Breeding and Reproduction Flashcards
All information that was taught to me while attending Vanier College's "Animal Health Technology" Program, located in St-Laurent Montreal.
1
Q
What is gynecology
A
The study of the female reproductive system
2
Q
What is Theriogenealogy
A
Study of animal reproduction
3
Q
What is obstetrics
A
The study of the female reproductive system involving pregnancy, parturition, and purperium
4
Q
What six things make up the female reproductive tract
A
Ovaries, oviduct, uterus, vagina, Vulva, external genitalia
5
Q
Describe the anatomy of the female reproductive tract
A
Why shaped uterus in most. Body extenze in caudal direction. Two uterine horns project cranially. Suspended by the broad ligament. Oviduct extends from the tips of the uterine horns.
6
Q
What does the ovary do
A
Produces both gametes and hormones.
7
Q
Which hormones are produced by the ovary
A
Estrogen and progesterone
8
Q
What produces estrogen in the ovary
A
The follicle
9
Q
What produces progesterone in the ovary
A
The corpus luteum
10
Q
List the four layers of the ovary
A
Germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, cortex: that contains the follicle and corpus luteum, Medulla
11
Q
List the steps of development for the primordial follicle
A
Primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, develop antral tertiary follicle, antral follicle, ovulating follicle, corpus luteum, corpus albicans(If animal is not pregnant)
12
Q
What are the three parts of the oviducts
A
Infundibulum, Ampulla, isthmus
13
Q
What is the infundibulum
A
Fingers that hold and grab the egg
14
Q
What is the ampulla
A
Where the egg is fertilized
15
Q
What is the isthmus
A
Opens four days after fertilization
16
Q
What are the six functions of the uterus
A
Reception of fertilized ova, sperm transport, luteolysis, environment for pre-attachment of embryo, nutrition and production of fetus, expulsion of fetus and placenta
17
Q
What does luteolysis trigger
A
The release of prostaglandins that start proestrus If you’re not pregnant.
18
Q
What does the shape of the uterus depend on
A
Species, horns and body vary
19
Q
Describe marsupial reproductive organs
A
Marsupials have a hemipene and females have a transitial vagina
20
Q
How many incisions do rabbits and marsupials require to deliver by C-section
A
Two. One per horn
21
Q
Describe the layers of the uterus from outside to inside
A
Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
22
Q
Describe the myometrium
A
Tone with estrogen, used to transport sperm. Low tone present from progesterone minimizes fetal movement. Inner layer changes during the cycle at endometrium
23
Q
When does a pyo occur
A
2 months after heat
24
Q
What is pus
A
Accumulation of neutrophils
25
What happens when we have a Pyo
We often get anemia secondary to chronic infection
26
Describe the cervix
Close access to uterus from vagina, opens only during estrus or parturition. It's folds can make artificial insemination difficult. Cervix also secretes mucus and can have single or multiple folds.
27
Describe the vagina
Acts as a copulatory organ, and to pass newborns. Caudal vagina has stratified squamous epithelium. Epithelial cells are modified by hormonal changes. During estrus the vagina thickens dramatically and prevents microbes from gaining entrance to vasculature of the submucosa.
28
What is andrology
The study of the male reproductive system
29
Describe the hymen
Connection from the vagina to the vestibule or volva
30
What is the urethra
It is where we catheterize for urine. Enters into the vagina
31
What is the vestibule
Two labia, clitoris, arise from the primitive cloaca
32
Describe the Bony structure of the pelvis
Sacrum️caudal vertebrae Ossa coxarum (ilium, ischium, pubis)Acetabulum Ligaments - sacroiliac, sacrosciatic, prepublication tendonPelvic inlet
33
What does Mono estrus Mean
One estrous cycle per year
34
What does polyestrous mean
Many estrus cycles per year
35
What is a seasonal polyestrous
One estrous cycle per season
36
What is the follicular phase
More estrogen (proestrus, estrus). The time the follicle predominates
37
What is the luteal phase
When the corpus luteum predominates (metestrus)
38
What is proestrus
Graafian follicle is growing under the influence of FSH causing estrogen to be produced
39
What is estrus
Desire. Estrogen causes cilia to move in oviducts. Lutenizing hormone is released and triggers ovulation. Some induced Ovulators require coitis before luteinizing hormone surge occurs.( Cats rabbits ferrets)
40
Describe metestrus
Corpus luteum starts to grow due to luteinizing hormone
41
Describe diestrus
corpus luteum is mature and produces progesterone
42
Describe Anestrus
Menopause. Ovaries are not currently working
43
What are the signs of estrus
Agitation, decreased appetite, vocalization, discharge, mounting
44
What is gestation
The period from fertilization to parturition. Early deaths of the early embryo with reabsorption is considered sterile
45
What is abortion
Delivery of a dead fetus
46
What is birth
Delivery of an alive fetus
47
What is embryology
Study of development and growth of the individual embryo
48
What is teratology
Study of drugs with pregnancy
49
What is implantation
When blastocysts nest into the endometrium
50
What is the period of the embryo
Evolution of a blastocyst
51
What is the period of fetal development
Evolution of development of organs and animal shape. Is the dangerous period If exposed to chemicals
52
What is the third period
The period of fetal growth
53
What is the fetal membrane and placenta function
Protection, transfer nutrients, remove waste, secrete hormones
54
What is the meconium
The first stool of the new born
55
Describe the attachment of a fetus to uterus
The placenta
56
What is a fetal placenta called
Chorioallantois
57
What is the maternal placenta called
Endometrium
58
Describe the classification of placenta
Damage caused to the endometrium, microscopic appearance, histologic appearance
59
Describe a deciduous placenta
Causes a lot of damage (cats, dogs, humans)
60
Describe a non-deciduous placenta
Won't cause much damage
61
Describe a defused placenta
Uniform villous attachment (horse/ pig)
62
Describe a cotyledonary placenta
Cotyledon of the chorioallantois contacts the caruncles of the endometrium (placentome)
63
Describe a zonary placenta
Band of villous attachment (carnivore)
64
Describe a discoid placenta
The disk area of a placenta (primates, rodents)
65
How do you histologically classify placentas
The method is based on the number of layers between the maternal and fetal blood
66
What do more layers mean
Less antibodies between mom and baby
67
What is epitheliochorial
Has all 6 layers (horse, pig)
68
What is syndesmochorial mean
Has 5 layers, epithelium of uterus is gone (cows)
69
What is endotheliochorial
4 layers, epithelium and c.t of uterus is gone. Chorionic epithelium of the fetus is in direct contact with the endothelium of the endometrium (which has capillaries) (carnivores)
70
What is hemochorial mean
3 layers, blood vessel of endometrium is in direct contact with chorion (no maternal endothelium). So there is more exchange of antibodies, as well as possible immune reactions (humans)
71
What is hemoendothelial
Only one layer present, maternal blood is in contact with capillary bed of chorionic epithelium (Lagomorpha and rodents)
72
What is the classification of a ruminant placenta
Non deciduous cotyledonary syndesmochorial placentation
73
Describe a canine placenta
Deciduous zonary endotheliochorial placentation
74
Describe a human placenta
Deciduous discoid hemochorial placentation
75
Describe puerperal changes
The cervical Canal is closed by mucous plug developing from the first month and projecting through the external cervical opening. There are gestational affects on other systems such as a displaced stomach and intestine, decreased blood return from vena cava. Pressure of the thorax decreases pulmonary ventilation during pregnancy.
76
What is Parturition
Includes the various physiological processes of the birth of young including the delivery of the fetus and placenta and the involution of the uterus. Animals must be fed a balance ration in an amount to provide the necessary food groups so that at parturition she is neither fat nor thin
77
What should the temperature be during parturition
85 to 95°F
78
What are the signs of parturition
Each becomes quieter, the vulva becomes flaccid, enlarged and Edematous. Increased respiratory rate and panting occurs and all species could interrupt the birth process if disturbed
79
Describe stage 1 of parturition
Time varies depending on Species Contractions occur, visible or nonvisible depending on the species. Restless, anxious, panting, nesting, body temperature rises, chorioallantois can break and leak out
80
Describe stage 2 of parturition
Expulsion of the fetus. Time varies on species (canine 15 min, 6 hours cow, horse 1-2hr). Time also varies on litter. Amnion can break or be presented in the sac
81
Describe stage 3 of parturition
Passing of the placenta. 20-30 mins. If retained- problem. Usually comes out after each pup or kitten
82
Describe the post partium period
Uterine involution. Depending on placenta type and endometrial damage. Can be as little as 4 weeks to 3 months.
83
What is lochia
Accumulation of debris in uterus post partium. Black green material which exits uterus, not smelly, normal discharge. It can last 2 weeks. Only a concern of animal not feeling well or newborn is doing poorly.
84
What is the embryonic stage of lactation
Cellular differentiation from other tissues
85
What is the pre puberty stage of lactation
Increase in connective and adipose tissue, no glandular tissue.
86
Describe the post puberty stage of lactation
Development of secretory cells and canals, effect of many hormones.
87
Describe the gestation stage of lactation
Most of the development takes place, especially near the end.
88
Describe the beginning of lactation stage of lactation
Maximum amount of milk produced is not reached
89
How milk is ejected
Nerve receptors in skin, nerve, hypothalamus, oxytocin released, action on myoepithelial cells, milk ejection
90
Where does the testes develop
In the fetal abdomen and descend into the scrotum before birth
91
What is the shape of the testes
Similar shape and consistence: ovoid and firm
92
What is the name of the connective tissue capsul on the testes
Tunica albuginea
93
What is the septa
Extensions from the tunica albuginea into the testes. Divide the testis into lobules, support the seminiferous tubules
94
What are lobules
Contain the seminiferous tubules
95
What is function of the seminiferous tubules
Produce spermatozoa
96
What are Sertoli cells
Nurse function for developing spermatozoa
97
What are leydig cells
Interstitial cells with endocrine function
98
What is the scrotum
Cutaneous sac surrounding testes. Divided into 2 cavities by medium septum. Contains the testes, epididymis and distal portion of the sermatic cord
99
What is the vaginal tunic
Extension of the peritoneum called the tunica vaginalia. Covers the spermatic cord, epididymis and the testes
100
What are the three regions or the epididymis
The head, body and tail
101
What are the functions of the epididymis
Transports, feeds, stores and matures sperm as well as reabsorbs dead sperm
102
What does the spermatic cord contain
Testicular artery and vein, lymphatics , autonomic nerves, ductus deferens, cremaster muscle, tunica vaginalis
103
What is the vas deferens
Continuation of tail of epididymis. Goes into abdomen via inguinal rings, fuses with urethra just after the neck of the bladder
104
What is an ampulla
Enlarged area of a tube or canal that's used for the storage of aperm
105
What are the 4 accessory sex glands
Prostate, bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles, other glands
106
What is a prostrate and where is it found
Located at the base of the bladder. Adds it's secretions to the sperm during ejaculation
107
Where is the bulbourethral gland and what does it do
Caudal to prostate, secretes mucus
108
What are the seminal vesicles used for
Add nutrition and buffers to sperm
109
What are the other accessory sex glands
Coagulating glands,Glands of the ductus deferensPreputial glands
110
What is the urethra and where is it located
Long tube from the urinary bladder to the glans penis. Serves both reproductive and urinary systems
111
What are the two types of penis
Fibroelastic or vascular
112
Describe a dogs penis
Has os penis and bulbus glands that form a bulb in the vagina
113
Describe cat penis
Has penile spines
114
Describe a ruminant penis
Has a sigmoid flexure and fibroelastic penis.
115
Describe a pig penis
Anterior part of a penis that has a corkscrew shape
116
Describe a goat penis
Has a urethral process in the shape of a hook
117
Describe the prepuce
Forms a sheath around the glans penis
118
What is paraphimosis
Cannot get it back in
119
Phimosis
Cannot get it out
120
Describe the inguinal canal
Spermatic cord leaves the testis and enters the abdominal cavity by the way of the inguinal canal. It is formed by the abdominal muscles
121
What happens when you have weakened inguinal canal muscles
Hernias
122
Describe temperature regulation
Achieved by the scrotum, the cremaster muscle, and the pampering plexus. Important for the development of sperm where the body temperature can be spermicidal
123
What does the hypothalamus do
Produced GnRH to stimulate the pituitary to produce FSH and LH
124
What does FSH do
Stimulate Sertoli cells and produce estrogen
125
What is LH
Stimulates testosterone by leydig cells
126
Describe crypt orchidism
Failure to descend can result in retention anywhere from its origin, into the inguinal canal, along the vaginal tunic. Can be bilateral or unilateral. Is genetically controlled
127
Erection and profusion of penis
Occur as a result of sexual stimulation causing dilation of the arteries and stiffening of the penis.
128
What is emission
Movement of spermatic fluid along the ductus deferens to the urethra
129
What is ejaculation
The passage of Deneb along the penile urethra brought about by striated muscles
130
What is the principal of artificial insemination
Collect the male, examine sperm, divide it into aliquots
131
What are 6 advantages to AI
Genetic improvementControl of venereal diseaseAvailability of accurate breeding records necessary for good herd management. EconomicSafety through elimination of dangerous animals Use for difficult females who don't want to breed
132
What are three methods to obtain semen
ElectroejaculationDummiesManual collection
133
What are the 4 steps of ivf
Hormone treatmentRemove spermRemove eggsPlace in a test tube
134
What are the advantages of embryo transfer
More progeny
135
What is the function of the testis
Production of sperm and hormones
136
How long does proestrus last
2 days
137
How long does estrus last
14-18hrs
138
How long is metestrus
3 days
139
What is diestrus
Period of corpus luteum, where it produces progesterone and is functional for 17 days of the cycle
140
When does ovulation occur and what triggers it
Ovulation is spontaneous and occurs 12-14hrs after the end of estrus
141
Describe the reproductive anatomy of the female heifer
Heifers: uterus lies within the pelvic canal
142
Describes the reproductive anatomy of the female older cow
The uterus falls into the abdominal cavity quickly once pregnant.
143
What happens to sperm production to the bull in the summer
They produce sperm throughout the year, but a decline in numbers once the summer occurs
144
What three factors influence puberty
NutritionBreedSex
145
When is puberty in female reached
When the first external signs of estrus occur
146
When do tests descend in the male
They decend into the scrotum at birth.
147
When does testicular tissue differentiate
3-4 months
148
When is the male considered fertile
At 8-10 months
149
When is a male in puberty
7-20 months
150
How often will a cow show estrus, and when will it stop
Cow will show estrus at approximately every 21 days. Until the age of 10-12
151
When does postpartum anesteus occur
For 30-50 days following the birth of the cow and many will have silent estrus at first.
152
When will the cows uterus be adapted to another pregnancy
40 days post partum and ideally the calving to calving interval is 12-13 months. (9 months gestation, 3 months to get her pregnant again)
153
When are cows more fertile
In the spring
154
How many fertile ova will a cow produce in her full reproductive cycle
50 fertile ova
155
How is proestrus characterized
By follicular growth and estradiol production, causing edema of the genital tract. Vulvular secretion is seen. The cows group together
156
What hormones will be released during proestrus
FSH stimulation
157
What type of breeding cycle do cows have
Polyestrous nonseasonal breeders with estrus occurring at an average interval of 21 days
158
What behaviour is seen in proestrus
Cows group together, moves around more, less attracted to feed, sniff others, allow themselves to be sniffed, bellows, but will not stand.
159
What is estrus
The period of sexual receptivity is a result of estradiol acting on the CNS.
160
How long does estrus last
Lasts 14-18 hours,
161
What are the clinical signs of estrus
swollen redden vulva, clear stringy mucous discharge.
162
What is the behaviour of the cow in estrus
The cow becomes passive, calm, allows mounting and mounts other cows.
163
What does the surge of LH do in the cow
LH stimulates the mature follicle to ovulate. She is restless, anxious, inappetant, bellows.
164
How would you describe the cows period of receptivity
Cow is different from most with such a short period of receptivity
165
When does ovulation occur in a cow
ovulation occurs 12-16 hours after the end of estrus.
166
What are 5 reasons why poor heat detection occurs
1. Not enough time is spent 2. Most mounting activity occurs at night in loosely housed herds3. Heat period is short 4. Mounting lasts 10 seconds 5. Feet and leg problems with slippery floors, reduces visibility
167
What are 7 estrus detection aids
1. Wall charts, breeding wheels, herd monitors and individual records2. Secondary signs of heat (vulva and mucous discharge)3. Mount detection aids – these are pressure-sensitive devices that change color to detect mounting4. Palpation of organs by a vet5. Heat detector animals (hormonally treated cows, penile deviation bulls with markers) 6. Heat synchronization – using prostaglandins, if they have a functional CL, with be in heat in 2-7 days7. Pedometers on cows – to measure activity levels
168
What is metestrus
The time following cessation of heat, where ovulation occurs, and luteal cells begin to develop.
169
What biological changes occur in metestrus
Congestion of the genital tract diminishes, and the glandular secretions decrease, some pseudomenstruation occurs (seen as bloody discharge, only in 50% cows, 90 % heifers).
170
What behaviour changes occur in metestrus
The cow will no longer accept mounting
171
What happens to the ovulated egg in metestrus
The ovulated egg is picked up and transported toward the uterus, with fertilization occurring at this time. Whether fertile or not, enters the uterus 3-4 days post-ovulation.
172
What is diestrus
Period of a functional CL, whether the cow is pregnant or not.
173
What body parts are affected in diestrus
Mammary development and uterine growth affected.
174
What happens if the zygote meets the uterus
If the zygote reaches the uterus, the CL stays, if not, then CL regresses on day 17.
175
What behaviour changes occur when the cow is pregnant
If pregnant, cow may still smell and mount other cows in heat, so must be careful not to inseminate again.
176
What does the CL's creation of progesterone trigger
The CL production of progesterone prepares the uterus to nourish the fertilized egg. If fetus is not there, prostaglandin is released by the uterus and causes regression of the CL.
177
How long does estrogen dominate in the cycle
Estrogen dominates 4 days of the cycle
178
How long does progesterone dominate in the cycle
progesterone 17 days
179
What is the fertilization time of cows
Fertilization time is complicated because the cow ovulates 12-15 hours after the end of estrus, fertility being highest in the midheat or end of heat, and declines very quickly.Sperm reach the site of fertilization very quickly, but need to capacitate in the female tract before fertilization, with peak fertility being 7-18 hours before ovulation, hence during the heat period.
180
How long can sperm age and maintain fertility
Although sperm can age 18-20 hours and maintain fertility,
181
How long can ova age and maintain fertility
ova cannot age more than 4-6 hours.
182
What are cows who cannot get pregnant after 3 inseminations called
repeat breeders.
183
What happens if a cow cycles more than every 21 days
If they cycle more than every 21 days, we say it is likely early embryonic death (EED)
184
What happens if a cow cycles less than every 21 days
and if less than 21 days, cystic ovaries.
185
What does the appropriate artificial insemination time depend on
The time of egg release (10-12 hours after standing heat)Lifespan of the egg (6 hours)Capacitation of sperm (5-6 hours)Life span of sperm
186
What are the three general groups of ovarian dysfunction
anestrus, silent or quiet estrus, cystic ovaries.
187
What causes anestrus
stress of animal, disease, climate, nutrition, lactation may cause an anestrus.
188
What is anestrus treated with
Treated with pituitary gonatrophins, especially FSH.
189
What can a cystic ovarian metritis be corrected with
1. Enucleation rectally2. Hormones injection
190
What is a silent estrus
shortage of estrogen, but ovulation does occur. If inseminated, will conceive.
191
What are cystic ovaries
another form of COD is where follicular cysts develop, accumulate a lot of fluid, and do not proceed to ovulation.The cows can present in frequent heats, and nymphomaniac tendencies, or irregular or no heat.Again, hCG is the treatment of choice, or manual rupture.
192
What changes with uterine tone if a cow is pregnant
Since uterine tone is a good indicator of estrus and can be detected by rectal palpation, it is used by most inseminators to verify if cows submitted for insemination are in estrus.
193
What does estrus do to the endometrium
Estrogen increases the vascular growth of the endometrium. When withdrawn (following ovulation), hemorrhages in the endometrium causes blood in the vulvar discharge. So some cows show bleeding on the second or third day after estrus.
194
How do you determine sperm production
Sperm production, fertile sperm is correlated to testicular size, which can be estimated by the length and width of scrotal circumference.
195
How much semen do bulls ejaculate
Bulls ejaculate 4-10 ml of semen, containing 800 million or 2000 million (2 billion) sperm per milliliter.Sperm increases with the age of the bull up to 7 years, and then declines.
196
Describe the penis of the bull
Penis is fibroelastic, small diameter, rigid when no erect.Protrusion occurs by straightening of the S-shaped sigmoid flexure. cows respond to chin-resting by standing.Mating is brief, less than 5 seconds
197
Where is the progesterone required to maintain pregnancy in the cow made
The ovary is the major source of progesterone needed to maintain pregnancy in the cow.
198
What does fetal cortisol trigger
Fetal cortisol triggers parturition, stimulating the conversion of progesterone to estrogen and also causing a release of uterine PGF2, causing the terminating luteal function.
199
How long is gestation in a cow
Gestation is 276-295 days, average 285 or 9 months.
200
What are the biological changes of the vagina when the cow is close to parturition
Nearing parturition, the vulva discharges a thick and stringy mucus, the udder enlarges, and the teats become distended (with colostrum).
201
Describe the cows behaviour the day before parturition
1-2 days before calving, the cow is restless, keeps a small isolated area, and defends it. She should be placed in a clean, disinfected maternity pen, with a non-slippery floor, lots of bedding and good ventilation.
202
What does the cow do during stage 2 of parturition
Stage II is done either lying down, standing or sternal, with abdominal straining. The amnios appears at the vulva (water bag) and the calf soon follows.
203
How long does it take for the calves to stand
Calves take 45 minutes to stand and a few hours to suckle.
204
How many stages are in parturition
3 stages as in all speciesStage 1- dilation, nervousness, and nestingStage 2- pushingNormal parturitionStage 3- placenta
205
What is the first stage of parturition
Dilation, nervousness, nesting
206
What is the second stage of parturition
Pushing
207
What is the third stage of parturition
Placenta
208
When is colostrum released
colostrum within the first 2-12 hours, separate from the dam within 24 hours into an individual pen, feeding whole milk.
209
When are cows weaned
Weaning occurs 5-6 weeks,
210
When is roughage introduced to a baby cow
at 3 weeks
211
When is grain fed until
Grain is fed until 12 months.
212
When are cows dehorned, vaccinated and castrated
Calves are dehorned, castrated, vaccinated at 2-3 months (extra surgeries such as supernumerary teats treated and umbilical hernias).
213
When are heifers bred
Heifers are bred when they reach a good weight, usually at 14-15 months, with the first parturition and milk production starting at 24 months.
214
When do beef cattle usually calve
Beef cattle usually calve over 45 days from March to April.
215
What happens in May if the calves were done in march or april
At the end of May, branding, dehorning, vaccination, deworming occurs.
216
When are cows generally weaned
October
217
When are bulls placed with the female
Bulls placed with the female from June to July 15 in order to achieve calves from a same age group to regroup them in the same feedlot. Unbred cows are culled.
218
How often are twins born in dairy breeds
Twins are born in about 2% of births in dairy breeds,
219
How often are twins born in beef cattle
and 0.4 % in beef, and result in dystocia
220
What also causes dystocia
Dystocia is caused also by fetal malpresentations.
221
What are freemartins
Freemartins are the mixing of male and female twin, which causes the female to be androgenized.
222
What is the postpartum period
The postpartum period is the time following parturition during which lactation is initiated and reproductive cycles are re-established.
223
What occurs in the uterus in the postpartum period
The uterus undergoes involution, the gravid horn is larger and the muscle tone gradually returns to cause shrinking.
224
How many days after the postpartum period are dairy cows usually bred
Dairy cows are bred usually 50 days after postpartum, and should conceive by 80 days in order to maintain a calving interval on 12 months.
225
What is the purpose of examining the reproductive tract
diagnosis of pregnancy,estimation of gestational age,characterization of the reproductive status.
226
What do you need to know about the animal in order to evaluate the reproductive tract
a. virgin cow, pregnant heifer, uniparous/multiparousb. agec. cycle historyd. calving dates and commentse. breeding dates and methodsf. previous treatmentsg. nutritional program
227
How do we perform the examination of the reproductive tract
The method of physical examination is best by rectal palpation of the cervix, uterus, ovaries and other supporting structures.
228
Describe the feeling of the follicle
Follicles – have a smooth outline, with fluctuation below the surface
229
Describe the feeling of the CL
CL’s – soft and crepitate following ovulation, to a liverlike consistency at midcycle, to a firm structure at the end of the luteal, many have a papilla.
230
Describe the feeling of the CA
Corpora albicans – (what is it?) small and firm, really scar tissue
231
Describe what smooth ovaries indicate
Smooth ovaries – with no significant structures, indicates a cow is not cycling
232
What do you find in the absence of a CL
Ovarian cysts- fluid filled structures greater than 25 mm diameter, found in the absence of a detectable CL.
233
What % of animals that are pregnant exhibit estrus
Cessation of estrus is not a reliable sign, because 10 % of pregnant cows exhibit estrus, and also can be caused by pathological problems.
234
What is the membrane slip
membrane slip – chorioallantois slips through uterine horns, at 30 days of pregnancy
235
What is the amniotic vesicle
amniotic vesicle – as a moveable object within the uterine lumen from 30-65 days
236
What is a placentome
placentomes – detected as soft thickened bumps in the uterine wall from 75 days on (type of placenta??)
237
At what time can you palpate the fetus
palpation of fetus – 65days to term
238
At what point can you palpate the uterine artery fremitus
uterine artery fremitus – from 120 days, the fremitus is unilateral (which side?), at 7 months it is bilateral
239
What methods during the examination allow you to know if the animal is pregnant.
Methods are:membrane slip – chorioallantois slips through uterine horns, at 30 days of pregnancyamniotic vesicle – as a moveable object within the uterine lumen from 30-65 daysplacentomes – detected as soft thickened bumps in the uterine wall from 75 days on (type of placenta??)palpation of fetus – 65days to termuterine artery fremitus – from 120 days, the fremitus is unilateral (which side?), at 7 months it is bilateral
240
What is vaginoscopy show
Vaginoscopy, using a cylindrical speculum and a penlight.The secretions indicate the stage of the estrus cycle.Large quantities of stringy water-clear mucus indicate proestrus; small amounts of blood indicate metestrus; and diestrus, mucosa is pale with scanty sticky mucus.
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What are the other methods of vaginal evaluation
Laparoscopy UltrasoundMilk progesterone or plasma progesterone assays – elevated after 24 days post breeding, strongly suggest pregnancy, accuracy 80% for pregnancy, 100% non pregnant
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What results in 15% of reproductive wastage
Failure of fertilization accounts for 15% of reproductive wastage.
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What results in 25% of reproductive wastage
Embryo loss accounts another major portion of reproductive wastage (25%).
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What does early embryo loss cause
Early embryo loss results in a normal cycle, late embryo loss manifests in late and irregular returns to heat.
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What can early embryo loss be secondary to
EED can be 2ndary to nutritional deficiencies, cytogenic abnormalities, immunological factors, uterine environment, and bad timing of insemination.
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How do you induce abortion in an animal
Induced abortionPregnancy maintenance is dependent on adequate concentration of circulating blood progesterone.In order to terminate pregnancy, one needs to eliminate the source of progesterone.The CL is the main source of progesterone for the first 5 months, and the last month PGF2 results in luteolysis.
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What do glucorticoids cause when given with PGF2 in a pregnant cow
Glucorticoids reduce placental secretion of progesterone, so a combination of steroids and PGF2 can induce abortion between the 5-8 months of gestation.Estrogen is also luteolytic.
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When do we do a caesarian sections occur
Done when there is fetal malpresentationBreech, butt first, most common malpresentationCan try to manipulate them, but often easier to just do C-section
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What happens when a calf is dead
When calf is dead, sometimes need to do a fetotomyUse embryotomy wire (gigli)
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What are the reasons to induce abortions
Reasons to induce abortions area prevent dystocia after mismating heifersb. unintentional breeding to an undesirable bullc. pregnancy of feedlot heifers reduces feed efficiencyd. pathological diseases of pregnancy- “hydrops”e. prolonged gestation – dead fetus, mummies, hydrocephalus, anencephaly
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What is Hydroallantois/hydroamnios
Hydroallantois and hydroamnios: rapid accumulation of fluid in late gestation following an abnormal function of the placentomes. Results in a distended, tense abdomen with anorexia, dehydration and dyspnea.
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When does Fetal mummification and fetal maceration occurs
occurs when a fetus dies without luteolysis and cervical dilatation for expulsion. Mummification occurs from the 3rd to 8th month of gestation. Maceration occurs at any stage, with chronic, mucopurulent discharge from the vulva.
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What can cause metritis
Unsanitary calving conditions can increase bacteria, causes uterine infection.Retained placentas are also associated with increased metritis, as well as excessive manipulation of genital tract and trauma during calving.Mixed populations of bacteria are always present, and if conditions are favorable, they can cause life threatening septic, toxic or gangrenous metritis.
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What happens if ovulation occurs before the uterus has expelled the exudate
If ovulation occurs before the uterus has expelled the exudate, the CL is retained, the cycle is interrupted and pyometra may be perpetuated.
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What is the treatment for pyometra
Treatment is with antibiotics, and with prostaglandins.
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What is a retained placenta related to
metabolic diseaseinfectionsuterine inertiadystociastressnutritionhormonal problemshereditary factors
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What is considered a retained placenta
Placenta is kept longer than 12 hours, where a disturbance of the loosening mechanism of the placentomes is affected.
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What is the treatment for a retained placenta
Oxytocin and observation, sometimes place intra-uterine antibiotics or douchesManual removal of placentaPlacentome removal
259
Describe cystic ovaries
Follicle like ovarian structures, persist more than 10 days, incidence is 10-30%.`
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What are the causes of cystic ovaries
Causes:SeasonAgelevel of milk productionhereditary factorsnutritionOvarian dysfunction results, with either anestrus (80%) or nymphomania (20%).
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What is Obturator paralysis
Happens when the fetus is big and stays too long in the birth canal, crushing the obturator nerve on the ilium.This causes paralysis of the adductor muscles, and the cow cannot stand.
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What is milk fever
Hypocalcemia that happens usually in the early stages of lactation The animal cannot absorb adequate calcium to meet lactational needs, so uses serum calcium. A flaccid paralysis and inability to rise are observed.
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What is ketosis
A metabolic disorder where the body cannot produce enough sugar for energy requirements. Then, the fat stores are used resulting in ketones production, the by-product of fat metabolism. These are toxic, cause anorexic, and a characteristic “sweet smelling”, slightly alcoholic breath.Ketone bodies can be picked up in the urine, and this is called ketonuria (look at the dip stick).
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What is mastitis
Common problem, usually due to inappropriate conditions, cleanliness, pump pressure.Milk must be removed from affected quarters.Good hygiene in the milking parlour helpsSomatic cell counts are used to evaluate neutrophils count, done on all quarters.
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What is a prolapsed uterus
The cow keeps straining, and the uterus everts out of the vulva. It must be replaced back in with an epidural anesthetic after cleaning.Sometimes bladder comes out as well.
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What is Perineal lacerations
Occur when cow has pushed too hard.
