Microbiology

Question 1

pioneers in microbiology

Answer 1

• Robert Hooke 1635-1703 developed a primitive version of modern microscope that led to discovery of cell theory.
• Anton van leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 used primitive microscope that was about 300x magnification to see small organisms.
• louis pasteur 1822-1895 father od microbiology he devoloped process of pasteurization and disovered first vaccine for rabies

Question 2

other pioneers in microbiology

Answer 2

• Robert koch 1843-1910 was german microbiologist. known as a pioneer in bacteriology.
• Julius petri: 1852-1921 was german bacteriologist. petri plates/dishes were named after him.
• Alexander fleming 1881-1951. he was a scottish biologist and pharmacologist whose failed ecperiment tured into a greatest medical advanced in history. A bacterial culture had become contaminated with mold. fleming noticed that no bacteria were grown around the med first antibiotic.

Question 2

Major groups of microorganisms

Answer 2

-Algae: marine plants that contain chorophy II. can be single cell or multiple. don not have roots stems or leaves found in land based plants. found in seaweeds, freshwater, saltwater and moist places. donot cause human disease.

• bacteria: prokaryotic that range in shape form rods (bacilli) to spheres (cocci) to spirals (corkscrews)

-fungi: Eukarytoic containing a nucleous. fung lack chlorophyII

-protozoa: singlel-cel organism. some protozoa can live as cysys for long periods outside their hosts, some cause disease. responsible for intestinal infections and can invade the lungs, brain, liver and blood.

-rickettsiae: live in intestinal tracts of insects such as lice, fleas and mosquitoes. they are short small

-viruses: can be fatal, they live inside cell and replicate and destroy host cells and the virus copies are released into the body

Question 3

Virses

Answer 3

tiny size. they live inside a host cell and replicate. viruses than destory their host cells and virus copies are released into the body.

Question 4

Human imunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Answer 4

is an infection in which body’s immune system is destroyed by retrivirus (RNA virus cells).

Type t cell kills them
HIV can be ransmitted by bidy fluids inluded blood,breast milk.

Question 4

Human herpes viruses

Answer 4

herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 an infection that caused sores on lips also lesions are commonly know as fever or cold sores.

Question 5

viral hapatitis

Answer 5

• Hapatitis a virus (HAV): called facal-oral becuase it is transmitted when somthing is put in the mouth from a perosn with hepatitis.
• Hepatitis B virus (HBV): liver cancer, liver failure illness or even death. HBV transmitted by saliva, blood or body fluids.
• hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmitted through blood transfusion or exposure to blood for example tatto needles
• hepatitis D virusL. required HBV to replicated. A patient infected with both B and D virus often has acute disease and higher rich of death. HBV vaccination also protects against
  HDV infractions.
• hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transmitted thrught food and eater that has been contaminate by facal oral transmission

Question 6

Viral hepatitis prevention

Answer 6

An effective vaccine and empoyees have right to refuse vaccination but must sign forms.

oSHA bloodborne pathogen offer hepatitis B vaccination

Question 7

bacteria that harmful

Answer 7

• Anthrax: more common in animals
• Bostulism: caused by botulinum toxin attacks nervous system
• tetanus: found in soil, animals or human feces.
• tuberculosis: caused by bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis leading of death.
• dental plaque: formed by coloizing bacteria that attach themselves to smooth surface of tooth.

when a bacteria is in spore form it is alive but still in active form

Question 8

Dental infection/ chain infection to accur

Answer 8

• Infection agent: this is pathogen, disease causing organism

-Reservoir or source: is a natural environment that pathogen required for survival.

• Portal of exit from the reservoir or source: is needed fir patogen to leave the reservoir. if a reservoir is a human then the portal of exit may be saliva, blood, nose, throat.

-mode of transmission: can be direct or indirect. Direct requires close association with the infected host. indirect, required vector such as an animal or insect.

• susceptible to host: various factors influence the severity of infection including the strength if immune system and the reproductive rate if pathogen.

Question 9

Virulence

Answer 9

ability of organism to invade the blood stream and reproduce. refer to it pathogenicity

The grater the volume of bioburdent (organic materials like blood and saliva) present the grater the number of microorganism present

Reduce bioburden is to use dams and high volume evacuators

Question 9

type of infecions

Answer 9

• Acute infection: short duration (days)
• Chronic infection: longe (months to years)
• latent infection: patient shows no clinical signs
• opportunistic infection: become pathogenic when immune system is compromised.

Question 9

stages of infection

Answer 9

• Incubation stage: initial entrance of microorganism into body.

-prodromal stage: nonspecific symptoms begin to appear

• Acute stage: symptoms are specific and a person will be ill.
• convalescent stage: body’s defense begin to destroy the microorganism.

Question 10

Disease transmission routes:

Answer 10

• Direct: transmitted thought contact or bite
  -Indirect: when a person touches a surface or substance that with infectious agent or touching contaminated instuments.
• Aersosol, spray, spatter: spread in a fine spray of fluid
  -Airborne: though puncturing of skin, open wound, or needle
• parenteral: though puncturing of skin, open wound, or needle
  -blood-born: via blood or body fluids
• food and water: improperly contains fecal matter.
  -facal/oral: not washing hands after toilet nand then touch area like eyes and mouth

Question 11

Patient to dental team transmission

Answer 11

touching with patient’s blood and saliva is most common of transmission

-wearing protective gloves
-washing hands 15 seonds
-wearing full face masks
- using rubber dams
- havig patient use antiseptic
-

Question 12

Immune system

Answer 12

communcicable disease :via blood and saliva

-Inherited immunity: innate immunity present at birth
-Acquired immunity: developen over a person lifetime

• Naturally Acquired immunity: a person who has contracted a disease and recoovered from it

-Artificially Acquired immunity: via immunization or vaccination
-Passive immunity: body of host receives immunity from another sources such as mother and breast feeding.

-Active immunity: body host is activist involved in the immune response

Question 13

dental team to patient

Answer 13

it is rare

Question 15

dental team to denal team

Answer 15

by handling records while wearing gloves. gloves should be removed before handing filling.
- changing cloths before leaving office

Question 16

community to dental office to patient

Answer 16

An microorganism in awater supply, during treament patient could swallow water

Question 17

The centers of disease control and orevention (CDC)

Answer 17

uses scientific studies and solid evidence to tissue specific recommendation on health related matters not a law they do help set a standard of care.

Question 18

The occupational safety and health administraion. OSHA

Answer 18

specific standards must follow to help protect their employees while on job

Question 19

OSHA bloodborn pathogens standards

Answer 19

Universal precaution: all body fluid or blood might be infected with a blood-born disease. same precaution are taken becuase not possile to identify patient who infected.

standard precaution: expand to prodect healthcare providers from pathogens that soread vai blood etc

Question 20

Hapatities B immunization

Answer 20

vaccination must be offered to dental office to category 1 and 2
1: routinely exposed to blood
2: occasionally exposed to blood (business assistant)

Question 21

managing contaminated sharps

Answer 21

disposable sharps( broken glass) should replace into sharps container leak proof , closable.

-always ponint the sharp end ways from body
-do not use two hands
-do not overfill container
- use hemostat to remove scalpel blade for disposal

Question 21

cleaning and disinfecting patient treament area

Answer 21

disinfection procedures should be woven into the regular daily operation of dental workplace.

When cleaning and disinfecting patient treatment area consider
- how much direct contact occurred
- amount and types of hands contact
-estimated amount of aerosol or spray
-other microorganism source

Question 22

categories of contamination of clinical contact surface

Answer 22

• barriers
• precleaning
  1. touch
  2. transfer
  3. splash

Question 23

precleanin

Answer 23

means clean before disinfecting
precleanin remove blood and saliva. helps reduce numbers of microbes

• disinfection kills disease causing microorganisms that remain on surface after precleanin.
• sterilization kills all forms of life.
  -disinfection chemicals that kills and inhibit growth of microogasm

Question 24

Types of chemical surface

Answer 24

• Lodophors contain Iodine cause radish or yellow on cloth or surfaces.
• synthetic phenol: can used on metal, glass, rubber, plastic. comound should prepared daily.
• Alchols: not effective in presence of blood and saliva. not recommend alcohol as environmental surface
• sodium hypochlorite: bleach 1:100 dilutuion

Question 25

surface barriers

Answer 25

should be used on surface that will be touched during patient treatment.
resistant fluids in blood other liquids or fluids

Question 25

hand hygiene

Answer 25

• hands should be washed before you put gloves and after you remove
• you hands should be watched if ungloved and touch a surface
• you should used liquid soap
• for surgical procedure, you should use a germicidal surgical scrub product
• keep nails short, no rings

hand sanitizers are alchohol based products that available in gels, forms do not use water.
- 60 to95 % are most effecive and higher less effective
-to combat chapped, dry sanitizers, contain emollients

Question 26

personal protective equipment

Answer 26

OSHA requires the employer to provide personal protective equipment (PPE) free of change to the employee

example:
- protective clothing
- surgical masks
-face shields
- protective eyewear
-disposable patient treatment gloves

Question 27

Protective masks

Answer 27

• mask should be 95 effcient.
• mask is worn over nose and mouth
• masks must be changed for every patient
• make sure mask fits well face
  -touch edges of mask
• be sure mask does not make contact woth mouth because wet masks decrease filtration efficiency

Question 28

Protective eyewear

Answer 28

BBP standards require eyewear with fron and side protection
- eyewear must be cleaned after each treatment or patient.

plastic face shields
- not protect against inhalation

protective clothing
- should be made of fluid resistant materials
-at least to know when seated

gloves
-remove the gloves by sticking thumb into palm of other hand

Question 29

guideline for using gloves

Answer 29

• gloves are single use and shoud be diposed of after every patient
• gloves can be rinsed with water to remove power but cannot be washed, sterilized

-damaged gloves must be remove
-change gloved frequently
- Jewelry and rings can cause damage to gloves and should not be under them
- before regloving , you must wash your hands

Question 30

Guideline for damage gloves

Answer 30

intact: not damaged, ripped, or torn
- excuse yourself and leave the chairside
- remove and throw away the damaged gloves
- wash your hands
- regloved and return to patient

Overgloves (food handler) can be used to protect and can be used fore example touch a window

Question 31

Guideline for overgloves

Answer 31

• overgloves cannot used for intraoral procesure, nor should thry be used alone
• overgloves are discarded after a single use

Question 32

sterile surgical gloves

Answer 32

personal protective equiipment is required for assistance in an invasive procedure.

sterile gloves should be worn for procedures that involve amount of blood and saliva during oral surgery such as cutting alveloar bone

Question 33

Utility gloves

Answer 33

cannot used for direct patient care
can be worn only
- when the exam room being cleaned
- while cleaning or handing instruments
- for cleaning and disindecting surface
-Utility gloves can be reused but need to be washed

Question 34

latex allergies

Answer 34

common types of allergic reactions
-irritant dermatitis: it does. not invlove body’s immune system . skin become dry,red

• IV sensitivity: most common type invloves immune system.red itchy 48 or 72 hours
• type I sensitivity: most dangerous type can result death occure with minutes

Question 35

CDC guidelines: laster plumes and surgical smoke

Question 36

contaminated waste managment

Answer 36

should handled the following
- itms connntain body fluied, as gloves
- never compact waste with foot
- red bags should be used unregulated waste