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Brain and behaviour 2 > Antidepressant Drugs > Flashcards

Antidepressant Drugs Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

Define depression

A

State of low mood and avoidance of activity that can affect a person’s behaviour and feelings

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2
Q

What are the three types of depression?

A

Major
Bipolar
Dysthymic

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3
Q

What genes are linked to depression?

A

GRIK4
CRHR1
MAOA

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4
Q

Which pathways have been shown to have a link with depression?

A

Serotonin

Noradrenaline

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5
Q

Which brain regions are associated with depression?

A

Prefrontal cortex
ventral striatum
Amygdala
Hippocampus

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6
Q

Why do the areas in the brain have decreased metabolism in depression?

A

Lower glucose consumption

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7
Q

Depression is also associated with an increase in what?

A

Cortisol

Pro-inflammatory cytokines e.g. IL-6

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8
Q

What types of management are there for depression?

A

Tricyclic antidepressants
Monoamine Oxidase inhibitors
Selective serotonin Reuptake inhibitors
(Serotonin Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors (NARIs)
Noradrenergic and Specific Serotonergic Antidepressants (NaSSA)
Serotonin Antagonists and Reuptake Inhibitor (SARI) )

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9
Q

What do tricyclic antidepressants do?

A

Inhibit reuptake of amines (serotonin and noradrenaline)

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10
Q

What do tricyclic antidepressants work on?

A

H1, muscarinic A1 and A2 receptors

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11
Q

Give examples of tricyclic antidepressants

A 
Ends in -amine or -triptyline
e.g. Amitriptyline
Nortriptyline
Protriptyline
etc
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12
Q

Give adverse effects of tricyclic antidepressants

A 
Dry mouth
Blurred vision
Constipation
Weight gain
Arrythmias
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13
Q

What do monoamine oxidases do?

A

Prevent breakdown of NTs e.g. dopamine, serotonin and adrenaline

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14
Q

Why are Monoamine oxidases usually used as a last resort?

A

Potentially lethal diet restrictions

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15
Q

What food must be avoided when taking monoamine oxidases?

A

Tyramine food e.g. cheese, red wine, fish and red meat

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16
Q

Which depression does monoamine oxidase especially help with?

A

atypical depression

17
Q

Give examples of monoamine oxidase inhibitors

A

Phenelzine
Tranylcypromine
Iproniazid

18
Q

What is Moclobemide?

A

Reversible MAO inhibitor with increased selectivity (safer than irreversible ones)

19
Q

What does selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors do?

A

Prevent reuptake of serotonin in to the presynaptic cell, increasing levels in the synaptic cleft

20
Q

Adverse effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors?

A 
Nausea
Headaches
Increased aggression
Insomnia
Sexual dysfunction
21
Q

What drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors?

A

Citalopram
Fluoxetine
Paroxetine

22
Q

Why do antidepressants have delayed onset of action?

A

Somatic neuronal auto receptors as drugs cause decreased neuronal firing

23
Q

When do neurones return to firing at normal rate?

A

It takes time for auto receptors to de-sensitize

24
Q

How do you avoid antidepressant drug discontinuation syndrome?

A

Weaning off of medication

25
Q

Symptoms of antidepressant drug discontinuation syndrome?

A 
Insomnia
anxiety
Nausea + Headaches
Electric shock sensations
Agitation
Mood swings
26
Q

Define bipolar disorder

A

Mood disorder characterised by cycles of depression and mania

27
Q

What substance is used to treat bipolar disorder?

A

Lithium

28
Q

What drugs are used as mood stabilisers in bipolar syndrome?

A

Carbamazepine

Sodium Valproate

29
Q

What phases occur during treatment?

A

Acute
Continuation
Maintenance

30
Q

What happens during the acute phase?

A

First 6-12 weeks of treatment
Aims at remission
Poor early response indicates poor prognosis

31
Q

When is continuation phase?

A

6 months after full symptom control

Maintains remission status and prevents relapse

32
Q

What are non pharmacological treatments?

A

Electroconvulsive therapy
CBT
Deep brain stimulation
Vagal nerve stimulation

Brain and behaviour 2 (27 decks)

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