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Brain and behaviour 2 > Motor Systems II > Flashcards

Motor Systems II Flashcards

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1
Q

Which lobe is involved in motor control?

A

Frontal lobe

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2
Q

The more anterior or posterior the cortical region, the more complex the movement is?

A

anterior

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3
Q

Which area is primary motor cortex?

A

4

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4
Q

Where is area 4 (primary motor cortex) found?

A

Immediately anterior ro central sulcus

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5
Q

What is the lowest level of motor ‘hierarchy’?

A

Primary motor cortex

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6
Q

Local lesions cause what?

A

paralysis of specific muscle groups

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7
Q

Define neuronal plasticity

A

motor homunculus map changing to resolve small lesions

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8
Q

What happens if a stroke occludes the MCA?

A

Affect a whole side of the frontal lobe, producing contralateral defects

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9
Q

How many parts are there of the MCA and name them

A

M1, M2 and M3

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10
Q

Which is the worst blockage in in MCA?

A

M1 is worse than M3 as M1 supplies the basal ganglia while M3 doesn’t

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11
Q

What area is the premotor?

A

6

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12
Q

What area is the supplementary motor?

A

8

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13
Q

What will happen if there is damage to area 6+8?

A

apraxia - loss of ability to plan and carry out complex movements

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14
Q

What will not happen with damage to areas 6+8?

A

No paralysis

No reflex loss or muscle weakness

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15
Q

Which area is Broca’s area?

A

44 + 45

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16
Q

What does area 44 + 45 regulate?

A

speech muscles

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17
Q

Damage to area 44 + 45 causes what?

A

motor aphasia so cannot string together complex sentences

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18
Q

What area is are the Frontal Eye Fields in?

A

8

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19
Q

What do the Frontal Eye Fields regulate?

A

Extraocular eye muscles

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20
Q

What happens if there is damage to the Frontal Eye Fields?

A

oculomotor apraxia

difficulty moving eyes horizontally and moving them quickly to follow an object

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21
Q

What will patients do to compensate for a symptom in damage to frontal eye fields?

A

Turn their head

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22
Q

What is the main cause of damage to FEF?

A

Bilateral lesion

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23
Q

What areas is the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex located in?

A

Areas 9 + 10

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24
Q

What is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex related to?

A

Movement
Evaluation of different possible future actions
Problem solving + judgement

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25
Q

What does dorsolateral frontal lesions cause?

A

apathy
personality changes
lack of ability to perform actions or tasks

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26
Q

What happens with left hemisphere damage?

A

Poor working memory for verbal information

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27
Q

What happens with right hemisphere damage?

A

Poor memory for spatial information

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28
Q

Where is the orbitofrontal cortex located?

A

Area 11

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29
Q

What does the orbitofrontal cortex control?

A

motor responses associated with limbic system

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30
Q

How does orbitofrontal cortex control motor responses with the limbic system?

A

Through inhibition

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31
Q

What does orbital damage lead to?

A

disinhibition which leads to ‘pseudo-psychopathic behaviour’ e.g. impulsiveness and complete lack of concern for others

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32
Q

Define orbital personalities

A

Acquired sociopathy or pseudo=psychopathic behaviour

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33
Q

40% of corticobulbospinal tracts arise from where?

A

Somatosensory cortex (areas 3, 1 and 2)

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34
Q

Which aspect of the thalamus is responsible for motor control?

A

Ventral lateral

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35
Q

Why is ventral lateral aspect of thalamus important?

A

Used for motor commands from basal ganglia and cerebellum to be fed into corticospinal tract

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36
Q

Stroke damage to VL thalamus causes what?

A

Severe paralysis

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37
Q

What are the two parts to the pyramidal tracts?

A

Corticospinal and corticobulbar

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38
Q

How does the pyramidal tracts get to the brainstem?

A

Through the internal capsule

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39
Q

Where does motor decussation occur for pyramidal tracts?

A

Upper spinal cord

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40
Q

Where does the Corticobulbar tract terminate?

A

Brainstem on cranial nerves

41
Q

Which nucleui control muscles of head + neck?

A

CN nuclei

42
Q

What does CN nuclei also control?

A

pontine nuclei, reticular formation (consciousness) and red nucleus (motor coordination)

43
Q

Where does corticospinal tract terminate?

A

Spinal cord

44
Q

Where does corticospinal tract decussate?

A

Medullary pyramids and upper spinal cord (C1-C5), so UMN lesion causes contralateral damage

45
Q

What does corticospinal tract split into?

A

Large lateral corticospinal tract

Small anterior corticospinal tract

46
Q

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract run?

A

Dorsolateral cord

47
Q

Where does anterior corticospinal tract run?

A

Medial ventral cord

48
Q

Which quadrant is the lateral corticospinal tract located in?

A

Dorsal quadrant of the cord

49
Q

Where is the Corticospinal tract near?

A

Motor neurones supplying distal muscles

50
Q

What does the anterior CST tract control?

A

Voluntary movement of the neck

51
Q

Where is the anterior CST tract only present?

A

Cervical cord

52
Q

What does the lateral CST supply?

A

Distal muscles

53
Q

What are all other muscles supply by the CST mediated by?

A

Actions of spinal interneurones

54
Q

What causes inhibition of flexion reflexes?

A

Modulated by CST

55
Q

What happens if there is damage to CST tract in spinal cord?

A

Loss of control of hands and digits BUT NOT LOSS OF POSTURE OR LOCOMOTION OR GAIT

56
Q

What tract mediates posture locomotion and gait

A

Extrapyramidal system

57
Q

Where does the extrapyramidal system originate?

A

Brainstem

58
Q

What are the main components of extrapyramidal system?

A

Vestibulospinal + Reticulospinal tracts

59
Q

Where does the lateral vestibulospinal tract originate?

A

Vestibular nucleo of upper medulla/ lower pons

60
Q

How does the vestibulospinal tract project?

A

Ipsilaterally to antigravity muscles

61
Q

What does the vestibulospinal tract control?

A

Posture and balance

62
Q

When is the lateral vestibulospinal tract tonically active?

A

During upright position

63
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract arise?

A

Reticular formation of pons and medulla

64
Q

How does reticulospinal tract project?

A

Bilaterally down the spinal cord

65
Q

What is the reticulospinal tract responsible for?

A

Autonomic control (temperature/BP) and drive for respiration

66
Q

Where does rubrospinal tract originate?

A

Red nucleus of brainstem

67
Q

Where does red nucleus receive main input from?

A

Cerebellum

68
Q

What does rubrospinal tract carry out?

A

Cerebellar commands to the spinal cord

69
Q

What is red nucleus

A

Large nucleus in the midbrain

70
Q

What does tectospinal tract do?

A

Coordinates voluntary head and eye movement

71
Q

Where does tectospinal tract originate?

A

Superior colliculus

72
Q

Where does tectospinal tract project to?

A

Cervical spinal cord

73
Q

Where does tectospinal tract terminate?

A

Rexed laminae vi, VII and VIII

74
Q

What does tectospinal tract do?

A

Mediates movements of the head in response to visual and auditory stimuli

75
Q

What is spasticity?

A

Abnormally increased muscle tone

76
Q

What is increased in spastic muscles?

A

Tendon reflexes

77
Q

What is spasticity a characteristic of?

A

UMN damage causing excessive muscle contraction

78
Q

What is clonus

A

Series of jerky contractions of a certain muscle following stretching of said muscle

79
Q

What is hyperreflexia?

A

Over reactive or overresponsive reflexes

80
Q

What does decorticate posturing indicate?

A

damage to CST in midbrain

81
Q

What is decorticate posturing?

A

Arms adducted and flexed
Wrists and fingers flexed on chest
Legs internally rotated and stiffly extended
Plantar flexion of feet

82
Q

What does Decerebrate posturing indicate?

A

Severe injury to brain in brainstem affecting CST and rubrospinal tracts

83
Q

What causes decerebrate posturing?

A

Excessive activity (disinhibition) in extrapyramidal system

84
Q

Which tract is particularly affected in decerebrate posturing?

A

Vestibulospnial tract

85
Q

Decerebrate posturing is usually inhibited by what?

A

CST tract and red nucleus

86
Q

What occurs in decerebrate posturing

A

Arms adducted and extended
Wrists pronated and fingers flexed by the side
Legs internally rotated and stiffly extended
Planter flexion of feet

87
Q

What does Acute Motor Cortex lesion lead to?

A

Initial paralysis

88
Q

What is there during recovery of acute motor cortex lesion?

A

Weakness
Clumsiness
Fatigue

89
Q

Why does recovery occur in acute motor cortex lesion?

A

Plasticity in cortex homunculus is changed

90
Q

What will always be present in chronic motor cortex lesion?

A

Motor weakness and fatigue

91
Q

What shows profound motor weakness in chronic motor cortex lesion?

A

If spasticity remains

92
Q

What is a classic characteristic of chronic cerebral motor lesions

A

Clasp-knife reflex

93
Q

Why does clasp knife occur?

A

Due to massive drop in resistance when attempting to flex a joint

94
Q

What is hemiplegic dystonia

A

Persistent flexion of arms and extension of legs

95
Q

Why does spinal shock occur

A

Occurs after damage to spinal cord (and descending tracts)

96
Q

What occurs in spinal shock?

A

Paralysis and reduced reflex response in all muscles below site of injury

97
Q

How long does spinal shock last for?

A

Days or months depending on severity

98
Q

What will reappear overtime in spinal shock?

A

Monosynaptic reflexes

99
Q

What may be present in spinal shock?

A

Clonus or babinski sign

Brain and behaviour 2 (27 decks)

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