Microbiology and Immunology (1st) Flashcards
All information that was taught to me while attending Vanier College's "Animal Health Technology" Program, located in St-Laurent Montreal.
1
Q
What are microbes and micro organisms
A
Minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Includes bacteria, fungi, protozoa and microscopic algae and viruses
2
Q
What do micro organisms do
A
Help maintain the balance of living organisms and chemicals in our environment
3
Q
What do soil microbes do
A
Breakdown waste and incorporate nitrogen gas from the air into organic compounds’s
4
Q
What does pathogenic mean
A
Disease causing
5
Q
What are some benefits of microbes
A
Makes food, clothing
6
Q
What’s the genus
A
The first name which is capitalized
7
Q
What is the specific epithet
A
The species name which is not capitalized
8
Q
What are bacteria
A
Relatively simple, single celled organisms. Unicellular
9
Q
What are prokaryotes
A
Bacterial cells which includes bacteria and Archaea
10
Q
What is Bacillus
A
Rod shaped bacteria
11
Q
What is coccus
A
Spherical shaped bacteria
12
Q
What is spirilli
A
Corkscrew shaped bacteria
13
Q
How do bacteria reproduce
A
They reproduce by binary fission
14
Q
How do bacteria move
A
They moved by use of their flagella and cilia
15
Q
What are bacterial cell walls composed of
A
They are composed of peptidoglycan
16
Q
What is archaea
A
Consists of prokaryotic cells lacking peptidoglycan
17
Q
What is methanogens
A
Produce methane as a waste product from respiration
18
Q
What are extreme halophiles
A
Salt loving bacteria
19
Q
What are extreme thermophiles
A
Live-in hot, sulfurous water
20
Q
What are fungi
A
Eukaryotes, organisms whose cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cells DNA surrounded by the nuclear membrane
21
Q
What is the fungi cell wall composed of
A
Chitin
22
Q
What are masses of fungi called
A
Mycelia
23
Q
What is hyphae
A
The long filaments on fungi
24
Q
What is Protozoa
A
Unicellular eukaryotic microbes that move by pseudopods flagella or cilia
25
How do protozoa live
They can live as free entities or as parasites that feed off of their host
26
What is algae
Photosynthetic eukaryotes that are both sexual and asexual. Their cell walls are composed of cellulose
27
What is a virus
Contains the core of one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA her. Court is surrounded by a protein coat and a lipid membrane called an envelope
28
What are helminths
Flatworms and roundworms
29
How do you classify bacteria
The cell walls contain a protein carbohydrate complex called peptidoglycan
30
How do you classify Archaea
The cell walls, if present, lack of peptidoglycan
31
How do you classify eukarya
Protists are slime molds protozoa and algae. Fungi are unicellular yeast, multicellular molds and mushrooms. Plants are mosses, firms, cornifers and flowering plants. Animals are sponges, worms, insects, vertebrates
32
What is cell theory
All living things are composed of cells. All cells come from previous cells
33
What is biogenesis
Living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells
34
What is aseptic technique's
Prevent contamination by unwanted microbes
35
What is fermentation
Yeasts convert the sugars to alcohol in the absence of air
36
What is Pasteurization
Heat just enough to kill most of the bacteria that causes spoilage
37
What is the germ theory of disease
Micro organisms may cause disease
38
What is immunity
Protection from disease provided by a vaccination
39
What is vaccine
Cultures of avirulent microorganisms use for preventative inoculations
40
What is chemotherapy
Treatment of disease by using chemical substances
41
What is antibiotics
Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms
42
What is synthetic drugs
Chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory
43
What is bacteriology
The study of bacteria
44
What is mycology
The study of fungi
45
What is Parasitology
Study of protozoa and parasitic worms
46
What is genomics
The study of all organisms genes
47
What is immunology
The study of immunity
48
What is virology
The study of viruses
49
What is recombinant DNA
Fragments of human and animal DNA that codes for proteins attached to bacteria DNA. Can be used to make large quantities of desired protein
50
What is microbial genetics
Studies the mechanisms by which micro organisms inherit traits
51
What is molecular biology
Studies how genetic information is carried in molecules of DNA and how DNA directs the synthesis of proteins
52
What is microbial ecology
The study of the relationship between micro organisms and their environment
53
What is bioremediation
Using bacteria to break down pollutants
54
What is biotechnology
The commercial use of micro organisms to produce foods and chemicals
55
What is gene therapy
Inserting a missing genes or replacing the defective one in human cells
56
What is an infectious disease
Disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host
57
What are the characteristics of prokaryotes
The DNA is not enclosed within a membrane. Their DNA is not associated with histones. Lack membrane enclosed organelles. So walls generally contain peptidoglycan and they divide by binary fission
58
What are the characteristics of eukaryotes
DNA is found in cells nucleus. DNA is associated with histone and non-histone proteins. Have a membrane enclosed organelles. Cell walls are chemically simple. Cell division involves mitosis
59
What are diplococci
Cocci that remain in Pairs after division
60
What is streptococci
Cocci that divide and remain in chain like patterns
61
What is tetrads
Divided into planes and remain in groups of four
62
What are sarcinae
Divided in three planes and remain in cube like groups of eight
63
What are staphylococci
Divide in multiple planes and form grape like clusters
64
What are single bacilli
Single rods of bacteria
65
What are diplobacilli
Appear in pairs after division
66
What is Streptobacilli
Occur in chains
67
What is coccobacilli
Oval bacteria that look like cocci
68
What is vibrios
Bacteria that look like curved rods
69
What is Spirilla
Have a corkscrew shape
70
What are sphirochetes
Helical, flexible spirals
71
What does monomorphic mean
Cells that maintain a single shape
72
What is pleomorphic
Cells that have many shapes
73
What is a glycocalyx
A substance that surrounds cells
74
What is a capsule
And organized substance that is firmly attached to sell walls
75
What is the slime layer
Unorganized and loosely attached substance to the cell wall
76
What is the extracellular Polymeric substance
A Glycocalyx help cells in the biofilm attached to their target environment into each other
77
What is the flagella
Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria
78
What is a Atrichous
Bacteria lacking flagella
79
What is petritrichous
Flagella distributed over the entire cell
80
What is polar
At one or both poles or ends of the cell
81
What is monotrichous
A single flagella at one pole
82
What is lophotrichous
A tuft of flagella coming from one pole
83
What is amphitrichous
Flagella at both poles of the cell
84
What is motility
Ability of an organism to move by itself
85
What is taxis
Movement of bacterium toward or away from a particular stimulus
86
What is chemotaxis
Chemical stimuli
87
What is phototaxis
Light stimuli
88
What is H antigen
Flagellar protein
89
What is serovars
Variations within a species of gram negative bacteria
90
What are axial filaments
Bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheathe and spiral around the cell
91
What are fimbriae
Can occur at the poles of bacterial cell or can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell
92
What is a pili
Usually longer that fimbriae. Pili are involved in motility and DNA transfer
93
What is twitching motility
Makes contact with another surface and then retracts
94
What is gliding motility
Smooth gliding movement of myxobacteria
95
What is conjugation pili
Used to bring bacteria together allowing transfer of DNA
96
What is the cell wall
Semi rigid structure responsible for the shape of the cell
97
What is peptidoglycan
Composed of a macromolecular network
98
What is Porins
Proteins in the membrane that form channels
99
What is a lipopolysaccharide
A complex molecule that has lipids and carbs and consists of three compounds. Lipid a, core polysaccharide, o polysaccharide
100
What is lipid a
Lipid portion of lipopolysaccharide
101
What is core polysaccharide
Attached to lipid a and contains unusual sugars. Provide stability
102
What is o polysaccharide
Functions as an antigen
103
What is mycolic acid
Hydrophobic waxy lipid in their cell walls
104
What is a protoplast
Cellular contents that remains surrounded by the plasma membrane. May remain intact if lyses does not occur
105
What is an L form
Proteus that loses their cell wall and swell into irregularly shaped cells
106
What is a spheroplast
Cellular contents, plasma membrane and remaining outer cell wall layer inside a spherical structure
107
What is osmotic lysis
Bursting of a cell due to osmosis
108
What is the plasma membrane
Thin structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell
109
What is the glycoprotein
Protein attached to carbohydrate
110
What is a glycolipid
Lipid attached to a carbohydrate
111
What is a fluid Mosaic model
Dynamic arrangement of phospholipids and proteins
112
What is selective permeability
Selective barriers through which materials can enter and exit the cell
113
What is the chromatophore or thylakoid
Enzymes involved in photosynthesis found in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm
114
What is a mesosome
Bacterial plasmid membranes having large irregular folds
115
What is simple diffusion
Overall movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
116
What is facilitated diffusion
Integral membrane proteins function as carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane
117
What is osmosis
Net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area with a high concentration of solvent molecules to an area of low concentration of solvent molecules
118
What is osmotic pressure
Pressure required to prevent the movement of pure water into a solution containing some solutes
119
What is isotonic solution
Medium in which the overall concentration of solutes equal that Found inside a cell
120
What is a hypotonic solution
In medium in which the concentration of solutes is lower than that inside the cell
121
What is a hypertonic solution
Medium having a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell has
122
What is active transport
Cell using energy to move substances across the plasma membrane
123
What is group translocation
Special form of active transport that occurs exclusively in prokaryotes, the substance is chemically altered during transport across the membrane
124
What is the cytoplasm
Substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane
125
What is the nucleoid region
The region containing DNA
126
What is bacterial chromosome
Circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA
127
What is a plasmid
Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules
128
What is a ribosome
The site of protein synthesis
129
What is an inclusion
Reserve deposits in cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells
130
What are metachromatic granules
Large inclusions that take their name from the fact that they can stain red with blue dyes
131
What is volutin
Represents a reserve of inorganic phosphate that can be used in the synthesis of ATP
132
What is a polysaccharide granule
Inclusion consisting of glycogen and starch
133
What is the lipid inclusion
And inclusion containing lipids
134
What is a carboxysome
Inclusions that contain the enzyme ribose 15 diphosphate carboxylase
135
What is a gas Vacuoles
Hollow cavity is found in many aquatic prokaryotic
136
What is a magnetosome
Inclusion surrounded by invagination's of plasma membrane
137
What are endospores
Gram-positive bacteria forming specialized resting cells
138
What is sporulation
Endospore formation within a vegetative cell
139
What is germination
Endospore returning to a vegetative state
140
What are microtubules
Long, hollow tubes made up of a protein called tubulin
141
What is endocytosis
A segment of a membrane enclosing a particle and bringing it into the cell
142
What is cytosol
Fluid portion of cytoplasm
143
What is cytoskeleton
Provides support and shape
144
What is cytoplasmic streaming
Movement of eukaryotic cytoplasm from one part of the cell to another
145
What are organelles
Structures were specific shapes and specialized functions that are characteristic of eukaryotic cells
146
What is the nuclear envelope
Double membrane surrounding nucleus
147
What is a nuclear pore
Tiny channels in the membrane
148
What is nucleoli
Condensed regions of chromosomes where RNAs being synthesized
149
What are histones
DNA combined with several proteins
150
What is chromatin
Threadlike mass of protein
151
What is a chromosome
Chromatic and coils into shorter and thicker rodlike bodies
152
What is the endoplasmic reticulum
Extensive network of flattened membranous sacs called Cisternae
153
What is the golgi complex
First step in the transport pathways through an organelle
154
What's a transport vesicle
Releases proteins into the cistern
155
What is secretory vesicles
Detach from the cistern and deliver the proteins to the plasma membrane
156
What is Lysosomes
Contain 40+ digestive enzymes
157
What are vacuoles
Space or cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell that is enclosed by a membrane
158
What is the mitochondria
Rod shaped organelles
159
What is the Cristae
Folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane
160
What is the matrix
Semi fluid substance in the center of the mitochondrion
161
What is a chloroplast
Membrane enclosed structure that contains both the pigment chlorophyll and the enzyme required for the light gathering phase of photosynthesis
162
What are thylakoids
Chlorophyll containing flat membranous sacs
163
What is peroxizomes
Contains enzymes
164
What is a centrosome
Important to cell division
165
What is an Endosymbiotic theory
Large bacterial cells which lost their cell walls and engulf smaller bacterial cells
166
What is a metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism
167
What is catabolism
Enzyme regulated chemical reactions that release energy (the breakdown of complex organic compounds into smaller compounds)
168
What is anabolism
Enzyme regulated energy requiring reactions (build complex organic molecules from simpler ones)
169
What are metabolic pathways
Sequences of chemical reactions
170
What is activation energy
Collision energy required for a chemical reaction
171
What is a reaction rate
Frequency of collisions containing sufficient energy to bring about a reaction
172
What is a catalyst
Substance that speed up chemical reactions
173
What is an enzyme
Biological catalyst
174
What is a substrate
Specific substrate for a specific enzyme
175
What is an enzyme-substrate complex
When enzyme orients the substrate into a position that increases the probability of a reaction
176
What is a turnover number
Maximum number of substrate molecules an enzyme molecule converts to product each second
177
What is an apoenzyme
Protein portion of an enzyme
178
What is a cofactors
A nonprotein component
179
What is a coenzyme
Is a cofactors is an organic molecule
180
What is a haloenzyme
Whole enzyme (apoenzyme + cofactor)
181
What is CoA
Synthesize and breakdown fats
182
What is denaturation
Loss of structure due to heat
183
What does saturated mean
All active sites are occupied
184
What are competitive inhibitors
Fill active site of an enzyme and competes with normal substrate
185
What is a noncompetitive inhibitor
Don't compete with substrate. Interacts with another portion of the enzyme
186
What is allosteric inhibition
Binds to site other than the substrates binding site
187
What is feedback inhibition
Stops cell from making more substances than it needs
188
What is a ribozyme
RNA that functions like protein enzymes
189
What is oxidation
Removal of electrons
190
What is reduction
Gain of electron
191
What is dehydrogenation
Loss of hydrogen atoms
192
What is phosphorylation
Addition of phosphate group
193
What is the electron transport chain
Electron carrier sequences
194
What is photophosphorylation
Photosynthetic cells use of phosphorylation
195
What is carbohydrate catabolism
Breakdown of carbohydrate molecules
196
What is glycolysis
Oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid
197
What is enther-doudoroff pathway
Produces 2 NADPH and 1 ATP
198
What is cellular respiration
ATP generating process
199
What is aerobe
Uses oxygen
200
What is an anaerobe
Does not use oxygen
201
What is aerobic respiration
Final electron receptor is O2
202
What is anerobic respiration
Final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule
203
What is the kerbs cycle
Cycle where the potential chemical energy stored in acetyl CoA is released step by step
204
What is decarboxylation
Loss of one CO2
205
What is the electron transport chain
Carrier molecules that are capable of oxidation and reduction
206
What is flavoproteins
Proteins containing flavin
207
What is cytochromes
Proteins with iron containing group
208
What is ubiquinones
Non protein carriers
209
What is chemiosmosis
ATP synthesis using electron transport chain
210
What is fermentation
Release of energy from sugars. Anaerobic.
211
What is lactic acid fermentation
Glucose oxidized to two molecules of pyruvic acid
212
What is alcohol fermentation
Glycolysis of glucose ➡️ 2 pyruvic acid and 2 ATP
213
What is heterolactic
Produces lactic acid
214
What is photosynthesis
Synthesis of organic compounds
215
What is carbon fixation
Synthesis of sugars by use of CO2
216
What are some of the destructive and beneficial actions of microbes
Breakdown waste, industrial uses, causes sickness and disease
217
What is a genus and epithet
Genus is the first word that is capitalized. Epithet is the second word that is not capitalized.
218
What groups of microbes are prokaryotic
Bacteria and archaea. No nucleus
219
What are eukaryotic microbes
Protists, fungi, plants, animals. Have no nucleus
220
What are the three domains
Bacteria, archaea, eukarya
221
What is the cell theory
All living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, all cells arise from pre-existing cells
222
What evidence supported spontaneous generation
Maggots suddenly appearing on a corpse
223
How was spontaneous generation disproved
Pasteur: 2 jars filled with rotting meat. 1 covered and one uncovered. One had maggots appeared
224
What is the germ theory of disease
Microorganisms enter a host, cause physical and chemical change, causing malfunction of normal system function
225
What is the importance of Koch postulates
Provided a good general guideline to identify pathogens
226
What is the significance of jenners discovery
Explored innovations and immunity leading to the discovery of vaccines
227
What was ehrlichs magic bullet
Synthetic cure for diseases : chemotherapy
228
What is microbial genetics
The study of small bacteria
229
What is molecular biology
Branch that deals with the molecular basis of biological activity
230
What are beneficial uses of bacteria
Bacteria in herbivores that ferment fibers and industrial uses
231
What is biotechnology
Industry and food production using microbes
232
What is recombinant DNA
Cloning to make bacteria to find a cure
233
Why are biofilms important
Give microbes a layer of protection
234
What factors contribute to emergence of infectious disease
Microbial adaption, climate, intent to harm
235
What is the main feature that distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes
Prokaryotes have no nucleus
236
How would you be able to identify streptococci through a microscope
Spherical shaped bacteria in chains
237
Why are bacterial capsules medically important
Gives bacteria protection against the environment and impairs phagocytosis
238
How do bacteria move
They move by flagella, cilia
239
Why are drugs that target cell walls useful
Without a cell wall, the bacteria is susceptible to destruction by chemicals
240
Why are mycoplasmas resistant to antibiotics that interfere with cell wall synthesis
Because they lack a cell wall
241
How do protoplasts differ from L forms
Protoplasts need penicillin to lose it's cell wall whereas L form can lose it spontaneously or in response to penicillin.
242
Which agents can cause injury to the bacterial plasma membrane
Antimicrobial agents and alcohol cause subsequent cell death
243
How are simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion similar. How are they different
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are similar because they are both methods of diffusion but facilitated diffusion requires a transporting molecule
244
Where is the DNA located in a prokaryotic cell
In the cytoplasm
245
What is the general function of inclusions
They are membrane enclosed nutrient storage structures
246
Under what conditions do endospores form
When there is a lack of nutrients in the cell
247
What is a nucleoid
Region in the cytoplasm where DNA is localized in prokaryotes
248
What is a nucleus
Area containing a nuclear membrane where the nucleolus resides.
249
What is smooth er
Synthesis of lipids/carbs
250
What is a rough er
Site of antibody production
251
What are three organelles are not associated with the Golgi complex.
Centrioles, mitochondria, nucleolus
252
What is catabolism vs anabolism
Breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler ones. Anabolism: buildup of complex organic molecules from simpler ones
253
How is ATP an intermediate between catabolism and anabolism
Breakdown of fats, protein and carbs = catabolism ➡️ turns adp into ATP ➡️ energy released creates molecules = anabolism
254
What is a coenzyme
A non protein compound necessary for the functioning of an enzyme
255
Why is enzyme specificity important
Seperates all reactions
256
What happens to an enzyme below it's optimal temperature? Above it's optimal temperature?
It won't work. It denatures with heat
257
Why is feedback inhibition noncompetitive inhibition
Both types slow enzyme activity
258
Why is glucose such an important molecule for organisms
Helps to make ATP
259
Outline the three ways that ATP is generated
Glycolysis, fermentation, kerbs cycle
260
What is the purpose of metabolic pathways
Series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell
261
What happens during the preparatory and energy conserving stages of glycolysis
Energy is conserved in the form of ATP. As part of the preparatory state, 2 ATP molecules are consumed
262
What is the value of the pentose phosphate and entner-doudoroff pathways if they produce only one ATP molecule
Good for bacteria aerobes due to low ATP yield per glucose
263
What are the products of the Krebs cycle
8 nadh and 2 fadh2
264
How do carrier molecules function in the electron transport chain
Transports electrons through the electron transport chain
265
Define innoculated
Introduced into environment
266
Define contaminants
Unwanted microbes
267
Define aseptic technique
Technique to exclude contaminants
268
Define steralized
Kills all bacteria
269
Define broth cultures
Large number of bacteria, easy to transport
270
Define agar slants
Good growth surface, easy to store and transport
271
Define agar deep
Used to grow bacteria who need less oxygen, also used to check motility
272
What is an innoculating loop
Loop used to inoculate
273
What is an inoculating needle
Needle used to inoculate agar deeps
274
What is an agar slant inoculation
Inoculate a slant by streaking the loop back and forth on the surface of the agar
275
What is agar deep innoculation
Innoculate an agar deep by stabbing into the agar with a needle
276
How do you inoculate a broth
Inoculate a broth by taking a piece of the bacteria and put it into the liquid
277
Why should the entire wire of the inoculating loop be red
For disinfection
278
Why don't we set down the cap
Contamination
279
How many times do we flame the opening of the tube
3
280
Why must the loop be cooled before you pick up bacteria
So that you don't kill them and cause an aerosol
281
What in the broth signals growth of bacteria
Turbidity
282
Which bacteria were gram positive
S. Aureus
283
Which bacteria were gram negative
E. Coli
284
What is a smear
Thin film of bacteria cells
285
What is fixing
Kills bacteria. Coagulated proteins from the cells will cause the cells to stick to the slide
286
What is heat fixing
Use heat to stick cells to slide
287
What is chemical fixing
Put methanol on cells to fix it to the slide
288
What is a chromophore
Colored ion
289
What charge does a basic stain have
Positive
290
What charge does an acidic stain have
Negative
291
Define simple stain
Only one stain
292
Define direct stain
Stains the bacteria
293
Define negative stain
Stains the background
294
Which stain was used in this lab
Methylene blue
295
What bacteria are used in thiS lab
S. EpidermidisB. Megaterium
296
Describe the procedure of the simple stain from a solid medium
place one loop fulls of water on the slide. Transfer a very small amount of the culture with the sterile loop. Mix with the water on the slide.pass the slide under the flame of a burner three times. Cover the spear with methylene blue and leave it for 30 seconds. Wash off methylene blue. Blot it dry.
297
Describe the procedure of a simple stained from a liquid medium
Place 2 loop fulls of the Liquid culture on the slide with the sterile loop. Spread the bacteria within the circle. Pass the slide through flame three times. Cover the smear with methylene blue and leave it for 30 seconds. Wash off methylene blue, blot it dry.
298
What happens if you apply too much heat
It distorts the cells
299
Define negative stain
Stains the background
300
What does a negative stained bacteria look like
Bacteria appears clear against Gray background
301
What is considered a colloidal stain
India ink or eosin
302
What stain did we use
Nigrosin
303
Do you heat fix in a negative stain ? And why
No. Less distortion so it shows morphology and size
304
What are cocci bacilli
Short, oval bacilli
305
What bacteria did we use in this lab
B. SubtilusS. Epidermidis
306
Describe the procedure of a negative stain
Please drop of Nickerson near one end of slide. Mix new full of broth culture in drop. Draw slide across surface like blood sample. Let smear air dry.
307
What is a gram stain
Differential stain that classifies gram - or gram +
308
What is the first step of gram staining
Primary stain. Crystal violet which stains purple and is basic
309
What is the second step in gram staining
Mordant. Grams iodine.
310
What is the third step of gram staining
Decolorizing agent. Ethanol
311
What is the fourth step of gram staining.
Secondary stain. Safranin.
312
What is the color of gram negative
Pink
313
What is the color of gram positive
Purple
314
What are bacterial cell walls composed of
Peptidoglycan
315
What bacteria were used in this lab
S. AureusE. ColiB. Subtilus
316
Describe the procedure for a Gram stain
With a fixed smear: cover smear with crystal violet for 30 seconds. Wash. Cover smear with grams iodine for 10 seconds. Wash. Decolorize. Wash. Cover smear with safranin for 30 seconds. Wash. Blot.
317
Are staphylococcus gram negative or Positive
Gram positive
318
What are structural stains
Used to identify and study the structure of bacteria
319
What is an endospores and how does stain penetrate it
Heat and chemical resistant. Formed from a lack of nutrients. Use 5 mins of steam
320
What stains endospores
Malachite green
321
What bacteria are used in this lab
B. MegateriumB. Subtilus
322
Describe the procedure for staining endospores
Please a piece of absorbant paper over the smear. Cover paper with Malachite green. Steam the slide for five minutes. Wash. Cover smear with safranin for 30 seconds wash. Blot
323
What is the streak plate technique
Do it in 4 quadrants. Each streak crosses previous quadrant twice
324
What is the spread plate technique
Diluted specimen is spread over surface
325
In the pour plate technique what is the dilution of the first bottle
1:99
326
In the pour plate technique what is the dilution of the second bottle
1:10000
327
In the pour plate technique what is the dilution of the third bottle
1:1,000,000
328
What is important with the agar media
Mixing the inoculum by rolling between your hands
329
What is selective media
Contain chemicals that prevent growth of unwanted bacteria
330
What is enrichment media
Chemicals enhance growth of desired bacteria
331
What is differential media
Nutrients that allow distinguish one bacteria from another
332
What nutrients are in tsa
0.5% peptone0.8% NaCl1.5% agar
333
What is msa agar and what grows on it
1.0% peptone7.5% NaCl1.5% agar1.0% mannitol0.025% phenol redGram + grows
334
What is in emb agar and what grows on it
1.0% peptone1.5% agar0.5% lactose0.5% sucrose0.04% eosin0.0065% methylene blueGram -
335
What bacteria were used in this lab
E. ColiP. AeruginosS. AureusS. Epidermidis
336
What happens when E. coli is on EMB agar
It turns metallic green
337
What grows on mannitol salt agar and what color does it turn
S. Aureus and it turns yellow
338
What is the fermentation tube
Contains phenol red. Detects acid and gas production from carbohydrates
339
What is MRVP test
Distinguishes organisms that produce acid from glucose or neutral production = acetoin.
340
What happens if it's a positive MR test
It remains red. The ph = below 4.4
341
If the MR test is orange red
The ph 4.4-6.0
342
What happens if the MR test is yellow
Ph above 6.0
343
If acetoin is present
The upper part: turns red Negative: light brown
344
What happens to citrate agar if it's a positive test
Changes to blue
345
What bacteria is used in the lab
E. ColiE. AerogenesA. FaecalisP. Vulgaris
346
P. Vulgaris ferments what?
Glucose and sucrose
347
What is oxidizing
Removing electrons
348
What is reducing
Accepts electrons
349
What is respiration
Oxidative metabolism
350
What is aerobic respiration
O2 is the final electron acceptor
351
What is oxidase test
Determines presence of cytochrome c.
352
What does catalase do
Breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
353
What is anaerobic respiration
Inorganic compounds is final electron acceptors.
354
Which bacteria was used
B. SubtilusE. ColiP. AeruginosaL. Lactis
355
If it is positive what happens in the oxidase test
Oxidase positive bacteria turn oxidase pink to purple to black.
356
In the nitrate test what does it mean if the broth turns red
Nitrates are present
357
What is p. Aeruginosa
Oxidase positive
358
What is e. Coli
Oxidase negative.
359
Were any bacteria catalase positive
All bacteria were
360
What does obligate mean
Require something
361
What does facultative mean
Can live both with or without something
362
What does the dye in the medium change color to
Turns pink when oxygen is present
363
What do obligate aerobes need
Oxygen
364
What do facultative anaerobes need
Either oxygen or no oxygen
365
What do obligate anaerobes need
No air
366
What do microaerophiles need
Grows best in 5%-10% carbon dioxide
367
What is a co2 jar used for
Grows microaerophiles
368
What is a reducing media
Reduced concentration of oxygen
369
What is sodium thioglycolate
Used in thioglycolate broth
370
What is special about a brewer anaerobic jar
Oxygen is excluded
371
What is anaerobic incubators
Air is evacuated and replaced with a mixture of co2 and nitrogen
372
Which bacteria is used in this lab
A. FaecalisC. SporogenesE. FaecalisE. Coli
373
Which bacteria were strict arrives
P. AeruginosaC. Sporogenes
374
Which bacteria is an aerotolerant anaerobe
E. Faecalis
375
Which bacteria is a facultative anaerobe
E. Coli
376
Why is an agar deep considered a semi solid
Because of less concentration of agar
377
What does a capsul protect against
Phagocytosis
378
What are the two bacteria that produce endospores
Bacillus and colostridum
379
Why is mordant used for flagella staining
Makes a complex with the crystal violet that is larger than just the dye
380
What is the secondary stain in the gram stain
Safranin
381
What does the nigrosin stain do
Repels bacteria. Only stains the background
382
Is it a direct or indirect stain in the simple stain
Indirect stain
383
What happened to the bacteria after the simple stain was added
The bacteria turned blue
384
Is the stain used in the simple stain acidic or basic
Basic
385
Which lenses are parfocal
Objective lenses
386
What is deamination
Removal of an amino group that is later converted to ammonium ion
387
What is a fermentation test
A test medium containing protein, a single carbohydrate, a ph indicator and an inverted Durham tube which is used to capture gas
388
What are photosystems
When chlorophyll and other pigments are packed into the thylakoids of chloroplasts
389
What is cyclic photo phosphorylation
Electron released from chlorophyll in photosystems 1 eventually returns to chlorophyll
390
What is noncyclic photophosphorylation
Electrons released from the chlorophyll in photosystems 2 and 1 don't return to chlorophyll but instead become incorporated into nadph
391
What are phototrops
Use light as their primary energy source
392
What are chemotrophs
Depend on oxidation and reduction reactions of inorganic or organic compounds for energy
393
What are autotrophs
Self feeders
394
What are heterotrophs
Feed on others
395
What are photoautotrophs
Use light as a source of energy and carbon dioxide as their chief source of carbon
396
What is oxygenic
Produces oxygen gas
397
What is anoxygenic
Does not produce O2 gas
398
What are photoheterotrophs
Use light as a source of energy but cannot convert carbon dioxide to sugar
399
What are chemo autotrophs
Uses electrons from reduced inorganic compounds as a source of energy. Use co2 as source of carbon
400
What are parasites
Organisms that derive nutrients from a living host
401
What are psychrophiles
Cold loving microbes. -10-20
402
What are mesophiles
Moderate temp loving. 10-50
403
What are thermophiles
Heat loving 40-70
404
What is a minimum growth temperature
Lowest temp at which a species will grow
405
What is optimum growth temperature
Temperature at which the species grows best
406
What is maximum growth temperature
Highest temp at which growth is possible
407
What are hyperthermophiles
Microbes that have an optimum growth temp of 80* or higher
408
What are acidophiles
Microbes that are tolerant of acidity
409
What is plasmolysis
Shrinkage of a cells cytoplasm
410
What are extreme halophiles
Adapted to high salt concentrations that they require for growth
411
What are obligate halophiles
Require high salt concentrations for growth
412
What are facultative halophiles
Don't require high salt concentrations but are able to grow on them
413
Nitrogen fixation
Use gaseous nitrogen from the atmosphere
414
What are trace elements
Small amounts of mineral elements
415
What are obligate aerobes
Microbes that require oxygen to live
416
What are facultative Anaerobes
Bacteria can grow in the absence of oxygen or with oxygen
417
What are obligate anaerobes
Bacteria that are unable to use molecular oxygen for energy yielding reactions
418
What are aerotolerant anerobes
Cannot use oxygen for growth but they tolerate it well.
419
What are microaerophiles
Microbes that are aerobic however they only grow in oxygen concentrations lower than those and air
420
What are organic growth factors
Essential organic compounds an organism is unable to synthesize
421
What are biofilms
Sticky slime layers of bacteria
422
What is a culture medium
The nutrient material prepared for the growth of microorganisms in the laboratory
423
What does sterile Mean
Must initially contain no living microorganisms
424
What is a chemically defined medium
One who's exact chemical composition is known
425
What is complex media
The exact chemical composition very slightly from batch to batch
426
What is nutrient broth
Liquid form of a medium
427
What is nutrient agar
Agar added to a nutrient broth
428
What is reducing media
Ingredients chemically combined with dissolved oxygen and deplete the oxygen in the culture medium
429
What are capnofiles
Microbes that grow better at high CO2 concentrations
430
What are selective media
Media designed to suppress the growth of unwanted bacteria and encourage the growth of the desired microbes
431
What is differential media
Makes it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired organism from other colonies growing on the same plate
432
What is enrichment culture
Provide to do trades environmental conditions that favor of the growth of a particular micro but not others.
433
What is a colony
Bunches of microbes that arise from a single store or from a group of the same organisms attached to one another in groups of chains
434
What is the streak plate method
Streak bacteria in 4 quadrants
435
What is deep freezing
Pure culture of microbes is placed it is suspected liquid quick frozen temperatures ranging from -50 to -95
436
What is lyophilization
A suspension of microbes is quickly frozen water is removed by high vacume
437
How do bacteria reproduce
Binary fission or budding
438
What is the generation time
Time required for a cell to divide and it's population to double
439
What is a bacterial growth curve
Shows the growth of cells overtime.
440
What are the four basic phases of growth
The lag, the log, stationary and death phase
441
What is the lag phase
Little to no cell division
442
What is the log phase
Period of exponential growth
443
What is the stationary phase
Period Of equilibrium
444
What is the death phase
Please continues until the population is diminished to a tiny fraction of the number of cells in the previous phase
445
What is a plate count
Where you count the visible colonies on a plate
446
What is colony forming units
What plate counts are reflected as
447
What is serial dilution
What do you dilute it to several different bottles
448
What is the pour plate method
When you mix broth with agar
449
What is the spread plate method
When you spread of bacteria over the surface
450
What is turbidity
Cloudiness from cells
451
What is sterilization
Removal or destruction of all living microorganisms
452
What is a sterilant
Sterilizing agent
453
What is commercial sterilization
Sterilization of food items
454
What is disinfection
Control directed at destroyed harmful microorganisms
455
What is antisepsis
The antiseptic disinfection of living tissue
456
What is Degerming
Mechanical removal of most of the microbes that a limited area
457
What is sanitization
Lowers microbial count to safe public health levels
458
What does a germicide kill
Microbes
459
What does a fungicide kill
Fungi
460
What is bacteriostasis
Stops bacteria. Once the bacteriostatic agent is removed growth might resume
461
What is sepsis
Decay
462
What factors influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments
The number of microbes, environmental influences, type of exposure, microbial characteristics
463
How do microbial control agents kill cells
Alteration of membrane permeability, damage to proteins and nucleic acid
464
What is the thermal death point
Lowest temperature at which all the micro organisms in a particular liquid suspension will be killed in 10 minutes
465
What is the thermal death time
Minimal length of time for all bacteria in a particular liquid culture to be killed at a given temperature
466
What is decimal reduction time
Time in minutes in which 90% of the population of bacteria at a given temperature will be killed
467
Given example of moist heat sterilization
Autoclave
468
What is pasteurization
Eliminates pathogenic microbes and lowers microbial numbers
469
What are the methods of dry heat sterilization
Direct flaming, incineration, hot air sterilization. Kills by oxidation
470
What is filtration
Passage of liquid or gas through filter with pores small enough to retain microbes
471
What do high efficiency particulate air filters do
Remove all Microorganisms larger than a certain diameter
472
What are membrane filters used for
Intended to filter bacteria
473
What is desiccation
In the absence of water organisms cannot grow or reproduce but can remain viable for years and one water is made available to them they can resume their growth and division.
474
How is osmotic pressure used to preserve foods
The use of high concentration of salt and sugar is based off the effects of osmotic pressure. The process resembles desiccation
475
What are the two types of sterilizing radiation
Ionizing and nonionizing
476
What is ionizing radiation
Short wavelength. More energy
477
What is non-ionizing radiation
Long wavelength.
478
What are the three heat methods used to control microbial growth
Moist heat, Pasteurization, dry heat
479
In boiling what is the mechanism of action for controlling microbial growth
Protein denaturation
480
In autoclaving what is the mechanism of action to control microbial growth
Protein denaturation
481
In pasteurization what is the mechanism of action to control microbial growth
Protein denaturation
482
In dry heat hot air sterilization what is the mechanism of action for control of microbial growth
Oxidation
483
In filtration what is the mechanism of action to control microbial growth
Separation of bacteria from liquid
484
In cold refrigeration what is the mechanism of action to control microbial growth
Decrease the chemical reactions and possible changes in proteins
485
In deep-freeze and what is the mechanism of action to control microbial growth
Decreased chemical reactions and possible changes and proteins
486
In high-pressure what is the mechanism of action to control microbial growth
Alteration of molecular structure of proteins and carbohydrates
487
In desiccation what is the mechanism of action used to control microbial growth
Disruption of metabolism
488
In osmotic pressure what is the mechanism of action used to control microbial growth
Plasmolysis
489
In radiation what is the mechanism of action used to control microbial growth
Destruction of DNA.
490
What is the disc diffusion method
Place disks on the lawn of bacteria to see which it is affected by
491
What is the mechanism of action for phenol chemicals
Disruption of plasma membrane and denaturation of enzymes
492
What is the mechanism of action for chlorhexidine to control microbial growth
Disruption of plasma membrane
493
What is the mechanism of action for halogens
Inhibits protein function
494
What is the mechanism of action for alcohols
Protein denaturation and lipid dissolution
495
What is the. Mechanism of action for heavy metals and their compounds
Denaturation of enzymes and other proteins
496
What is the method of action for surface active agents
Enzyme disruption
497
What is the mechanism of action for chemical food preservatives
Metabolic inhibition
498
What is the condition of action for aldehydes
Protein denaturation
499
What is an antibiotic
A substance produced by micro organisms that in small amounts inhibits other microorganisms
500
What does the narrow spectrum of microbial activity mean
The range of different microbial types it affects
