Pharmacology Flashcards
All information that was taught to me while attending Vanier College's "Animal Health Technology" Program, located in St-Laurent Montreal.
What is a drug
A substance used to diagnose, prevent or treat disease.
What are the drug indications
The specific disease or condition for which the drug product is approved
What are the contraindications
The reasons why you shouldn’t use it. Ie: pregnancy
What is xylotol used for
It is a sugar free solvent for many human drugs. Toxic to dogs
What is the veterinarian-client-patient relationship for rx drugs
The veterinarian has assumed responsibility for making clinical judgement about the health of the animals and the need for treatment.
What does the vet have to do for the animal to get medicine
The vet has sufficient knowledge of the animal to issue a diagnosis. Must have seen the animal recently and must be available for follow up evaluation of the patient
What are the drug sources
Plants, minerals, animals, synthesized
What does xylotol cause in dogs
Causes liver necrosis and hyperglycemia due to insulin release. Aka seizure and death.
What are inactive ingredients
Classified as binders, coatings, colouring agents, disintegrates, emulsifiers, fillers, flavourings, flow agents, humectants, preservatives
Describe prescription drugs
May have toxic effectsHas been approved for specific uses etcHas contraindications. Sometimes has extra label it off label use
What is a drug regimen
Includes the dose, the route of administration, the frequency, the duration
What is a dosage
The general principal
What is a dose
The quantity of specific time
What are the control drugs groups
Five schedules.. According to their potential for abuse. The schedule is designated with a C with a Roman numeral 1,2,3,4,5
Describe schedule 1 drugs
Substances with no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Heroin etc
Describe schedule 2 drugs
Drugs have accepted medical uses but have a high potential for abuse. Codeine etc
Describe schedule 3 drugs
Less potential for abuse
Which drugs have to be kept in a locked cabinet
2-5
What are the technician responsibility for all drugs
Make sure the correct drug is administeredAdminister by correct route Nd correct time Observe animals response to drugsQuestion unclear orders Put labels on containers Explain medicine instructions to clients Put into into medical record
What are pharmacokinetics
Includes the stdy of mechanisms of absorption and distribution of the administered drugs.. The chemical changes of the substances in the metabolism and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug
Where is a drug first absorbed/placed
Into the blood stream
How can a drug move in the blood stream
May bind with a plasma protein or may exist in the free state
Where does a drug go from the bloodstream
Distributes the drug to the capillary level
Where does the drug go from the capillary level
Into the interstitial fluid. It enters the cell or binds with surface receptors
Where does the drug go from the cell
Exits the cell and moves back to the interstitial fluid, reenters the circulation and is transported to the liver for metabolism.
Where does the drug go after it is metabolized in the liver
The metabolite is transported to the kidneys for excretion
What are the routes of administration
OralParenteralInhalationTopical
What does pharmokinetics involve
Routes of administrationDrug absorptionDrug distributionBiotransformation (metabolism)Drug excretion
What does the therapeutic index tell you ?
Lethal Dose 50/ Effective dose 50Safe range for a drug.
What type of drugs does the kidney filter
Water soluble
What type of drugs does the liver excrete
Fat soluble, through the bile
Where else are drugs excreted from other than the kidney or liver
Mammary glands LungsIntestinal tractSweat gland Salivary glands Skin
What is pharmacodynamics
Study of the mechanism by which drugs produce physiologic changes in the body. How a drug works and it’s mechanism of action
What is an antagonist
Blocker
What is an agonist
Activates the receptor
What is a partial agonist
Partially activates the receptor
What are the different types of drug interactions
Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, pharmaceutic
What is pharmacokinetic
How the drug moves through the body
What is a pharmacodynamic interaction
The action of one drug is altered by another. These reactions occur at the site of drug action.
What is an antagonistic interaction in terms of pharmacodynamic interaction
Ie: a reversal agent.
What is an additive action in terms of pharmacodynamic interaction
Ie: combining to produce two effects
What is synergistic interaction in terms of pharmacodynamic interactions
Helps to aid in an effect
What is pharmaceutic interaction
When physical or chemical changes take place as a result of mixing drugs in a syringe or other container
What is drug compounding
Combine two or more drugs to make something new etcDiluting a drug etc
What is the cba composed of
The brain and the spinal cord
What is the peripheral nervous system composed of
Everything else
What is the peripheral nervous system divided into
Afferent and efferent
What is the peripheral nervous system divided into
Somatic and autonomic nervous system
What is the autonomic nervous system composed of
Efferent nerve cells that carry info from the cns to cardiac muscle, glands and smooth muscle. Involuntary
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic.
How are nerve impulses transmitted
Sodium potassium pump.
What is a synapse
How one nerve cell communicates with another
What are the different types of receptors
Muscarinic, nicotonic and adrenergic
What are the 4 ways that drugs can effect neurotransmitters
Mimicking neurotransmitter Interfering with neurotransmitter release Blocking the attachment of neurotransmitters to receptorsInterferes with the breakdown of neurotransmitters
What are the neurotransmitters
AcetylcholineNorepinephrine DopamineSerotoninGABA
What are the two classes of autonomic nervous system agents
Cholinergic agent and adrenergic agent
What are the types of cholinergic agents
Direct acting cholinergics, indirect acting cholinergics anticholinesterase agent
With both classes of autonomic nervous system agents what are there
Blocking agents. Cholinergic blocking agent and adrenergic blocking agent
What do adrenergic agents act like in the body
Like the sympathetic nervous system i.e. epinephrine
What do cholinergic agents do
Aid in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis, reduce the inter-ocular pressure of glaucoma, stimulate G.I. motility, treat urinary retention, control vomiting, act as an antidote for neuromuscular blockers.
What are the direct acting cholinergics that are most important
BethanecholPilocarpineMetoclopramide
What does bethanechol do
Is used to treat GI and urinary tract atony
What does pilocarpine do?
Reduces intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma
What does metacopramide do
Metoclopramide is used to control vomiting and to promote gastric tract emptying
What is the most important indirect acting cholinergic agent
Organophosphate compounds that are commonly used in the insecticide dips and may result in toxicity if used inappropriately.
What are the adverse side effects of excessive cholinergic stimulation
Bradycardia, hypotension, heart block, lacrimation, diarrhea, vomiting, increased intestinal activity, intestinal rupture, increased bronchial secretions
What are cholinergic blocking agents
Drugs that block the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system
What are the clinical uses of atropine and glycopyrrolate
Treatment of diarrhea and vomiting by decreasing G.I. motility, as a preanesthetic to dry secretions and prevent bradycardia, to dilute the pupils for ophthalmic examination, to relieve ciliary spasm of the eye, to treat sinus bradycardia
Why do we use atropine and glycopyrrolate as a preanesthetic
For sedation, decreased dose of prescription of anesthetic. prevents problems caused by other prescriptions, pain management
Describe atropine
Used as a pre-Anna static to dry secretions and to prevent bradycardia, as an antidote to organophosphate poisoning in, to dilute the pupils for ophthalmic examination, to control ciliary spasms of the eye, to treat sinus bradycardia, to slow a hypermotile gut
Whats the difference between atropine and glycopyrolate
It provides longer action than atropine and is used primarily as a preanesthetic. Doesn’t result in a higher heart rate. Does not get degraded by atropinase
What are the adverse side effects of anticholinergics
Overdose can cause drowsiness, disorientation, tachycardia, photophobia, constipation, anxiety, burning at the injection site
What is the purpose of giving a pre-anesthetic
Sedate, decrease dose of drugs to administer, prevent problems caused by other drugs, pain management
Why is atropine not effective in rabbits and some cats
Because rabbits and cats have atropinase which destroys atropine
Will atropine or glycopyrrolate cause sedation ?
No
What do adrenergic agents do
Bring about action at receptors mediated by epinephrine or norepinephrine
What are the two things adrenergic agents may be classified as
Catecholamines or noncatecholamines.
How are adrenergic agents classified
They are also classified by receptor type activated
What are adrenergic agents used for
To stimulate the heart to beat during cardiac arrest, to reverse the hypotension and bronchoconstriction of anaphylactic shock, to strengthen the heart during congestive heart failure or, to correct hypotension through vasoconstriction, to reduce Cappellar he bleeding through vasoconstriction, to treat urinary incontinence, to reduce mucous membrane congestion in allergic conditions, to prolong the effects of local unaesthetic agents by causing Vasoconstriction of blood vessels at the injection site
Which receptors does epinephrine stimulate
Epinephrine stimulates all for receptors.
What are the effects of epinephrine in the body
To cause an increase in heart rate and cardiac output. Constriction of the blood vessels in the skin. Dilation of blood vessels and muscle. Dilation of the bronchioles. Increase in metabolic rate
What is phenylephrine used for
It is an alpha stimulator that is used as a nasal vasoconstrictior for kittens with rhino
What does phenylpropanolamine used for
Urinary incontence in dogs
What are beta agonists used for
Bronchodilation
What do tranquilizers do and give two examples of them
Tranquilizers such as Acepromazine and droperidol act as Alpha blockers and cause vasodilation
What is yohimbine used for
Yohimbine is used as an antidote for xylazine toxicity
What is atipamezole (antisedan) used for
It is a reversal agent for medetomidine (dormitor)
What do beta blockers do
Slow heart rate down
What are two types of beta blockers
Propranolol and atenolol
What are the types of adrenergic receptors
Alpha 1,2 and Beta 1,2
Where are beta 1 receptors located and what do they do
Beta-1 receptors are located in the heart. They increase the heart rate, the strength of contraction by the cardiac muscle.
What are beta-2 receptors and where are they found
Beta-2 receptors are found in smooth muscles surrounding blood vessels of the heart, skeletal muscles, arterioles, and the terminal bronchioles in the lungs. Beta-2 receptors cause vasodilation and dilation of the airways in the lungs a.k.a. bronchodilation
Where are the alpha-1 receptors and what do they do
The alpha-1 receptors cause smooth muscles surrounding blood vessels in the skin and intestinal track to contract which decreases blood flow. Vasoconstriction via the flight or fight response
What’s special about acepromazine
It is a tranquilizer that has a side effect of causing hypotension. Causes vasodilation
Where are alpha 2 receptors located and what do they do
Alpha-2 receptors are located on the ends of adrenergic neurons where they help regulate the release of norepinephrine
What do alpha-2 agonist do
Located on the terminal Bhutto of norepinephrine secreted merlins they decrease norepinephrine release from the neuron both within the central nervous system as well as the peripheral nervous system
What is acepromazine used for
Sedation and to allay fear and anxiety without producing significant analgesia. Produce an antiemetic effect by depressing the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain. Have a mild Antipuritic effect. Reduce the tendency of epinephrine to induced cardiac arrhythmias
Why do we use Acepromazine as a pre-anesthetic
Because it calms the animal
What are the adverse affects to acepromazine
Can cause hypotension and hypothermia through their vasodilation a fact. They can also induce seizures in epileptic animals. Contraindicated in young, geriatric, sick animals.
What’s special about Acepromazine
There is no reversal agent
What are some benzodiazepine derivatives
Valium, versed, Xanax
What is the mechanism of action of Valium
Causes depression of the thalamus and hypothalamic areas of the brain. Produces sedation, muscle relaxation, appetite stimulation, anticonvulsant activity. Often used in combination with ketamine to induce short-term Anesthesia. Diazepam is very useful for treating Seizures in progress but not preventative due to short half life
What is special about diazepam
Should be stored at room temperature and protected from light, should not be stored in plastic, should not be mixed with other medication, diazepam is metabolized by the liver and eliminated by the kidneys
What is xylazine? What are some side effects to xylazine? What reverses it?
Xylazine is a alpha 2 agonist with sedative and analGesic and muscle relaxant properties. This agent causes vomiting in a large percentage of cats. Xylazine is reversed by yohimbine
What is dormitor. What are some side effects of dormitor. What is the reversal agent for dormitor.
Dormitor is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used as a sedative and analgesic in dogs older than 12 weeks of age. Adverse side effects are bradycardia, decreased respiration, hypothermia, vomiting, hyperglycemia. Reversed by antisedan.
What are the three types of barbiturates. What are they used for. What are some common side effects
Long acting barbiturates, short acting barbiturates and ultra short acting barbiturates. They are used as sedatives, anticonvulsants, general anesthetic, euthanasia agent. They depress the respiratory system
What are long acting barbiturates. How long do they last for. What are they used for. What class of controlled substance are they
Phenobarbital is a long acting barbiturate. It lasts for 8 to 12 hours. Use as an anticonvulsant to prevent epileptic seizures. It is a class 4 controlled substance
What are short acting barbiturate. How long does the sedation last for. What is it used for. What class of controlled substance is it
Pentobarbital sodium provides 1 to 2 hours of general anesthesia. It is a euthanasia agent. It is a class 2 controlled substance
What are ultra short acting barbiturates. What is special about them
Thiobarbiturates. Must be given iv in order to avoid necrosis. Redistrubuted to the fat stores within 5-30 mins. Can cause apnea if administered too quickly and CNS excitement if done too slowly
What are the two types of Thiobarbiturates
Thiopental: general anestheticMethohexital: 5-10 min anesthesia for thin animals.
What are special instructions for barbiturates
Not for old young or critically ill animals, barbiturates depressed the respiratory system, cause tissue injury if out of the vein
What is ketamine considered. What does it do.
Ketamine is a disassociative agent. It causes involuntary muscle rigidity, amnesia and analgesia. laryngeal reflexes are maintained and muscle tone is increased.
Where are opioid receptors located
In the brain, spinal cord, digestive tract.
What are the four opioid receptors
Mu, Kappa, Sigma, Delta
Describe synthetic narcotics and their uses
Produce analgesia and sedation while reducing anxiety and fear. Narcotic effects are produced when they act on opiate receptors in the brain. Used as preanesthetic’s or post anesthetics because of their sedative and analGesic properties. Sometimes used alone or in combination with tranquilizers.
List a few synthetic narcotic’s
Demerol,Oxymorphone,TorbugesicFentanylHydrocodoneEtorphineLomotilApomorphineBuprenorphine
What is buprenorphine used for
It is a potent analGesic that is used in several small animal species. Good for mild to moderate pain. Provides longer duration of analgesia than other opioids
What are the opioid reversal agents
Naloxone
What is neuroleptanalgesia
Opioid combined with a tranquilizer. Used for sedation unrestrained to produce anesthesia
How does a kidney maintain homeostasis
Filtration, reabsorption, secretion. Fluid balance regulation. Acid-base balance regulation. Production of hormones-erythropoietin. Blood pressure regulation.
What is a nephron
Basic functional unit of kidneys
What does a nephron consist of
Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
Describe the blood supply of the kidney
Renal artery enters the kidney at the hilus. Divides into smaller arteries and arterioles
What is the distal convoluted tubule
Continuation of the ascending loop of henle
What is the purpose of The distal convoluted tubule
Carrie tubular filtrate through the medulla. Empty into renal pelvis. Primary site of action of ADH and regulation of potassium an acid-base balance
Describe sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule
Sodium in tubular filtrate attaches to carrier protein that moves it into the cytoplasm of the proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cell.
Describe sodium cotransport in the proximal convoluted tubule
Glucose and amino acids attach to the same carrier protein and follow sodium into the cell by passive transport.
Describe urine volume regulation in the kidney
Determined by amount of water contained in the tubular filtrate when it reaches the renal pelvis. Controlled by actions of ADH and aldosterone.
What gland created ADH hormone
Anterior pituitary gland
What does adh hormone do
Acts on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts to promote reabsorption.
What disease do you have if you don’t have the ADH hormone
Diabetes insipitus
what does aldosterone hormone trigger
Increases reabsorption of sodium
What are the reflex components of urine control
A spinal reflex returns a motor impulses to the bladder muscles causing them to contract. Contraction gives the sensation of having to urinate
What are the three aspects of urine formation
️Glomerular filtrationTubular reabsorptionTubular secretion
What is erythropoiesis
Formation of erythrocytes.
What is erythropoietin
A hormone secreted by the healthy kidneys to cause the formation of erythrocytes.
What happens if the kidney is not producing erythropoietin
Animal may develop a non-regenerative anemia as a result
How do you confirm uremia
Blood tests
What can uremia do
Increase the sensitivity of some tissues to certain drugs
What blood tests do you do for uremia
Creatinine and bun (blood urea nitrogen)
What are diuretic drugs
Urine producing drugs. Used to remove excess extracellular fluid by increasing urine flow and sodium excretion and reducing hypertension
What is extracellular fluid
Edema
What are the two main reasons for diuretic use
To remove fluid from organs and to reverse high blood pressure
What are loop diuretics
Highly potent diuretics that inhibit the tubular reabsorption of sodium. They also promote the excretion of chloride, potassium and water.
What can happen to some patients on long term loop diuretic therapy
May also have to be placed on potassium supplementation
What are the dosage forms of the loop diuretics
Furosemide (lasix, disal, diuride)
What are the adverse side effects of loop diuretics
Hypokalemia
What are osmotic diuretics
Can be administered intravenously to promote diuresis by exerting high osmotic pressure in the kidney tubules and limiting tubular reabsorption
How does osmotic diuresis work
Water is drawn into the glomerular filtrate, reducing its reabsorption and increasing the excretion of water
What can osmotic diuretic drugs be used to treat
Oliguric acute renal failure and to reduce intracranial pressure
What are the dosage forms of osmotic diuretics
Mannitol 20% and Glucose
What do thiazide diuretics do
Reduce edema by inhibiting reabsorption of sodium, chloride and water. Their duration is longer than loop diuretics
What are the adverse side effects of loop diuretics
Hypokalemia if therapy is prolonged. A potassium supplement may be necessary to prevent Hypokalemia
What is a potassium sparing diuretic
Weaker diuretic and antihypertensive effects than other diuretics but they have the ability to conserve potassium.
What are potassium diuretics also called
Aldosterone antagonists.
What does an aldosterone antagonist do
Enhances the excretion of sodium and water and reduces the excretion of potassium.
What is special about edema associated with heart failure
Aldosterone might be a factor
What type of muscle is the detrusor muscle
Smooth muscle
What type of muscle is the internal urinary sphincter
Smooth muscle
What type of muscle is the external urinary spinchter
Skeletal muscle
What are the clinical uses of cholinergics
Used to help void the urinary bladder. Their action increases the tone of the detrusor muscle of the bladder and decreases bladder capacity
What is the dosage form of cholinergic agents
Bethanechol (urecholine and duvoid)
In what clinical situations would you use cholinergic agents
Weakened bladder muscle from over distension due to a urinary blockage. Spinal cord injury
Why do you use anticholinergic drugs
They block the action of acetylcholine at receptor sites in the parasympathetic nervous system.
What are anticholinergic drugs considered
Parasympatholytic because of their ability to block the passage of impulses through the parasympathetic nerves. Promotes muscle relaxation.
What is the clinical use of anticholinergic a
Used to treat urge incontinence by promoting the retention of urine in the urinary bladder.
What are the dosage forms of anticholinergic drugs
PropanthelineBuscopan
What are the Thiazide diuretics
DiurilHydrodiuril
What is the dosage form of potassium sparing diuretics
Aldactone
What does alpha adrenergic agonists do
Turn up the volume dial on the hold it message from the high neurologic areas. Increases internal spinchter tone
What medication Is used as an Adrenergic agonist
Phenylpropanolamine
What do adrenergic antagonists do
Relax vascular smooth muscle, enhance peripheral vasodilation and decrease blood pressure.
What is the clinical use of adrenergic antagonists
Reduce internal sphincter tone when the urethral sphincter is in hypertonus. This action is useful in treatment of urinary retention because of detrusor areflexia
What is detrusor areflexia
Functional urethral obstruction
What is prazosin used for
Effective in controlling moderate to severe hypertension which is a complicating factor in chronic renal failure
What are the dosage forms of adrenergic antagonists
DibenzylineMinipress
What are the adverse side effects of adrenergic antagonists
Rapid decrease in blood pressure, resulting in weakness or syncope after the first dose of prazosin. Usually self limiting.
What do beta adrenergic antagonists do
Inhibit the action of catecholamines and other sympathomimetic agents at the beta adrenergic receptor sites and therby inhibit stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
What are the clinical uses of beta adrenergic antagonists
Include the control of mild to moderate hypertension associated with chronic renal failure
What is the dosage form of beta adrenergic antagonists
Inderal
What are the adverse side effects
Decreased Cardiac output and promotion of bronchospasm.
What is estrogen used for
Helps to increase sphincter tone
What is the dosage form of estrogen
Stillbesterol
What is the typical dosaging regime of estrogen
1 tablet sid for 5 days, then once weekly for 5 weeks than as needed
What do ace inhibitors do
Block the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2Decrease aldosterone secretion. Reduce peripheral arterial resistance Alleviate vasoconstriction.
What is the clinical use of ace inhibitors
Treat hypertension
What are the dosage forms of ace inhibitors
Benazepril (fortekor)CapotenEnacard
What is a vasodilator
May be substituted for or used in combination with other medications if previous drug therapy to control hypertension fails.
What are the clinical uses of vasodilator a
Used to treat non responding hypertension. Dopamine may be used to promote diuresis in patients unresponsive to loop or osmotic diuretics.
What are the dosage forms of vasodilator a
ApresolineIntropin
What are the dosage forms of calcium channel blockers
CardizemIsoptinAmiodipine
What does the adh hormone do
Regulates fluid balance in the body
In pituitary diabetes inspitidus what happens
The hormone fails to be synthesized or excreted properly and Polyuria/polydipsia occurs.
What are the clinical uses of adh hormone
Used to treat diabetes insipidus
What is the dosage form of adh
VasopressinDesmopressin
What is Desmopressin
Usually given as an eye drop and a nasal spray. Can cause irritation to the eye or conjunctiva.
What is Desmopressin used for during surgery
Type 1 Von willebrand’s disease
What is a urinary acidifier
Used to produce acid urine which assists in dissolving and preventing formation of struvites uroliths. Not Routinely prescribed
What are the dosage forms of urinary acidifiers
MethionineAmmonium chloride
What do xanthine oxidase inhibitors do
Decrease the production of uric acid. Prevent ammonium acid urate uroliths.
What type of diet is usually prescribed to prevent reoccurance of uroliths
A urine alkalizing, low protein, low purine, low oxalate diet.
What is the dosage form of xanthine oxidase inhibitors
Allopurinol
What is the dosage form of urinary alkalizer a
Potassium citrateSodium bicarbonate Tiopronin tablets
What are the adverse side effects of the urinary alkalizer a
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance with the use of sodium bicarbonate
What is the adverse side effects of epo
Local or systemic allergic reaction in animals and pain occurring at injection site.
What is amitriptyline
A tricyclic antidepressant and anxiolytic drug with anticholinergic, antihistamine etc properties.
What is amtriptyline used for
Idiopathic cystitis for cats
Why do glycosaminoglycans do
Covering the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract.
What is epakitin
Chitosen based nutritional supplement made from a polysaccharide from crab and shrimp shells
What where the clinical uses of epakitin
Product information states that epakitin binds phosphorus in the intestine causing phosphorus to be eliminated through the intestinal tract.
What is azodyl
Symbiotic mix containing a patented mixture of three beneficial bacteria. It’s a nitrogen trap. Reduces Azotemia.
What are the first signs of renal insufficiency
Inappetence, pu/pd, proteinuria,
What is renal insufficiency
66% or more nephrons lost. Can no longer concentrate urine but can get rid of waste.
What is renal failure
75% or more nephrons lost
What is renal failure caused by
Accumulation of waste products (bun/creatine).
What is a specific clinical sign of kidney failure
Small lumpy kidneys
What is advanced renal failure
90% or more nephrons lost.
What are the clinical signs of advanced renal failure
Uremia, weight loss, vomiting, anorexia
Diet for renal failure
Low protein, high fats, high b vitamins, low sodium, high potassium low phosphates
What are the drug treatments for chronic renal failure
Fluids Anti GI ulcer drugs (famotidine)Antiemetics (cerenia)Potassium Anti hypertensive drugs Appetite stimulant Phosphate binders (amphojel)Erythropoetin if anemic
A cholinergic blocker is a drug that blocks the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors of the _________ nervous system
Parasympathetic
What is a common anticholinergic agent used in vet medicine
Atropine
What happens when atropine is used in eyedrops
It causes the pupils to dilate
Why is atropine used as a preanesthetic
To protect the heart from bradycardia
Propranolol is an example of what category of drugs
Beta blocker
What is the adrenergic receptor that is located in the heart. They increase the heart rate, strength of contraction. Propanol is an example
Beta 1
What type of adrenergic receptor causes smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels in the skin to constrict. Acepromazine blocks it
Alpha 1
What adrenergic receptors are located on the ends of adrenergic neurons, where they help regulate the release of norepinephrine. Dormitor is an agonist.
Alpha 2
What adrenergic receptor when stimulated they cause Bronchodilation. Ventolin is an agonist
Beta 2
Where will atropine and glycopyrolate have their effect
Muscarinic receptor
What part of the autonomic nervous system is associated with fight or flight
Sympathetic
What neurotransmitter is associated with fight or flight
Norepinephrine
What neurotransmitter is for cholinergic sites
Acetylcholine
What is the class of the drug
NSAID
What Are two other drugs that are also in this class
Metacam
What are the two client recommendations that go with this drug
Give with a meal Discontinue use if animal is vomiting or has diarrhea
True or false: the above class of drugs should be able to provide enough analgesia to allow an animal with a broken leg to be positioned for a radiograph of the leg without using anesthesia
False
True or false: cox 1 maintains physiologic functions such as modulation of renal blood flow and synthesis of gastric mucosa
True
What are three different classes of drugs that are used as a pre anesthetic
NSAID, opiate and tranquilizers
What is the reason for using an nsaid
Good anti inflammatory which ultimately helps to reduce pain. Less inflammation is less pain
What is an opiate
Helps to stop the body from receiving pain. It stops pain before it even starts.
What is a tranquilizer used for
Works well in conjunction with opiates. Calms animal which makes the knocking down process easier.
Where are enteral drugs are administered
Rectally and orally
What can pharmacokinetics be defined as
The method of absorption, metabolism, and excretion of a drug by the body
What can pharmacodynamics be defined by
The method by which the function of the living body is affected by the drug
What can therapeutic dose be defined by
The method by which the drug has the desired effect with minimal toxicity
Most excretion of drugs occurs via the
Liver bile and kidneys
WhEre does most biotransformation of drugs occurs in
The liver
Describe 3 aspects of the veterinarian client patient relationships for rx
☺️Veterinarian must be available for a follow up appointment ☺️Veterinarian must have seen the animal within a year and know about its medical history ☺️Veterinarian must make a decision for treatment based on the specific symptoms
Why are certain prescription drugs are also control drugs
They’re drugs that have the potential for human abuse
State two parenteral methods to administer medication
Iv im
Use pharmacokinetics to explain why the oral amoxil is ineffective at treating otitis externa
It is ineffective because it does not reach the outer ear, it goes into the bloodstream and there is no real major blood supply to the outer ear so it is excreted out instead of going into the ear to treat the bacteria.
What drug is an alpha 2 agonist
Decided dormitor
What drug is an alpha 1 antagonist
Acepromazine
What drug is a beta blocker
Propanolol
What drug is a beta 2 agonist
Ventolin
What drug is a benzodiazepine tranquilizer
Valium
What drug is a phenothiazine tranquilizer
Acepromazine
What drug is an anticholinergic
Atropine
What drug is the reversal agent for dormitor
Antisedan
What drug is a long acting barbiturate
Phenobarbital
Where are barbiturates metabolized by
Liver
What is a side effect of barbiturates
They are potent depressors of the respiratory system
What drug is used to stimulate breathing if a dog stops breathing
Dopram or doxapram
If a dog is experiencing an anaphylactic reaction, what emergency drug will be used
Epinephrine
What is apo morphine used for
To induce vomiting in dogs
What is neuroleptanalgesia
Tranquilizer and narcotic
What are two common drugs used to control or prevent seizures in dogs
Phenobarbital and kBr
Name a drug that is very useful in seizures but has too short of a half life to prevent them
Diazepam
Give an example where clomipramine is used for in cats and dogs
For animals with aggression
What is Naloxone used for in vet medicine
It is an opiate reversal agent
How can addisons develop after being on corticosteroids
If the adrenal cortex is not being used as frequently due to negative feedback then it will shrink and be unable to produce acth
What are two precautions to take to prevent the development of addisons
Wean off of dosage until you’re at lowest possible dose that works. Take it every other day so that the AC won’t shrink.
Name two organs possibly damaged by rimadyl
Liver and kidney
Using pharmacokinetics explain why fentanyl is administered as a patch rather than an oral med
It has a very short half life as a pill and is metabolized by the liver too quickly and it doesn’t have the 24hr to reach the stable state and is instead excreted in the urine
How long does a fentanyl patch last
72hr
What are short term effects of corticosteroid use
Polyphagia
What are long term effects of corticosteroid use
Delayed healing
What is the classification of trimeprazine tartrate
Antihistamine
What is the classification of prednisolone
Cortisone.
Name a beta lactamase inhibitor
Clavamox
In what class of antibiotic drugs are nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity potential side effects
Aminoglycosides
What medication is used to treat pasturella infection in rabbits and requires you to use gloves Because it causes aplastic anemia and blood dyscrasia
Chloramphenicol
Baytril, zeniquin and Orbax all belong to which group of antibiotics
Fluoroquinolones
What is a side effect of baytril being dosed in cats at a higher dosing schedule
Retinal damage
What is the clAss of antibiotics most commonly prescribed to treat mycoplasma or lymes is
Tetracyclines
What is the pharmacodynamics of penicillin
Destroys the cell wall
What does griseofulvin act on
Dermatophytes
Butorphanol is an opioid that is often used for analgesic properties but it also used in other clinical scenarios as
An antitissutive agent
Aminophylline and theophylline are ________ derivatives
Methylxanthine
What are expectorants
Drugs that liquify and dilute the viscus secretions of the respiratory tract, thereby helping to evacuate those secretions
Name a disease in cats were acyclovir would be used
Rhinovirus
In what diseases would interferon be used
Fiv, felv
Pseudoephedrine, ephedrine and phenyleprine are examples of what
Decongestants
Name a cholinergic blocker that dries up bronchial secretions and causes Bronchodilation
Antihistamine
Name a beta 2 adrenergic agent that causes Bronchodilation
Ventolin
Name the toxic ingredient in chocolate
Theobromine
What is igr
Insect growth regulator
What is praziquantel used for
Tapeworms
Ivermectin and moxidectin are part of which class
Avermectins
Identify which of the 4 is not a monthly heartworm preventative.Milbemycin oximeSelamactinHeart guard plusDiethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine
What is a topical solution that controls roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms
Profender
Praziquantel is the active ingredient found in what medication
Droncit
An organophosphate is a substance that can interfere with the function of the nervous system by inhibiting which enzyme
Cholinesterase
What dog breed is most susceptible to ivermectin toxicosis
Collie
T/F: heartworm disease can be acquired from a blood transfusion taken from a heartworm positive dog that has circulating microfilariae.
False
What is the name of the product that is an oral flea adulticide that causes rapid death of fleas
Cap star
What is the antidote for organophosphate toxicity
Atropine
List two monthly heartworm preventative but not fleas
Heart guard and interceptor
List two monthly flea only preventatives
Advantage, program
List 3 monthly heartworm and flea preventatives
Revolution, advantage multi and trifexis
List one oral flea and tick preventative
Bravecto
How is sentinel different than interceptor
Different active ingredients
How is capstar excreted
Unchanged in the urine. 1 day- dogs 2 days- cats
Explain to an owner how they should administer lopatol
Fast dog, give it to him in the morning with adequate water and 1/4 food. Give rest of food at dinner time
A 6 week 1lb kitten was given 2 tablets of milbemax- how concerned are you ?
I am, it’s a 16x overdose.
How much ivermectin per kg will a 5kg dog receive
13ug/kg
For revolution, what is the difference in concentration of the drug between the cat and dog products
The dog concentration is 2x the cat concentration
In which case would trifexis be contraindicated
In dogs with a history of epilepsy or seizures
How much fenbendazole is in 5g of panacur?
1110 mg
How many tablets of pyran 35 would a 7kg cat get
4 tablets
How many ml of strongid T to deworm a 25kg dog
2.5ml
What is a faster than normal heart rate
Tachycardia
When situations cause spontaneous depolarization of cardiac muscle or abnormalities of the conduction system what might occur
Arrhythmia
CHF chronic congestive heart failure or results when the pumping ability of the heart is impaired to the extent that sodium and water are retained in an effort to compensate for inadequate cardiac output. It is associated with all of the following: exercise intolerance, ascites, pulmonary edema, diaphragmatic hernia except……….
Diaphragmatic hernia
What is digitalis. It is obtained from the dried leaves of the plant digitalis purpurea.
Cardiac glycoside
True or false: gloves do not have to be worn when applying nitroglycerin
False
What can Furosemide cause in patients
Hypokalemia
Name a common Ionatropic cardiac medicine prescribed for congestive heart failure
Vetmedin
Name a common ace inhibitor are used in the veterinary medicine
Fortekor
Name a drug that will be given to Jack to treat or help manage pulmonary edema
Lasix
By which route would lasix be given in order for it to be in Jack’s system within 10 to 20 minutes
Intramuscular
Name a drug that can be given to Jack to help manage his general anxiety because of not being able to breathe
Morphine
What two active hormones are produced by the thyroid gland
T3 and T4
What is the concentration of Caninsulin
U40
How do you resuspend insulin
Rolling tube in hands. Don’t shake it
Name the structures of the pancreas that produces insulin
Islets of langerhans or beta cells
When and how should the owner feed the cat
Feed 2x per day small portion of intake in the morning and night
When should the owner give Caninsulin
Morning and night
Describe how the owner should inject the Caninsulin
Sub cutaneously on alternate sides
What medical condition does topazole (methimazole) treat
Hyperthyroid
Name two treatments other than topazole for hyperthyroid
Radioactive iodine and surgical removal of adenoma
Estrogen in the form of diethylstilbestrol can be use to treat what problem in the dog
Urinary incontinence
If you draw up 20 U with a U 40 syringe- how many mls have you drawn up
0.5 ml
Why does pain sensation arise
Nerve endings may be activated through mechanical, thermal, chemical stimulation
in which free nerve endings do pain sensations arise
Nociceptors
Where are nociceptors located
Skin, joints, blood vessel walls, periosteum, hollow organs, parietal surfaces of thorax and abdomen
What is superficial pain
Paid that arises in subcutaneous tissue.
What is deep pain
Associated with skeletal muscles, tendons, bones, joints. Visceral pain
Why can pain be harmful
Because it leads to stress and related problems such as gastrointestinal lesions, immunosuppression, delayed healing, hypertension, potential dysrhythmias
What is the first step in the pain pathway
Transduction or stimulation
What is the second step in the pain pathway
Spinal cord transmission
What is the third step in the pain pathway
Modulation
What is the fourth step in the pain pathway
Perception of pain
What are type C unmyelinated fibers responsible for
Dull, poorly localized pain in humans
What are type a Delta fibers responsible for
Sharp, localized pain
Where do type a and type C fibers carry impulses to
To the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
What are the responses to pain
Increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate, mydriasis, salvation, vocalization, changes in facial expression, guarding of the painful site, restlessness, unresponsiveness, failure to groom, abnormal gait, abnormal stands, rolling
How is the perception of pain enhanced
Hyperalgesia and central sensitization.
What is central sensitization
The idea that pain control is enhanced if analgesia is given before pain is generated. It is a preemptive pain medication
What are analgesics
Drugs used to control pain include NSAIDs and narcotics.
What are the bodies own opiate like analgesics
Endorphins
How can you pharmacologically intervene with pain
By targeting a single or multiple points of the pain process
What can transduction be inhibited by
Opioids and nsaids
What can transmission of nerve impulses be inhibited by
Local anesthetics and alpha 2 agonists
How can you modulate pain impulses in the spinal cord
Through the effects of local anesthetic, opioids, Alpha 2 agonists, tricyclic antidepressant, nsaid, anticonvulsant
How can pain perception in the cortex be inhibited
By use of anesthetic, opioid, benzodiazepine and alpha 2 agonist
What does damage to cells result in
Release of several chemical mediators that may initiate or prolong the inflammatory response
What are the chemical mediators of inflammation
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, histamine, cytokines
What do the mediators of inflammation do
Exacerbate a pain response
What happens if you reduce inflammation
You reduce ️pain
How do NSAIDs work
Inhibit an enzyme called cyclooxygenase. Cox. Two forms: Cox 1 and Cox 2 exist
What is cox 1
Maintains physiologic functions such as modulation of renal bloodflow and synthesis of gastric mucosal
What does cox 2 do
Promotes the formation of prostaglandins from cell membrane arachodonic acid.
Which NSAIDs are less harsh: cox 1 or cox 2 inhibitors ?
Cox 2 inhibitors. Produce fewer gastrointestinal side effects
What is the short term use of NSAIDs
Preoperative/preemptive pain control
What is the long term use of NSAIDs
Older dogs with osteoarthritis
What does cox 1 do with the stomach mucus
Plays an important role in causing the secretion of stomach protective mucus, maintaining blood supply to the stomach and decreasing acid production
What does cox 1 do with the kidney
Cox 1 prostaglandins counteracted vasoconstriction and allowed vasodilation of the renal blood supply
What are glucocorticoids
Exert their effects by blocking Phospholipase an enzyme necessary for the production of both prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Intervention is provided earlier in the sequence of the formation of inflammatory mediators. Because the inflammatory reaction is blocked earlier by glucocorticoids they are more effective anti inflammatory agents than NSAIDs
What are the common side effects of NSAIDs
Most common side effects are gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding. Other side effects may include hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, inhibition of cartilage metabolism, bone marrow suppression, bleeding tendencies
What should dogs and cats on prolonged and nsaid use have
Routine biochemistry done before the start of nsaids and every six months while on NSAIDs to check for liver and kidney function
What are the precautions for nsaids
Do not give more than one type of nsaid at a time, prevent accidental ingestion, always give with food, stop if vomiting or diarrhea, always check if animal seems not well
What does aspirin do
Causes ulcerations and bleeding out. Relief of mild to moderate pain caused by musculoskeletal conditions such as arthritis and hip dysplasia
What is special about cats with aspirin
They’re highly susceptible to aspirin overdose because of their inability to metabolize it rapidly.
What is phenylbutazone
Banamine. Anti-inflammatory medication for horses
What is DMSO
It is an anti-inflammatory and has the ability to act as a carrier of other agents through the skin. It is not a nsaid.
What is special about tylenol with cats
Cat lacks liver enzymes to metabolize the drug safely. Produces metabolites that are toxic to the liver
What is carprofen
Propionic acid derivative nsaid that has been approved for oral use in dogs. Carprofen has been approved for oral and injectable use in dogs and cats.
How long is the rimadyl-carprofen half life
8 hours.
How does rimadyl work
By inhibiting cox 2 and doesn’t cause ulcers.
What is the clinical use of rimadyl
Relief of pain associate.d with degenerative joint disease and postoperative pain resulting from soft tissue or orthopaedic repair.
What is the dosage form of rimadyl
Available in tablets etc
What are the adverse side effects of carprofen
Side effects such as gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding are apparently rare with this agent
What does ibuprofen cause
Ulcers and gastric bleeding
What is deramax
An analgesic and a nsaid against the coxib. Control of pain and inflammation
What is previcox
NSAID that belongs to coxib class. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis
What is metacam
Cox 2 receptor nsaid. It has aninflammatory, analgesia and antipyretic. Used to control pain associated with surgical procedures and arthritis t
What are the adverse side effects of metacam
Similar to other NSAIDs
Decreased function of what organ would have the greatest effect on biotransformation of most drugs
Liver
The generic name for a drug is also called the
Proprietary name
The percentage of the total dose that ultimately reaches the bloodstream is called what
Bioavailability
What do cholinergic agents do
Slow heart rate, increase blood flow to intestinal tract, decreased diameter of bronchioles
What is the dog steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is extremely toxic to cats
Acetominophen
What are the most common adverse side effects of Aminoglycoside antimicrobial’s
Nephrotoxic an ototoxic
What is a true statement regarding tetracyclines and bacterial resistance
Many bacteria are resistant to them
To what other drug class is cephalosporin class closely related
Penicillins
The use of Fluoroquinolones as anti-infective agent should be done with great caution and what type of animal
Cats
What anti-infective drug should be avoided in all food producing animals
Chloramphenicol
What organs are penicillins primary excreted by
Kidneys
What is diazepam often administered in combination with
Ketamine
What is the reversal for xylazine hydrochloride
Yohimbine
What does griseofulvin act on
Antifungal
Does Xylazine have analgesic properties ?
Yes it is a alpha-2 adrenergic agonist
What is propofol
A painkiller given an incremental doses.
What is butorphanol
Originally it was a cough suppressant
Heart guard contains ivermectin which does what
Used to prevent heart worm infection
What do Loop diuretics such as furosemide do
Can cause hypokalemia with chronic use. Potassium supplements are often administered
What are pain receptors called
Nociceptors
What opioid is an agonist/ antagonist
Butorphanol
What does acepromazine Maleate cause
Hypotension. It has the effect of vasodilation
What is the ratio between the toxic dose in the therapeutic dose of the drug used as a measure of the relative safety of the drug for particular treatment
Therapeutic index
What Is not a short-term effect of corticosteroid therapy. Polyuria, polyphagia, delayed healing, osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a long term effect
What is a common side effect of antihistamine drugs such as diphenhydramine
Sedation.
Where are H2 receptors found
In the gastric mucosa
Theo barbiturates should be administered with great care or not at all to? collies, greyhounds Colorado Weilers, spaniels.
Greyhounds. Due to low body fat. Will remain in the circulation at a high concentration
Puppies born via cesarean section that are not breathing well may benefit from what type of drops administered sublingually
Doxapram drops
What are intradermal injections primarily used for
Allergy testing
Most biotransformation of drugs occurs where
Deliver
What type of administration are elixirs used for
Oral administration
What type of administration are solutions used for
Iv
What does it mean when a drug has a narrow therapeutic range
The difference between the therapeutic dose of the potentially toxic dose is very small
What is the example of an antibiotic that is considered to be a Beta lactamase inhibitor
CLavamox
In what class of antibiotic drugs are nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity potential side effects
Aminoglycoside
What antibiotic is used for a rabbit with Pastorella. Causes a plastic anemia and humans
Chloramphenicol
What does anaphylaxis refer to
A severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction
What is a side effect of tetracycline and young animals
Can cause bone or teeth problems
Antimicrobial drugs like baytril, Zeniquin, or Orbax all belong to which group of antibiotics
Fluoroquinolones
What type of drug would be most helpful for a patient with a productive cough
And expectorant.
Anticoagulant diluted in Celine for injection to form a flush solution for preventing blood clots in intravenous catheter is is
Heparin
What diuretic drug is used most commonly in patients with congestive heart failure or
Furosemide
What does epinephrine do
Increases heart rate
What is the most common side effect of drugs that cause vasodilation
Hypotension
Which drug is used for cardiac arrest
Epinephrine
If a dog eats warfarin based rat poison what is the treatment
Vitamin K
Chronic use of moderate to high doses of glucocorticoids may result of the development of what
Cushing’s disease
What are glucocorticoids used for
Allergies, Musculoskeletal problems, immune mediated disease
What is the most common side effect of nsaid use
Gastrointestinal ulceration
What precautions should you take when applying dmso to an animals skin
Wear latex gloves to prevent skin to skin contact
All of the following drugs are controlled substances except for one… Propofol, diazepam, ketamine, oxymorphone
Propofol
What drug is in the same clSs as thiopental
Phenobarbital
An opioid analgesic often used in transdermal patches to control post surgical pain
Fentanyl
What drug can be administered rectally during a seizure
Diazepam
If a sedated patient has a slow hr, which drug would you expect would be administered
Dormitor
All the drugs are antagonists except for : yohimbine, detomidine, atipamezole, Naloxone
Detomidine
Oreo was given morphine so what are some normal side effects
Hypersensitive to sounds, Oreo might vomit and defecate, more comfortable recovering in a dark room
Norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine are the primary neurotransmitters for what
Sympathetic nervous system
What is the active ingredient in euthanasia solutions
Pentobarbital
Can you keep Propofol for tomorrow
No because bacteria will grow in it and produce endotoxins
If a cat has eyes wide open and unblinking and limbs stiffly distended what sedative did he get
Ketamine
In what animals should Acepromazine be avoided
In epileptic patients
What behavioural drug group that may be used to stimulate Appetite in cats
Benzodiazepines
What tricyclic antidepressant is now approved for use in dogs and cats to control seperation anxiety
Clomicalm
What does phenylpropanolamine do
It treats incontinence by increasing urethral sphincter tone
What does a 1:1000 concentration represent in percent
.1%
What is epinephrine used for
Anaphylactic shock
Why would you use lidocaine with epinephrine as a local anesthetic to remove a pea size wart from a dog’s paw
Because it causes vasoconstriction
What is the classification of Benadryl
Antihistamine
What are three separate antibiotic classes
Penicillin, cephalosporin, beta-lactamase inhibitor
What is the classification of antirobe
Lincosamide
What is the classification of clavaseptin
Beta-lactamase inhibitor
What is the classification for Zeniquin
Fluroquinolone
What is the classification for Amoxil
Penicillin
What is the classification for baytril
Fluroquinolone
What is the classification for apo-doxy tabs
Tetracycline
What is the classification for novo lexin
Cephalosporin
What is the classification for S1 25
Sulfonamide
What is the classification for tylosin
Macrolide
What is the general classification for atropine and glycopyrrolate
Anticholinergic
Between atropine and glycopyrrolate which will have longer duration of action in the cat and what is the reason for that
Glycopyrrolate and it is due to no atropinase enzyme
List two reasons why atropine and glycopyrrolate are used as preanesthetic’s
Prevent secretions and restore cardiac rate
List three corticosteroids
Dexamethasone, prednisone, prednisolone
Out of those three corticosteroids which would be used in an emergency anaphylactic reaction
Dexamethasone
Which enteral product requires the liver to metabolize it to the active ingredient
Prednisone
Which enteral product does not require the liver to metabolize it to the active ingredient
Prednisolone
What is the classification for Rimadyl, Medicam, Tolfedine, deramax
Nsaid
What is cartrophen
Polysulfate sodium
What is triancinolone acetonide
Corticosteroid
What is the classification for nystatin
Antifungal
What is the classification for neomycin sulfate
Aminoglycosides
What is the classification for gramicidin
Antibiotic
What is the classification for miconazole nitrate
Antifungal
What is the classification for polymyxin B
Antibiotic
What is the classification for prednisolone acetate
Anti inflammatory
What is the classification for thiostrepton
Antibiotic
What is the classification for triamcinolone acetonide
Corticosteroid
What is the classification for gentamicin
Antibiotic
What is the classification for betamethasone
Glycorticoid (antiinflammatory)
What is the classification of clotrimazole
Antifungal
What is the classification for fusidic acid
Antibacterial
