Pharmacology and Pain Control Flashcards
Drug identification
Drug can be identified and classified in variety of ways
- By how they are dispensed: over the counter (drugs that can be purchased without a prescription)
- By prescriptions
-Drugs are classified by how they are derived: from mineral, plant, or animal. - Drugs are classified by form: gas, liquid or capsule.
-Drugs are classified by how are administered injections by mouth, to skin or inhalations.
Three names of drugs
- Chemical name: a chemical name describes the chemical make up of a drug.
- Generic name: drugs must be registered with U.S patent and trademark office under the generic name. This is the “official” name of the drug.
- Trade name: trade name is the name given to a drug by the manufacturer.
Drugs reference materials
Drugs and their interactions with oth medication. These materials are usually updated yearly.
Each dental office can have a different reference text or site same information.
Cells might come into the office froom pharmacists and physician regarding a patient’s medication. These calls are typically taken by dentist. If a dentist is unavailable take detailed message and pass it onto the dentist as ASAP
Anesthetic Agents
A variety of Anesthetic agents are used to alleviate the potential pain of dental procedures
Note that Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) most common inhalation sedative, but anti-anxiety by mouth before the dental procedure.
Medications can also be administered IV alone or IV with inhalation agents to provide deeper level of analgesia and anesthesia.
- Topical anesthetics (jelly)
- Local anesthetics (injectables)
- inhalation sedation
- intravenous (IV) sedation
- general anesthesia
The prescription
The heading: name, address, phone# of the dentist. The superscription includes the patient’s full name, address, phone #, age, date of prescription.
The body: body contains the Rx symbol and includeing the drug, the does and concentration.
Closing: INCLUDES THE ISSUER’S signature and refill instructions. The DEA number is included on all prescriptions.
Common prescription abbreviation
a.a. = each
a.c. = before meals
a.m. = morning
b.i.d. = twice a day
disp. = dispense
h. = hour
h.s. = at bedtime
NPO = nothing by mouth
p.c = after meals
p.r.n. = as needed
q. = every
q.h. = every hour
q.i.d. = four times per day
q.4.h. = every four hours
q.8.h. = every eight hours
sig. = take
t.i.d. = three times per day
t, tsp = teaspoon
T, tbs = tablespoon
Typical Anesthesia
A temporary numbing. A medication applied to the mucosa that nubs then nerve endings in the area of applied medication or injection site.
- A jelly like. 20% benzocaine.
- Ointments
- Liquids
- sprays are sometimes used
Local Anesthesia
most frequently used for pain control in dentistry for a number of reasons.
Note that with children, it’s-important to know much of weighs.
Vasoconstrictors
duration of an anesthethelic agent by decreasing the blood flow in the immediate area of the injection. They also decrease bleeding in the area during surgical procedures.
Three types Vasoconstrictors
- Epinephrine
- Levonordefrin
-neo-cobefrin
Vasoconstrictors are added to local anesthetic solutions in
- 1:20,000
- 1:50,000
- 1: 100,000
- 1: 200,000
Vasoconstrictors contraindications
in some instances Vasoconstrictors should not be used. Vasoconstrictors contraindications:
- unstable angina
- recent mycardial infarction
- recent coronary artery bypass surgery
-untreated or uncontrolling severe hypertension - untreated or uncontroled congestive heart failure
Duration
time from the induction to the completion of reversal process.
Three types of duration
- Short acting duration is a local anesthetic agent lasting 60 to 180 min
- intermediate duration is a local anesthetic agent lasting 120 to 250 min
- long acting duration is a local anesthetic agent lasting 240-540 min.
Injection techniques
different injection techniques are used depending on the area to be anesthetized.
Block anesthesia is achieved by injecting near a major nerve
-Maxillary anterior superior nerve block : under the lip in the upper gum.
- Mandibular injection site: under the lip in the upper gum.
-maxillary greater palatine: posterior
-mandibular injection site: behind the tooth
Anesthetic cartridge color coding by the american dental association
type of local Anesthesia
Gold: Articaine HCL 4% with epinephrine 1:100,000
Blue: Bupivacaine with 0.5% with epinephrine 1:200,000
Light Blue: Lidocaine HCL 2%
Green: Lidocaine HCL 2% with epinephrine 1:50,000
Red: Lidocaine HCL 2% with epinephrine 1:100,000
Ten: Mepivicanine HCL 3%
Anesthetic cartridge procedure
Although the bands offer a tool for quick recognition, dental assistants should always double check by reading label as well.
A needle is placed into the needle adapter, The operator places the syringe between the fingers inserting the thumb into the thumb ring and pressing down, injecting the anesthetic into the patient. If the dentist hands the syrings back after injection, the dental assistant shoukd not recap the needle unitl the patient has left.
when recapping the needle either use a mechanical device to do so or lay the cap flte and scoop the needle into the cap lifting the needle vertical into cap and the securing the cap.
Needlesticks
OSHA requires that all needle sticks be reported. OSHA form 300 must be filed and clinic’s guidlines for obtaining bloof tests for exposure should be followed. After the blood tests are retured they must be attached to the OSHA form 300. If exposure to high risk disease (HIV) is a possibility, then additional blood tests might be required.
