Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Brain and behaviour 2 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four divisions of neural control of movement?

A

Local spinal cord + brainstem circuits
descending control pathways
cerebellum
basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are Basal ganglia?

A

large and functionally diverse set of neural structures buried deep within the cerebral hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Function of basal ganglia?

A

movement, emotion, motivation, cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What movement does basal ganglia regulate?

A

Regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements

Inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movements

Switch motor programs (e.g. stop or start a movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the neural structures in the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the caudate nucleus and putamen form?

A

Corpus striatum or striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does Putamen and globus pallidus form?

A

Lentiform nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What other structures does the basal ganglia have associations with?

A

Substantia nigra

Subthalamic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What shape is the caudate nucleus?

A

C shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where does the caudate nucleus end?

A

Temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is the putamen located

A

Forebrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is the putamen connected to the caudate nucleus?

A

Head region of the caudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does internal globus pallidus send output to?

A

Thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does the external segment of globus pallidus relay information between?

A

Basal ganglia nucleo and internal globus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What kind of matter structure is internal capsule?

A

White (has myelinated axons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the internal capsule do?

A

Separates lentiform nucleus and caudate nucleus/ thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which 2 blood vessels supply the caudate nucleus?

A

Middle cerebral artery (body)

Anterior cerebral artery (anterior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which 2 blood vessels supply the putamen?

A

Middle cerebral artery

Anterior cerebral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which 2 blood vessels supply the globus pallidus?

A

Middle cerebral artery

Anterior choroidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which 3 blood vessels supply the internal capsule?

A

Middle cerebral artery (middle)
Anterior cerebral artery (anterior limb)
Anterior choroidal (posterior limb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What projects into the basal ganglia?

A

Cerebral cortex

Substantia nigra pars compacta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where does the cerebral cortex project to?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are majority of projections from cerebral cortex come from?

A

Frontal and parietal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are projections from the cerebral cortex referred to as?

A

corticostriatal pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Where is the substantia nigra pars compacta located?
midbrain
26
What input does the substantia nigra pars compacta provide?
dopaminergic
27
Where is the dopaminergic input from substantia nigra pars compacta go to?
caudate nucleus | putamen
28
What are projections from substantia nigra pars compacta called?
nigrostriatal pathway
29
75% of neurons in the caudate nucleus and putamen (corpus striatum) are what type?
Medium Shiny neurons
30
Where do large dendritic trees of medium spiny neurons allow integration of convergent inputs from?
``` Cortical neurons (glutamatergic) Substantia nigra pars compacta neurons (dopaminergic) Local circuit neurons within the corpus striatum (GABAergic) ```
31
Where do axons arising from medium spiny neurons converge on neurons where?
Globus pallidus | Substantia nigra pars reticulata
32
What is the route in corpus striatum convergence?
Cortex Corpus striatum Globus Pallidus external Globus pallidus internal or substantia nigra pars reticulata
33
What comprise the output zone of corpus striatum?
Globus pallidus | Substantia nigra pars reticulata
34
Where does output of basal ganglia go to?
Subthalamic nucleus | VA/Vl thalamic nuclear complex
35
Where is subthalamic nucleus located?
Below the thalamus
36
Where does subthalamic nucleus receive input from?
Cerebral cortex | External globus pallidus
37
Where does subthalamic nucleus give output to?
Internal globus pallidus | Substantia nigra pars reticulata
38
Where does the VA/CL thalamus complex receive input from?
Internal globus pallidus
39
Where does VA/VL thalamus complex project to?
motor areas of cerebral cortex
40
Cortical input to the corpus striatum is via what?
Excitatory glutamate neurons
41
Corpus striatum and globus pallidus contain mainly what?
Inhibitory GABAergic neurons
42
Inhibition of inhibition causes what?
Overall excitement
43
When at rest, which pathway is active?
Indirect
44
What prevents a change in movement?
Tonic inhibitory input to motor thalamus
45
Which pathway becomes active when you wanted to change your motor program?
Direct
46
Which receptors do the corpus striatum neurons have?
D1 and D2
47
What does D1 receptor do?
Increase cAMP Increases sensitivity of corpus striatum neurons to glutamate Projects to internal globus pallidus directly
48
Which receptor increases the action of direct pathway?
Dopamine through D1 receptors
49
What does dopamine do?
Facilitate the direct pathway
50
What type of disease is Parkinson's disease?
hypokinetic
51
How is parkinson's disease gotten?
Sporadic and inheritable
52
What characterises Parkinson's disease?
Resting tremor Slowness of movement Muscular rigidity Minimal facial expressions
53
What causes loss of motor function?
Loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta which project to and innervate the caudate and putamen
54
What do you give someone who has early Parkinson's disease?
Levodopa Dopamine agonists MAO-B inhibitors
55
What do you give someone with medium Parkinson's disease?
COMT inhibitors Apomorphine Amantadine
56
What do you give someone with advanced Parkinson's disease?
Deep brain stimulation
57
What type of disease is Huntington's disease?
Hyperkinetic
58
How is huntington's disease inherited?
autosomal dominant
59
What characterises huntington's disease?
Mood alterations Personality alterations Defects in memory and attention Involuntary movements
60
What defects in motor function causes Huntington's disease?
loss of GABAergic neurons in corpus striatum which project to and innervate the globus pallidus
61
What is chorea?
rapid, involuntary, jerky-type movements
62
What is athetosis?
slow, involuntary, smooth, writhing-type movements
63
What is Ballismus
Rapid, involuntary, wild flinging-type movements

Brain and behaviour 2 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions