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Brain and behaviour 2 > Epilepsy > Flashcards

Epilepsy Flashcards

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1
Q

Define epilepsy

A

A neurological disorder, representing a brain state that supports recurrent and unprovoked seizure

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2
Q

Define seizure

A

Abnormal, paroxysmal changes in the electrical activity of the brain which reflect large scale synchronous discharge of neuronal networks

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3
Q

Define Epileptogenesis

A

The process by which normal brain function progresses towards generation of abnormal electrical activity

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4
Q

What does a generalised seizure involve?

A

Both hemispheres of the brain + loss of consciousness

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5
Q

Name the 3 types of generalised seizure

A

Tonic-clonic seizure (grand mal)
Absence seizure (petit mal)
Atonic seizure

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6
Q

What is tonic-clonic seizure preceded by?

A

an aura

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7
Q

Name the phases of tonic-clonic seizure

A 
Premonition
Pre-tonic-clonic phase
Tonic phase
Clonic phase
Postictal period
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8
Q

What age does petit mal usually affect?

A

Children (aged 3-13)

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9
Q

What does absence seizure present as?

A

Eyes rolling back and blinking

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10
Q

What happens in a Atonic seizure?

A

Sudden drop due to loss of muscle tone

May not lose consciousness

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11
Q

How is epilepsy diagnosed?

A

Occurence of 2 or more seizures
Eye witness
MRI

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12
Q

What is Status epilepticus?

A

medical emergency form of epilepsy

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13
Q

What is characteristic of status epilepticus?

A

Seizure lasting more than 5m
Or
More than 1 seizure in 5m with no regain of consciousness

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14
Q

What is a partial/focal seizure?

A

Involves only one area of the brain and does not result in loss of consciousness

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15
Q

What is partial/focal usually preceded by?

A

Aura

sense of awareness a seizure is about to occur

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16
Q

Which is the most common partial/focal seizure?

A

Temporal lobe epilepsy

17
Q

What regions of the hippocampal areas is there a loss of cells?

A

CA2 and CA3 regions

18
Q

What does sprouting of mossy fibres of granule cells lead to?

A

reverberant excitatory circuits

19
Q

What cells are also lost which are GABAergic?

A

chandelier

20
Q

What is a characteristic of chandelier cells?

A

GABAergic

21
Q

What do chandelier cells control?

A

activity of cortical pyramidal cells

22
Q

Where do chandelier cells synapse onto?

A

initial axonal segment

23
Q

What does loss of inhibitory chandelier cells increase the risk of?

A

abnormal excitatory activity

24
Q

What may also occur structural change wise? (related to glutamate)

A

Glial abnormalities

25
Q

Is there increased or decreased GABAergic inhibition?

A

Decreased

26
Q

What is increased in epilepsy? (In cellular mechanisms)

A

Glutamate-dependent excitation

27
Q

How is the burst firing profile and paroxysmal depolarising shift achieved?

A

Ca+ mediated depolarisation
Voltage gated Na+ opens -> action potential (PROLONGED!)
Voltage gated K+ opens -> HYPERPOLARISATION
K+ REMAIN OPEN

28
Q

What is the aim of anti-epileptic drugs?

A

Control firing of action potentials

29
Q

Give examples of Na+ Channel blockers

A 
Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Sodium valproate
Lamotrigine
Topiramate
30
Q

What does Na+ Channel blockers do?

A

Prevents depolarisation

31
Q

Give two examples of Ca2+ Channel blockers

A

Ethosuximide
Gabapentin
Pregabalin

32
Q

Give examples of GABAergic System modulators

A

Benzodiazepines

Barbiturates

33
Q

Give examples of neurotransmitter modulators

A

Levetiracetam
Tiagabine
Vigabatrin

34
Q

Give other treatments of epilepsy

A 
Lobe resection
Corpus callosotomy
Vagal nerve stimulation
Deep brain stimulation
Ketogenic diet (mainly for kids)

Brain and behaviour 2 (27 decks)

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