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Brain and behaviour 2 > Blood Supply to the Brain > Flashcards

Blood Supply to the Brain Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What is the average brain blood flow?

A

46ml/100g of brain per minute

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2
Q

How many seconds of no oxygen leads to unconsciousness?

A

20s

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3
Q

What length of time of no oxygen leads to permanent unconsciousness?

A

> 5 mins

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4
Q

What supplies 80% of cerebral blood flow?

A

Carotids

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5
Q

Where does the remaining 20% of arterial supply come from?

A

Vertebrals

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6
Q

Are the anterior and posterior communicating arteries open or closed in normal angiogram?

A

Closed as doesn’t need to be open in normal situations. Pressure in left and right side are same.

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7
Q

What does the MCA supply?

A

Lenticulostriate arteries to the deep basal ganglia

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8
Q

What are the areas called when there’s overlap + anastomose areas e.g. posterior cerebral and anterior cerebral artery?

A

Watershed

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9
Q

In posterior circulation, what do the vertebral arteries supply?

A 
Spinal Cord
Dorsal medulla (PICA)
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10
Q

In posterior circulation, what do the basilar arteries supply?

A

Pons

Cerebellum

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11
Q

In posterior circulation, what does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Inferior and medial aspect of temporal and occipital cortex
Thalamus and posterior internal capsule
Midbrain

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12
Q

Where do superficial cerebral veins cross?

A

Subarachnoid space

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13
Q

Where do superficial cerebral veins pierce?

A

Dura

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14
Q

After superficial cerebral veins pierce the dura, they enter where?

A

intracranial (dural) venous sinuses

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15
Q

What do arachnoid granulations allow?

A

Allow CSF to flow into venous blood of sinuses but prevent backflow of blood into the subarachnoid space

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16
Q

What drains the cerebellum?

A

superior and inferior cerebellar veins

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17
Q

Causes of ischaemic stroke?

A

Atherosclerosis

Embolism

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18
Q

Causes of cerebral haemorrhage?

A

Trauma

Spontaneous

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19
Q

Symptoms of MCA stroke in dominant side?

A

Global aphasia

Sensorimotor loss on contralateral face, upper limb and trunk

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20
Q

Symptoms of PCA Stroke?

A

 Contralateral homonymous hemianopia (blindness over half the field of vision,
affecting the same place in both eyes).
 Reading and writing deficits.
 Impaired memory.

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21
Q

Symptoms of MCA stroke in non dominant side?

A

Neglect syndrome

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22
Q

Symptoms of ACA Stroke

A

 Contralateral sensorimotor loss below the waist.
 Urinary incontinence.
 Personality defects (frontal lobe).
 Split-brain syndrome (lack of coordination between L and R side).

23
Q

Define transient ischaemic attack

A

temporary loss of brain function (<30 mins)

24
Q

How long does it take for a TCA to resolve and how long does it take to happen?

A

Sudden onset and resolves within 24 hours

25
Q

What is a TIA a warning sign of?

A

Stroke or Heart Attack

26
Q

What are anterior symptoms of TIA?

A

Motor weakness
Hemo-sensory loss
Dysarthria (speech)

27
Q

What are posterior symptoms of TIA?

A

vertigo
diplopia
ataxia
amnesia

28
Q

What is an Extra-Axial bleed?

A

A bleed outside of the brain tissue

29
Q

Where is an Extra-Axial Bleed located?

A

Between any layers of the meninges

30
Q

Where does an Extradural Hematoma occur?

A

Between skull and dura mater

31
Q

What is Extradural Hematoma caused by?

A

Trauma

32
Q

What do patients experience after Extradural Hematoma?

A

Lucid period after blow, followed by unconsciousness

33
Q

Is the bleed slow or fast in extradural hematoma?

A

Rapid as it is artery

34
Q

Which artery does extradural hematoma usually occur in?

A

meningeal artery

35
Q

Symptoms of extradural hematoma?

A
  • Increases intracranial pressure to compresses CN III.
  • Weakness of contralateral extremities.
  • Loss of visual field opposite to lesion (PCA compression).
36
Q

Where does expansion of extradural hematoma stop?

A

Sutures as dura is better attacked but able to then press inwards

37
Q

Where does subdural hematoma occur?

A

Between dura mater and subarachnoid layer

38
Q

What causes subdural hematoma?

A

Trauma or ageing

39
Q

Which has a slower onset? Subdural hematoma or extradural hematoma

A

Subdural hematoma as it is from venous blood

40
Q

Symptoms of subdural hematoma?

A 
Irritability
Seizures
Headache
Numbness
Disorientation
41
Q

What shape do subdural hematomas have?

A

convex shape

42
Q

Can subdural hematomas cross suture lines?

A

Yes

43
Q

How to diagnose subdural hematoma?

A

CT scan

44
Q

Where are subarachnoid hematomas located?

A

Between arachnoid layer and pia mater

45
Q

Symptoms of subarachnoid hematoma?

A

Severe headache
Vomiting
Confusion
Lowered level of consciousness

46
Q

How to diagnose subarachnoid hematoma?

A

Lumbar puncture

47
Q

What is a cerebral aneurysm?

A

Bulge in a blood vessel due to wall weakness

48
Q

What shape are cerebral aneurysms?

A

berry or saccular shaped

49
Q

Are men or women at higher risk from cerebral aneurysms?

A

Women

50
Q

What is a cerebral arteriovenous malformation?

A

Abnormalities in the capillary bed structure of the cerebellum?

51
Q

Common symptoms of AVM?

A

Headaches + seizures

52
Q

What is Lateral Medullary syndrome?

A

Occulsion of the PICA (Wallenberg syndrome)

53
Q

What does Lateral Medullary Syndrome cause damage to?

A

Lateral medula causing: vertigo, nystagmus + nausea

Brain and behaviour 2 (27 decks)

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