Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Brain and behaviour 2 > Motor Systems II > Flashcards

Motor Systems II Flashcards

1
Q

Which lobe is involved in motor control?

A

Frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The more anterior or posterior the cortical region, the more complex the movement is?

A

anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which area is primary motor cortex?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is area 4 (primary motor cortex) found?

A

Immediately anterior ro central sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the lowest level of motor ‘hierarchy’?

A

Primary motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Local lesions cause what?

A

paralysis of specific muscle groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define neuronal plasticity

A

motor homunculus map changing to resolve small lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens if a stroke occludes the MCA?

A

Affect a whole side of the frontal lobe, producing contralateral defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many parts are there of the MCA and name them

A

M1, M2 and M3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which is the worst blockage in in MCA?

A

M1 is worse than M3 as M1 supplies the basal ganglia while M3 doesn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What area is the premotor?

A

6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What area is the supplementary motor?

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What will happen if there is damage to area 6+8?

A

apraxia - loss of ability to plan and carry out complex movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What will not happen with damage to areas 6+8?

A

No paralysis

No reflex loss or muscle weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which area is Broca’s area?

A

44 + 45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does area 44 + 45 regulate?

A

speech muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Damage to area 44 + 45 causes what?

A

motor aphasia so cannot string together complex sentences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What area is are the Frontal Eye Fields in?

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do the Frontal Eye Fields regulate?

A

Extraocular eye muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens if there is damage to the Frontal Eye Fields?

A

oculomotor apraxia

difficulty moving eyes horizontally and moving them quickly to follow an object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What will patients do to compensate for a symptom in damage to frontal eye fields?

A

Turn their head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the main cause of damage to FEF?

A

Bilateral lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What areas is the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex located in?

A

Areas 9 + 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex related to?

A

Movement
Evaluation of different possible future actions
Problem solving + judgement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What does dorsolateral frontal lesions cause?
apathy personality changes lack of ability to perform actions or tasks
26
What happens with left hemisphere damage?
Poor working memory for verbal information
27
What happens with right hemisphere damage?
Poor memory for spatial information
28
Where is the orbitofrontal cortex located?
Area 11
29
What does the orbitofrontal cortex control?
motor responses associated with limbic system
30
How does orbitofrontal cortex control motor responses with the limbic system?
Through inhibition
31
What does orbital damage lead to?
disinhibition which leads to 'pseudo-psychopathic behaviour' e.g. impulsiveness and complete lack of concern for others
32
Define orbital personalities
Acquired sociopathy or pseudo=psychopathic behaviour
33
40% of corticobulbospinal tracts arise from where?
Somatosensory cortex (areas 3, 1 and 2)
34
Which aspect of the thalamus is responsible for motor control?
Ventral lateral
35
Why is ventral lateral aspect of thalamus important?
Used for motor commands from basal ganglia and cerebellum to be fed into corticospinal tract
36
Stroke damage to VL thalamus causes what?
Severe paralysis
37
What are the two parts to the pyramidal tracts?
Corticospinal and corticobulbar
38
How does the pyramidal tracts get to the brainstem?
Through the internal capsule
39
Where does motor decussation occur for pyramidal tracts?
Upper spinal cord
40
Where does the Corticobulbar tract terminate?
Brainstem on cranial nerves
41
Which nucleui control muscles of head + neck?
CN nuclei
42
What does CN nuclei also control?
pontine nuclei, reticular formation (consciousness) and red nucleus (motor coordination)
43
Where does corticospinal tract terminate?
Spinal cord
44
Where does corticospinal tract decussate?
Medullary pyramids and upper spinal cord (C1-C5), so UMN lesion causes contralateral damage
45
What does corticospinal tract split into?
Large lateral corticospinal tract | Small anterior corticospinal tract
46
Where does the lateral corticospinal tract run?
Dorsolateral cord
47
Where does anterior corticospinal tract run?
Medial ventral cord
48
Which quadrant is the lateral corticospinal tract located in?
Dorsal quadrant of the cord
49
Where is the Corticospinal tract near?
Motor neurones supplying distal muscles
50
What does the anterior CST tract control?
Voluntary movement of the neck
51
Where is the anterior CST tract only present?
Cervical cord
52
What does the lateral CST supply?
Distal muscles
53
What are all other muscles supply by the CST mediated by?
Actions of spinal interneurones
54
What causes inhibition of flexion reflexes?
Modulated by CST
55
What happens if there is damage to CST tract in spinal cord?
Loss of control of hands and digits BUT NOT LOSS OF POSTURE OR LOCOMOTION OR GAIT
56
What tract mediates posture locomotion and gait
Extrapyramidal system
57
Where does the extrapyramidal system originate?
Brainstem
58
What are the main components of extrapyramidal system?
Vestibulospinal + Reticulospinal tracts
59
Where does the lateral vestibulospinal tract originate?
Vestibular nucleo of upper medulla/ lower pons
60
How does the vestibulospinal tract project?
Ipsilaterally to antigravity muscles
61
What does the vestibulospinal tract control?
Posture and balance
62
When is the lateral vestibulospinal tract tonically active?
During upright position
63
Where does the reticulospinal tract arise?
Reticular formation of pons and medulla
64
How does reticulospinal tract project?
Bilaterally down the spinal cord
65
What is the reticulospinal tract responsible for?
Autonomic control (temperature/BP) and drive for respiration
66
Where does rubrospinal tract originate?
Red nucleus of brainstem
67
Where does red nucleus receive main input from?
Cerebellum
68
What does rubrospinal tract carry out?
Cerebellar commands to the spinal cord
69
What is red nucleus
Large nucleus in the midbrain
70
What does tectospinal tract do?
Coordinates voluntary head and eye movement
71
Where does tectospinal tract originate?
Superior colliculus
72
Where does tectospinal tract project to?
Cervical spinal cord
73
Where does tectospinal tract terminate?
Rexed laminae vi, VII and VIII
74
What does tectospinal tract do?
Mediates movements of the head in response to visual and auditory stimuli
75
What is spasticity?
Abnormally increased muscle tone
76
What is increased in spastic muscles?
Tendon reflexes
77
What is spasticity a characteristic of?
UMN damage causing excessive muscle contraction
78
What is clonus
Series of jerky contractions of a certain muscle following stretching of said muscle
79
What is hyperreflexia?
Over reactive or overresponsive reflexes
80
What does decorticate posturing indicate?
damage to CST in midbrain
81
What is decorticate posturing?
Arms adducted and flexed Wrists and fingers flexed on chest Legs internally rotated and stiffly extended Plantar flexion of feet
82
What does Decerebrate posturing indicate?
Severe injury to brain in brainstem affecting CST and rubrospinal tracts
83
What causes decerebrate posturing?
Excessive activity (disinhibition) in extrapyramidal system
84
Which tract is particularly affected in decerebrate posturing?
Vestibulospnial tract
85
Decerebrate posturing is usually inhibited by what?
CST tract and red nucleus
86
What occurs in decerebrate posturing
Arms adducted and extended Wrists pronated and fingers flexed by the side Legs internally rotated and stiffly extended Planter flexion of feet
87
What does Acute Motor Cortex lesion lead to?
Initial paralysis
88
What is there during recovery of acute motor cortex lesion?
Weakness Clumsiness Fatigue
89
Why does recovery occur in acute motor cortex lesion?
Plasticity in cortex homunculus is changed
90
What will always be present in chronic motor cortex lesion?
Motor weakness and fatigue
91
What shows profound motor weakness in chronic motor cortex lesion?
If spasticity remains
92
What is a classic characteristic of chronic cerebral motor lesions
Clasp-knife reflex
93
Why does clasp knife occur?
Due to massive drop in resistance when attempting to flex a joint
94
What is hemiplegic dystonia
Persistent flexion of arms and extension of legs
95
Why does spinal shock occur
Occurs after damage to spinal cord (and descending tracts)
96
What occurs in spinal shock?
Paralysis and reduced reflex response in all muscles below site of injury
97
How long does spinal shock last for?
Days or months depending on severity
98
What will reappear overtime in spinal shock?
Monosynaptic reflexes
99
What may be present in spinal shock?
Clonus or babinski sign

Brain and behaviour 2 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions