Cerebellum

Question 1

Where is the cerebellum found?

Answer 1

Posterior cranial fossa

Question 2

What is the midline of the cerebellum called?

Answer 2

Vermis

Question 3

What is the vermis divided into?

Answer 3

Anterior and posterior obe

Question 4

Which lobe of the vermis is larger?

Answer 4

Posterior

Question 5

Is the posterior lobe superior or inferior to the anterior lobe?

Answer 5

More inferior

Question 6

What is the sulcus called between anterior and posterior lobe?

Answer 6

Primary fissure

Question 7

What is the 3rd, smaller lobe called in the cerebellum?

Answer 7

Flocculonodular node

Question 8

What is the flocculonodular node contain and responsible for?

Answer 8

Flocculus

Vestibulo-ocular reflex

Question 9

What are inferior on the cerebellum?

Answer 9

cerebellar tonsils

Question 10

If ICP raises, what happens to the cerebellar tonsils?

Answer 10

They herniate trhrough foramen magnum

Question 11

What happens if cerebellum tonsils hernaite?

Answer 11

Compress upper spinal cord blood vessels and tracts

Question 12

What is separate to the vermis?

Answer 12

Nodulus lobe

Question 13

What does nodulus lobe do?

Answer 13

Helps form part of 4th ventricle

Question 14

What mainly supples blood to cerebellum?

Answer 14

Posterior inferior and superior cerebellar arteries

Question 15

What else supplies blood to cerebellum?

Answer 15

Branches of basilar artery

Question 16

Which is the most common site of an infarct in posterior circulation

Answer 16

PICA

Question 17

How many layers are there to the cerebellum?

Answer 17

3 layers

Question 18

Describe the outer layer of the cerebellum

Answer 18

Pale with mostly axons and only a few cells

Question 19

What does the middle layer have?

Answer 19

purkinje cells

Question 20

What does the inner layer have

Answer 20

Granular layer with cell bodies

Question 21

Where do all inputs and outputs to the cerebellum go through?

Answer 21

Cerebellar peduncles

Question 22

What does the superior peduncle contain?

Answer 22

output fibres only

Question 23

What does the middle peduncle contain?

Answer 23

Input fibres from contralateral cortex and cranial nerves via the pons

Question 24

What does the inferior peduncle contain?

Answer 24

Input fibres from spinal cord via the dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts

Question 25

Where are all inputs and outputs routed through to get to the rest of the brain?

Answer 25

Deep cerebellar nuclei which lies in white matter

Question 26

From medial to lateral, what are the deep cerebellar nuclei?

Answer 26

Fastigial, Globose, Emboliform and Dentate (FGED)

Question 27

Which nuclei does the vermis connect to?

Answer 27

Fastigial

Question 28

Which nuclei does the anterior lobe of the cerebellum connect to?

Answer 28

Interposed nuclei (globose + emboliform)

Question 29

The hemispheres connect to which nuclei?

Answer 29

Dentate nuclei

Question 30

Where does spinocerebellar tract originate?

Answer 30

Spinal cord

Question 31

Where does spinocerebellar tract terminate?

Answer 31

Ipsilateral cerebellum

Question 32

What does the spinocerebellar tract convey information about?

Answer 32

Length and tension of muscle fibres

Question 33

What does spinocerebellar tract control?

Answer 33

Unconscious proprioceptive sensation

Question 34

Is the dorsal tract ipsilateral or contralateral?

Answer 34

Wholly ipsilateral

Question 35

Where does dorsal tract pass up?

Answer 35

Passes up brain stem

Question 36

How does dorsal tract enter cerebellum?

Answer 36

Via inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 37

What does dorsal tract do?

Answer 37

Carry information from proprioceptors

Question 38

Is ventral tract contralateral or ipsilateral?

Answer 38

Contralateral but recrosses brainstem to become ipsilateral

Question 39

What does ventral tract do?

Answer 39

Carries information about state of reflexes and interneurones in the spinal cord

Question 40

What are the 3 function zones in the cerebellum?

Answer 40

Vestibulocerebellum Spinocerebellum Cerebrocerebellum

Question 41

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 41

Help motor cortex produce accurate and smooth movements

Question 42

How does cerebellum do its function?

Answer 42

Modulating and refining motor cortex commands using feedback from proprioceptors and other sensory organs

Question 43

What does cerebellar damage cause?

Answer 43

Overall clumsiness abnormal fatigue Instability of movement Extraocular eye muscles are affected

Question 44

What does cerebellar white matter have the property of?

Answer 44

neuronal plasticity

Question 45

Damage to what causes persistance of disability

Answer 45

deep nuclei

Question 46

What does the vestibulocerebellum operate via

Answer 46

flocculonodular lobe

Question 47

What is connected to the vestibulocerebellum?

Answer 47

Vestibular nuclei

Question 48

What does vestibullocerebellum do?

Answer 48

coordinates head and eye movements to ensure gaze stability

Question 49

What does vestibulospinal tract do?

Answer 49

controls balance of head on body

Question 50

What does lateral vestibular tract do?

Answer 50

Controls balance of whole body

Question 51

Where is information sent from to the vestibular nuclei?

Answer 51

Medulla/ pons

Question 52

Motor commands to neck and eye muscles are sent via what?

Answer 52

Medial longitudinal fasciculus | Medial vestibulospinal tract

Question 53

Motor commands to the legs go via?

Answer 53

lateral vestibulospinal tract

Question 54

Motor programs for tasks are stored where?

Answer 54

cortex of the flocculo-nodular lobe

Question 55

What is the spinocerebellum comprised of?

Answer 55

anterior lobe and vermis

Question 56

What does verims connects to

Answer 56

fastigial nucleus

Question 57

What is the anterior lobe connected to?

Answer 57

interposed nuclei

Question 58

What does the spinocerebellum control?

Answer 58

locomotion and limb coordination

Question 59

What does the spinocerebellum send motor commands down?

Answer 59

lateral vestibulospinal | reticulospinal tracts

Question 60

What is the cerebrocerebellum comprised of?

Answer 60

posterior lobe (cerebral hemispheres)

Question 61

What is the cerebral hemispheres connected to?

Answer 61

dentate nucleus

Question 62

What does the cerebrocerebellum do?

Answer 62

coordinates movement initiated by motor cortex | (speech, voluntary movements of hands/arms and hand eye coordination

Question 63

What are the 3 major cerebellar syndromes?

Answer 63

Flocculonodular Anterior lobe Neocerebellar

Question 64

What characterises flocculonodular syndrome?

Answer 64

Poor balance and disordered eye movements

Question 65

What is a common cause of flocculonodular syndrome?

Answer 65

Medulloblastoma

Question 66

Where does a medulloblastoma usually ordinate?

Answer 66

Wall of 4th ventricle

Question 67

What is medulloblastoma a form of?

Answer 67

cranial primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET)

Question 68

What is the anterior lobe correlated with?

Answer 68

Damage to spinocerebellum

Question 69

What is anterior lobe syndrome characterised by?

Answer 69

Incoordination of the limbs

Question 70

Where is the anterior lobe syndrome usually seen in?

Answer 70

Alcoholics due to lack of B vitamins

Question 71

What is the neocerebellum?

Answer 71

Cerebella hemispheres + dentate nuclei

Question 72

What is neocerebellar syndrome symptoms?

Answer 72

Loss of hand-eye coordination | Loss of good speech due to loss of coordination of muscles involved

Question 73

What is dysmetria?

Answer 73

Inaccurate reaching with an intention tremour

Question 74

Causes of neocerebellar syndrome?

Answer 74

Loss of cognitive eye movement Stroke Tumour Trauma

Question 75

What does cerebellar stroke usually involve?

Answer 75

Whole cerebellar cortex on one side

Question 76

What are signs of cerebellar stroke?

Answer 76

``` Headache Nausea/vomiting Eye changes (one eye + vertigo) Dysarthria Dysphagia Ataxia Arm weakness + coordination ```

Question 77

What mimics cerebellar stroke

Answer 77

Alcohol intoxications

Question 78

Why does alcohol mimic cerebellar stroke?

Answer 78

Cerebellum has many GABA-ergic interneurones sensitive to alcohol