

A

Increased oxidative stress

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9
Q

Which complex would there be a dysfunction in in mitochondria which would lead to increased oxidative stress?

A

Complex I

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10
Q

What are the main types of dopamine receptors?

A

D1-like

D2-like

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11
Q

What type of receptor are dopamine receptors?

A

GPCR

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12
Q

What type of receptors does D1-like include?

A

D1 and D5 subtypes

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13
Q

What time of receptors does D2-like include?

A

D2, D3 and D4 subtypes

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14
Q

What do dopaminergic compounds do?

A

Compensate directly for dopaminergic deficit

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15
Q

What type of drug is L-DOPA?

A

Levodopa

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16
Q

What is L-dopa?

A

biosynthetic precursor of dopamine

17
Q

What can LDOPA be combined with?

A

DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors (carbidopa)

18
Q

Give an example of a dopaminergic agonist

A

Ropinirole

19
Q

What do MAOb inhibitors do?

A

Protect residual dopamine against oxidation

20
Q

Give examples of two MAOb inhibitors

A

Rasagiline

Selegiline

21
Q

What does Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) do?

A

Break down dopamine and other NTs

22
Q

Give 2 examples of COMT inhibitors

A

Entacapone

Tolcapone

23
Q

Why would you give anticholinergic compounds in Parkinson’s?

A

Loss of dopamine leads to hyperactivity of cholinergic cells

24
Q

Give an example of an anticholinergic compounds

A

Orphenadrine

25
What does Amantadine do?
Inhibits dopamine reuptake and increases dopamine release
26
What are side effects of L-DOPA?
Nausea/vomiting Postural hypotension Psychosis Impulse-control disorders
27
What can you do surgically to help with Parkinson's disease?
DBS in the subthalamic nucleus or GPi Pallidotomy Thalamotomy
28
What chromosome is Huntington's disease associated with?
4
29
Huntington's gene presents with an abnormal number of which codon?
CAG
30
What pathological changes occur in Huntington's disease?
Cortical atrophy Prominent striatal degradation Loss of medium sized spiny neurones
31
Give some neurodegeneration mechanisms in Huntington's disease
Excitotoxicity Loss of neurotrophic factors Accumulation of aggregates of mutant huntington protein
32
Treatment of Huntington's disease?
Synaptic vesicular amine transporter inhibitor Antidopaminergic Antidepressant drugs Striatal fetal grafts
33
Give an example of a synaptic vesicular amine transporter inhibitor
Tetrabenazine
34
Give 2 exampleso f antidopaminergics
Olanzapine | Haloperidol
35
Give an example of an antidepressant
Amitriptyline