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Brain and behaviour 2 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four divisions of neural control of movement?

A

Local spinal cord + brainstem circuits
descending control pathways
cerebellum
basal ganglia

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2
Q

What are Basal ganglia?

A

large and functionally diverse set of neural structures buried deep within the cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

Function of basal ganglia?

A

movement, emotion, motivation, cognition

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4
Q

What movement does basal ganglia regulate?

A

Regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements

Inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movements

Switch motor programs (e.g. stop or start a movement)

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5
Q

What are the neural structures in the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus

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6
Q

What does the caudate nucleus and putamen form?

A

Corpus striatum or striatum

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7
Q

What does Putamen and globus pallidus form?

A

Lentiform nucleus

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8
Q

What other structures does the basal ganglia have associations with?

A

Substantia nigra

Subthalamic nucleus

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9
Q

What shape is the caudate nucleus?

A

C shaped

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10
Q

Where does the caudate nucleus end?

A

Temporal lobe

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11
Q

Where is the putamen located

A

Forebrain

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12
Q

Where is the putamen connected to the caudate nucleus?

A

Head region of the caudate

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13
Q

Where does internal globus pallidus send output to?

A

Thalamus

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14
Q

Where does the external segment of globus pallidus relay information between?

A

Basal ganglia nucleo and internal globus pallidus

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15
Q

What kind of matter structure is internal capsule?

A

White (has myelinated axons)

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16
Q

What does the internal capsule do?

A

Separates lentiform nucleus and caudate nucleus/ thalamus

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17
Q

Which 2 blood vessels supply the caudate nucleus?

A

Middle cerebral artery (body)

Anterior cerebral artery (anterior)

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18
Q

Which 2 blood vessels supply the putamen?

A

Middle cerebral artery

Anterior cerebral artery

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19
Q

Which 2 blood vessels supply the globus pallidus?

A

Middle cerebral artery

Anterior choroidal

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20
Q

Which 3 blood vessels supply the internal capsule?

A

Middle cerebral artery (middle)
Anterior cerebral artery (anterior limb)
Anterior choroidal (posterior limb)

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21
Q

What projects into the basal ganglia?

A

Cerebral cortex

Substantia nigra pars compacta

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22
Q

Where does the cerebral cortex project to?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

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23
Q

Where are majority of projections from cerebral cortex come from?

A

Frontal and parietal cortex

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24
Q

What are projections from the cerebral cortex referred to as?

A

corticostriatal pathway

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25
Q

Where is the substantia nigra pars compacta located?

A

midbrain

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26
Q

What input does the substantia nigra pars compacta provide?

A

dopaminergic

27
Q

Where is the dopaminergic input from substantia nigra pars compacta go to?

A

caudate nucleus

putamen

28
Q

What are projections from substantia nigra pars compacta called?

A

nigrostriatal pathway

29
Q

75% of neurons in the caudate nucleus and putamen (corpus striatum) are what type?

A

Medium Shiny neurons

30
Q

Where do large dendritic trees of medium spiny neurons allow integration of convergent inputs from?

A 
Cortical neurons (glutamatergic)
Substantia nigra pars compacta neurons (dopaminergic)
Local circuit neurons within the corpus striatum (GABAergic)
31
Q

Where do axons arising from medium spiny neurons converge on neurons where?

A

Globus pallidus

Substantia nigra pars reticulata

32
Q

What is the route in corpus striatum convergence?

A

Cortex
Corpus striatum
Globus Pallidus external
Globus pallidus internal or substantia nigra pars reticulata

33
Q

What comprise the output zone of corpus striatum?

A

Globus pallidus

Substantia nigra pars reticulata

34
Q

Where does output of basal ganglia go to?

A

Subthalamic nucleus

VA/Vl thalamic nuclear complex

35
Q

Where is subthalamic nucleus located?

A

Below the thalamus

36
Q

Where does subthalamic nucleus receive input from?

A

Cerebral cortex

External globus pallidus

37
Q

Where does subthalamic nucleus give output to?

A

Internal globus pallidus

Substantia nigra pars reticulata

38
Q

Where does the VA/CL thalamus complex receive input from?

A

Internal globus pallidus

39
Q

Where does VA/VL thalamus complex project to?

A

motor areas of cerebral cortex

40
Q

Cortical input to the corpus striatum is via what?

A

Excitatory glutamate neurons

41
Q

Corpus striatum and globus pallidus contain mainly what?

A

Inhibitory GABAergic neurons

42
Q

Inhibition of inhibition causes what?

A

Overall excitement

43
Q

When at rest, which pathway is active?

A

Indirect

44
Q

What prevents a change in movement?

A

Tonic inhibitory input to motor thalamus

45
Q

Which pathway becomes active when you wanted to change your motor program?

A

Direct

46
Q

Which receptors do the corpus striatum neurons have?

A

D1 and D2

47
Q

What does D1 receptor do?

A

Increase cAMP
Increases sensitivity of corpus striatum neurons to glutamate
Projects to internal globus pallidus directly

48
Q

Which receptor increases the action of direct pathway?

A

Dopamine through D1 receptors

49
Q

What does dopamine do?

A

Facilitate the direct pathway

50
Q

What type of disease is Parkinson’s disease?

A

hypokinetic

51
Q

How is parkinson’s disease gotten?

A

Sporadic and inheritable

52
Q

What characterises Parkinson’s disease?

A

Resting tremor
Slowness of movement
Muscular rigidity
Minimal facial expressions

53
Q

What causes loss of motor function?

A

Loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta which project to and innervate the caudate and putamen

54
Q

What do you give someone who has early Parkinson’s disease?

A

Levodopa
Dopamine agonists
MAO-B inhibitors

55
Q

What do you give someone with medium Parkinson’s disease?

A

COMT inhibitors
Apomorphine
Amantadine

56
Q

What do you give someone with advanced Parkinson’s disease?

A

Deep brain stimulation

57
Q

What type of disease is Huntington’s disease?

A

Hyperkinetic

58
Q

How is huntington’s disease inherited?

A

autosomal dominant

59
Q

What characterises huntington’s disease?

A

Mood alterations
Personality alterations
Defects in memory and attention
Involuntary movements

60
Q

What defects in motor function causes Huntington’s disease?

A

loss of GABAergic neurons in corpus striatum which project to and innervate the globus pallidus

61
Q

What is chorea?

A

rapid, involuntary, jerky-type movements

62
Q

What is athetosis?

A

slow, involuntary, smooth, writhing-type movements

63
Q

What is Ballismus

A

Rapid, involuntary, wild flinging-type movements

Brain and behaviour 2 (27 decks)

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