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Brain and behaviour 2 > PBL 1 Mr Body > Flashcards

PBL 1 Mr Body Flashcards

1
Q

define resting tremor

A

Involuntary, rhythmic muscle contractions causing oscillational movements at rest

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2
Q

what is Madopar?

A

Tablet containing levodopa and benserazide

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3
Q

What is cogwheel rigidity?

A

Combination of lead-pipe rigidity and tremor

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4
Q

What is lead-pipe rigidity?

A

Sustained resistance to passive movement due to increased muscle tone

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5
Q

What is clasp-knife reflex?

A

Rapid decrease in resistance to passive movement

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6
Q

What is micrographia?

A

Patient’s writing becomes smaller and more difficult to read - associated with neurodegenerative disease of basal ganglia such as PD

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7
Q

What is rotigotine

A

dopamine agonist

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8
Q

What is selegiline

A

MAOb inhibitor

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9
Q

What forms the dorsal striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

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10
Q

What are the input nuclei

A

Dorsal Striatum

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11
Q

What are neurones of the basal ganglia?

A

Medium spiny

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12
Q

What is the ventral striatum?

A

Accumbens nucleus

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13
Q

What do the putamen and globus pallidus together form?

A

Lentiform nucleus

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14
Q

What does the caudate nucleus curve around?

A

Lateral wall of lateral ventricles

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15
Q

Where does caudate nucleus end?

A

Temporal lobe

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16
Q

What separates the putamen from caudate nucleus?

A

Grey matter

Internal capsule

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17
Q

What is the output nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A

Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra pars reticula
subthalamic nuclei

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18
Q

Where do the output nuclei project out to?

A

VA and VL regions of the thalamus

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19
Q

What makes up the substantia nigra?

A

Pars compacta

Pars reticula

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20
Q

What is the pars compacta?

A

Cells that produce dopamine

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21
Q

Where do neurones in pars compacta project to?

A

Basal ganglia

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22
Q

What happens when pars compacta cells degenerate?

A

Parkinsons Disease

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23
Q

Where does Pars reticula receive input from?

A

Basal ganglia

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24
Q

Where does pars reticula project out to?

A

Motor thalamus

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25
The pars reticula neurones are what?
GABA inhibitory
26
What does pars reticula do?
Control of head and eye movements
27
What supplies basal ganglia?
Striate arteries from the M1 branch of the MCA
28
What does basal ganglia control?
Initiation and stopping of movements
29
What are the 3 neurotransmitters?
Glutamate GABA Dopamine
30
Where is glutamate used?
Corticostriatal pathway
31
Where is GABA used?
Striato-pallidal pathway
32
Where is dopamine used?
Nigrostriatal pathway
33
Where does the cortex project neurones to?
Striatum
34
Whre does the striatum project neurones to?
GP
35
Where does substantia nigra pars compacta project neurones to?
Striatum
36
What converts L-tyrosine into DOPA
Tyrosine hydroxylase
37
What is L-tyrosine converted into?
DOPA
38
What is DOPA converted into?
Dopamine
39
What converts DOPA into dopamine?
DOPA decarboxylase
40
What breaks down dopamine into DOPAC?
MAO
41
What converts DOPAC into homovanillic acid?
COMT
42
What is DOPAC converted into?
Homovanillic acid
43
What are the two main dopamine receptors?
D1 and D2
44
Where are D1 and D2 receptors found?
GABAergic neurones in basal ganglia
45
What does D1 do?
Increase function of GABAergic neurones, increased inhibition
46
What does D2 do?
Decreases function of GABAergic neurones, decreased inhibition
47
What are some signs and symptoms of Parkinson's Disease?
``` Tremor at rest Rigidity Akinesia Postural instability Olfactory dysfunction Sleep disturbances Depression Cognitive dementia ```
48
What is Parkinson's Disease?
Neurodegenerative disease of the CNS affecting motor abilities
49
What is Parkinson's Disease caused by?
Lack of dopaminergic cells in SNpc
50
What does loss of dopamine cause to pathways?
Direct pathway inhibition | Indirect pathway activation
51
Why is there a loss of dopaminergic cells?
Production of the neurotoxin MPP+
52
What is MPP+ made from?
MPTP
53
What makes MPP+?
MAOb
54
What does MPP+ do?
Disrupt oxidative phosphorylation -> production of free radicals
55
What is a classic characteristic of PD?
Lewy bodies
56
What are Lewy body?
Aggregation of proteins in nerve cells
57
What are lewy bodies made of?
Alpha-synuclein
58
What is a risk factor for PD?
Mutation in Alpha-synuclein (PARK1- 4+SNCA gene)
59
How is PD diagnosed?
History and signs and symptoms
60
What drugs can be used for PD?
MAOb inhibitors Dopamine receptor Agonist L-DOPA Anti-cholinergic drugs
61
What is a MAOb inhibitor?
Prevents breakdown of dopamine
62
What is used in catabolism of dopamine?
Monoamine oxidase
63
Give exaples of MAOb inhibitors
Selegiline | Rasagiline
64
What side effects of MAOb inhibitors?
No cheese or wine Headache Aching joints Depression
65
Give examples of Dopamine receptor agonists
``` Rotigotine Pergolide Cabergoline Bromocriptine Apomorphine ```
66
Side effects of dopamine receptor agonists?
Drowsiness Nausea Psychosis Constipation
67
Why give L-DOPA instead of giving dopamine?
L-DOPA can pass BBB
68
What are complications of long term used of L-DOPA
On/off phenomenon - unpredictable fluctuation of motor ability hallucinations Pain/tingling/autonomic dysfunction Dyskinesia
69
What is the bioavailability of L-dopa used alone?
5-10%
70
What is benserazide?
Peripheral L-DOPA decarbxylase inhibitor which cannot pass the BBB, so allows more dopamine to be produced in the brain
71
What else can L-DOPA be used with?
Tolcapone | Entacapone
72
What is tolcapone and entacapone?
COMT inhibitor
73
Why do anti-cholinergic drugs work?
Dopamine inhibits activity of Ach neurones so therefore there is hyperactivity of cholinergic fibres
74
Give examples of anti-cholinergic drugs?
Amantadine Benzhexol Orphenadrine Benztropine
75
What does Amantadine do?
Prevents dopamine reuptake - is an NMDA and ACh receptor antagonist
76
Give side effects of anti-cholinergic drugs
``` Dry mouth Blurred vision Confusion Constipation Memory Defects ```
77
What surgical options are there for PD?
Deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nuclei Pallidotomy Destruction of GP to control dyskinesia
78
What is Huntington's Disease?
Loss of GABAergic cells when striatum degenerates
79
What happens when striatum degenerates?
Reduced indirect pathway - hyperkinesia
80
How is huntington's disease inherited?
Autosomal dominant
81
What chromosome gene does huntington's affect?
4

Brain and behaviour 2 (27 decks)

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