Nursing Flashcards
All information that was taught to me while attending Vanier College's "Animal Health Technology" Program, located in St-Laurent Montreal.
1
Q
What is ataxia
A
Uncoordinated movements
2
Q
What is enophthalmia
A
Recessed eye
3
Q
What is exophthalmia
A
Protruding eye
4
Q
What is buphthalmos
A
Enlarged eye
5
Q
What is strabismus
A
Deviation of the eye
6
Q
What is microphthalmia
A
Small eye
7
Q
What is blepharospasm
A
Spasm of eyelid
8
Q
What is blepharitis
A
Swelling of eyelid
9
Q
What is entropion
A
Inward rolling of the eyelid
10
Q
What is ectropion
A
Outward rolling of the eyelid
11
Q
What is lagophthalmos
A
Incomplete closure of the eyelids
12
Q
What is ptosis
A
Drooping of the upper eyelid
13
Q
What are the two types of abnormal discharge
A
Mucoid and purulent
14
Q
What is Epiphora
A
Excessive tear production
15
Q
What is conjunctivitis
A
Inflammation of the conjunctiva
16
Q
What is conjunctival hyperemia
A
Redness of the conjunctiva due to engorged vessels
17
Q
What is chemosis
A
Edema of the conjunctiva
18
Q
What is subconjunctival hemorrhage
A
Hemorrhage under the conjunctiva
19
Q
What is stomatitis
A
Inflammation of mm. In mouth
20
Q
What is hyperemia
A
Redness
21
Q
What is miosis
A
Constricted pupil
22
Q
What is mydriasis
A
Enlarged pupils
23
Q
What is cherry eye
A
Everted third eyelid gland
24
Q
What is Corneal edema
A
Cloudy cornea
25
How do you diagnose a corneal ulcer
Positive fluorescein test
26
What is neovascularisation
Excessive in growth of blood vessels into the cornea
27
What is scleral hyperemia
Redness of the sclera due to engorged vessels of the sclera
28
What is Icteric sclera
Yellow color due to hyperbilirubinemia
29
What can you auscultate on the left side
PulmonaryAorticMitral
30
What can you auscultate on the right
Tricuspid
31
What is glaucoma
High inter ocular pressure
32
What is uveitis
Low inter ocular pressure
33
What does it mean if the mucous membranes are pink
The animals normal
34
What does it mean if the mucous membranes are pale or white
Anemia, poor perfusion, vasoconstriction
35
What do blue mucus membranes mean
Inadequate oxygenation
36
What do brick red mucus membranes mean
Increased perfusion, vasodilation
37
What do yellow mucus membranes mean
Bilirubin accumulation
38
What do brown mucus membranes mean
Methemoglobinemia
39
What do petechia mucus membranes mean
Coagulation disorder
40
How do you do a fluorescein test
1 First the eye may or may not be anesthetized with a drop of topical anesthetic (lidocaine)2 The strips are moistened with saline and the dye allowed to flow out over the cornea. 3. The eye is then gently washed with saline to remove all the excess dye
41
How do you do a schirmers test
Do prior to administration of topical anesthetic. A standardized paper slip is gently placed on the eye. And allowed to absorb tears for one minute, wetting values of less than 15 mm/m are abnormal
42
What could prolonged capillary refill time indicate
The animal circulation is compromised due to cold, shock, cardiovascular disease, anemia
43
What organs are located in the cranial abdomen
Stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, two thirds of kidney, spleen
44
What organs are located in the mid abdomen
Small intestines, Caudal 1/3 of the kidneys, spleen, plus or minus ovaries and uterus
45
What organs are located in the caudal abdomen
Large intestine, colon, plus or minus uterus, bladder, prostate.
46
What should you be able to palpate in the abdomen
Stomach, liver, small intestine, kidney, large intestine, colon, bladder
47
What is wheezing
Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound. Results from construction of obstruction of the throat, pharynx, trachea or bronchi
48
What is dyspnea
Respiratory distress
49
What are the signs of respiratory distress
Posturing. Standing or sitting up with back arched, neck extended, and elbows out. Open mouth breathing
50
What do you call a bump in the skin
Intradermic
51
What do you call a lump under the skin
Subcutaneous
52
What is erythema
Redness/area of bruising
53
What are condomes
Blackheads
54
What are papules
Small circumscribed solid elevated lesion
55
What is a pustule
Small circumscribed elevated, pus containing lesion
56
What are squames
Scale, thin plate like structure
57
What is atrophia
Muscles that are wasting
58
How do you initiate palpebral reflex
Touch corner of eye.
59
How do you initiate menace reflex
Hide one eye with one hand, move your other hand close to the eye.
60
What is nystagmus
Involuntary movements of the eyeballs in unison
61
What is miosis
Excessive pupil construction
62
Excessive pupil dilation
What is mydriasis
63
What is anisocoria
Unequal size of pupils
64
What is Melena
Black, tarry, foul smelling stools which are digested blood
65
What is hematochezia
Red colored stools which is undigested blood
66
What are the normal temps for dogs
37.5-39.2*C
67
What are the normal temps for cats
38.1-39.2*C
68
What is the normal pulse for dogs
60-140bpm
69
What is the normal pulse for toy breeds
Up to 180 bpm
70
What is the normal pulse for puppies
Up to 220bpm
71
What is the normal pulse for cats
140-220bpm
72
What is the normal respiratory rate for dogs
10-30bpm
73
What is the normal respiratory rate for cats
24-43bpm
74
What are the 6 routes of drug administration
ParenteralOralTopicalIntranasalRectalAerosol
75
What does parenteral mean
Not through the alimentary canal. Aka by injection
76
What are the parenteral routes
InjectableIntraperitonealIntralesional Intradermal
77
What are the most common needle gauge sizes for injection
22,23,25g
78
What are the complications to injections
IrritationTissue necrosisInfection
79
Where can injections be given
Anywhere over the dorsal cervical, thoracic or lumbar regions.
80
Where is the ideal site for sub q injections
Over shoulders and neck
81
What is the exception to the ideal sq injection site
Vaccines, can cause sarcomas which have to be removed due to becoming cancerous
82
List a few drugs that can't be given sub q
ThiopentalKetamine
83
If you get ️pain while injecting sub q what might be the case
You're Intradermal
84
Why are solutions injected sub q absorbed more slowly than iv
It is not going straight into the bloodstream so it has to be absorbed through the smaller blood vessels
85
On which muscle group do you do im injections in the thigh
Semimembranous and Semitendinosis muscle
86
What are your im injection landmarks for the thigh
Distally: no lower than stifle
87
What are your landmarks proximally for the thigh
Don't go more proximal than hip
88
What are your landmarks cranially for the thigh
Femur
89
What is the cranial epaxial muscle landmark
Last rib
90
What is the caudal epaxial muscle landmark
Crest of illium
91
What are the landmarks when injecting into the tricep muscles
Top of humerus (above elbow), go caudal to humerus
92
What are the landmarks when injecting in the quadriceps muscle group
Cranially to femur
93
What direction does venous blood flow
Toward the heart
94
How do you avoid phlebitis
Inflammation of vessels. Disinfect and change needle
95
How do you prevent vein collapse
Don't withdraw plunger too fast
96
Which drugs can cause tissue necrosis if injected wrong
Thiopental KetamineDextrose
97
What is intraperitoneal
Into the peritoneal cavity
98
What is Intradermal
In the derm
99
What is intralesional
Into a lesion
100
Name a common clinician sign in cats and dogs where administering an oral drug is contraindicated.
Vomiting or severe diarrhea
101
What is the advantage of aerosol over traditional therapy
Less pancreatitis, diabetes, Polyuria, cystitis, innapropriate urination, behaviour changes
102
What are the feline core vaccines
RhinotracheitisCalici virusPanleukopenia Rabies ***
103
Give an example of the vaccine schedules for kittens
At 8 wk, 12wk, 16wk
104
Give an example of the vaccine schedule for a 16wk old cat
16wk, 20wk and then 1yr later
105
Why do we give boosters till 16 weeks of age
Due to the mda from the mom.
106
Where do you administer the fvrcp vaccine
Front Right shoulder
107
Where do you administer te rabies vaccine
Rhl
108
Where do you administer the felv vaccine
Lhl
109
What are the core dog vaccines
DistemperAdenovirusParvovirisParainfluenza (incl. in bottle)Rabies ****
110
How do you check for cheyletiella
Scotch tape and microscope
111
How do you check for demodex mites
Skin scrapings. Alopecic area
112
How do you test for sarcoptoc mites
Skin lesions at ear margins. Do skin scrapings.
113
What do tapeworms look like
Rice
114
What do roundworms look like
Spaghetti
115
What do hookworms look like
Spaghetti with large head
116
What does using zinc sulfate allow the visualization of
Protozoa (giardia, cryptosporidium etc)Nematodes
117
What are the deworming schedule recommendations for puppies/kittens
2,4,6,8,10,12 wk then once a month until 6 months
118
What is the deworming schedule for adult dogs
Approx 4x/ year
119
What is the deworming schedule for a reproductive bitch
Once during mating, once after giving birth then 2,4 weeks after giving birth
120
What is the deworming schedule for outdoor cats
Every 3 months but if it's a hunter cat then 1x/month
121
What is perfusion
The process in which blood carries oxygen and important nutrients to body tissues. Depends on many body compensatory responses but also on the administration of appropriate fluid volumes to maintain intravascular volume
122
What to mean conditions is fluid therapy used for
Hypovolemic shock and dehydration
123
What are six purposes of fluid therapy
Replace water loss, maintain normal hydration, restore electrolytes and nutrients, vehicle to administer IV medications, replenish blood loss, increase or maintain intravascular osmotic pressure
124
What percent of an animal's total body weight is made up of water
60%
125
What percent of body weight is made up of water in neonate's
80%
126
What are the three main components of total body water distribution
Intracellular fluid space. Interstitial fluid space. Intravascular fluid space.
127
What percent of total body water does intracellular fluid space make up
66%
128
What percent of total body water is interstitial fluid space make up
24%
129
What percent of total body water does intravascular fluid space make up
10%
130
What is considered extracellular fluid
Interstitial fluid space and intravascular fluid space
131
How much percent of total body water does extracellular fluid make up
34%
132
Describe intracellular fluid
Within cells
133
Describe interstitial fluid
Between cells
134
Describe intravascular fluid
Water within blood vessels and lymphatic system
135
What percent of body weight does the blood volume makeup in dogs
8 to 9% of body weight
136
What percent of body weight does blood volume make up in cats
6 to 7%.
137
What is the total body water in a healthy dog
534 to 660 mL per kilogram
138
What is the estimated intravascular water volume in dogs
90 mL per kilogram
139
What is the estimated intravascular water volume in cat
45 mL per kilogram
140
What separates extracellular and intracellular fluid
Cell membrane which is permeable to water but not to most solutes
141
What solutes does body water contain
Cations, anions and other solutes
142
What is responsible for generating concentration gradient across the membrane
The ion channels and the active solute pumps
143
What are the three normal inputs of H2O for an animal
Water, food, metabolism of carbohydrates and fat
144
What are the three things responsible for the loss of H2O in an animal
Peeing, pooping, sweating and hypersalivation
145
What is the estimated water loss over 24 hours from peeing
20ml/kg/24hr
146
What is the estimated water loss over 24hrs from pooping
10-20ml/kg/24hr
147
What is the estimated water loss over 24hrs from sweating and hyper salivating
20ml/kg/24hr
148
What is the total estimated loss per day on average
50-60ml/kg/24hr
149
What is the total estimated fluid loss for puppies/kittens in a day
80ml/kg/24hr
150
How do you calculate maintence
50-60ml/kg/day
151
What is osmotic pressure
The amount of pressure necessary to stop the flow of H2O across a semi permeable membrane
152
What is hydrostatic pressure.
It's basically blood pressure. Pressure generated by the force of a fluid within a compartment
153
What is the colloid oncotic pressure
The power of intravascular protein to retain fluid within blood vessels. Opposite to hydrostatic pressure and pulls the fluid into the circulatory system
154
What is the capillary membrane composed of
Thin membrane of endothelial cells that contain tight or gap junctions through which fluid and Solutes can flow. Permeable to water and electrolytes but not to proteins
155
What are the two ways solutes dissolved in fluid can flow between compartments
By passive diffusion from an area of higher to lower concentration. Or From one compartment to another by active transport mechanism
156
What does the rate of fluid exchange depend on
The forces that favor fluid retention within compartments versus the forces that favor fluid movement or filtration from a compartment to another
157
How is the colloid oncotic pressure dictated
By the concentration of proteins within the space. Albumin mainly contributes to it. Proteins are large molecules so they remain within blood vessels, retaining fluid with them and thereby maintaining blood volume.
158
What happens when hydrostatic forces exceed oncotic colloid forces
Fluid will leave one compartment and go to the other
159
What determines how fluids are distributed during fluid therapy
The composition of the administered fluid, in conjunction with the hydrostatic pressure and the colloid oncotic pressure in the capillories and tissues
160
What does the movement of a particular fluid between compartments depend on
The permeability of the relevant barrier (capillary membrane versus cell membrane)The concentration of molecules contained within each compartment
161
What will happen to intravenous fluid containing small molecules
It will pass freely out of the capillaries and into the intracellular space. They will be distributed throughout both the intravascular space on the interstitial space
162
What happens to intervenous solutions containing large molecules
They will remain within the capillaries. They will expand the intravascular space more efficiently
163
What will happen to intervous solution that is more concentrated than plasma
It will draw water into the blood vessels from the intracellular and interstitial spaces
164
What two factors cause a disordered fluid balance
Decreased intake or increased output
165
How is the degree of dehydration estimated
History, physical exam, laboratory tests
166
When taking the animals history and checking for dehydration what questions do you need to ask about
Route of loss, duration of loss, type of loss, frequency and volume of loss, concurrent medical problems
167
When doing the physical examination of the animal how do you estimate dehydration
Bodyweight, skin elasticity, pulse quality, mucous membrane color, temperature, attitude, heart rate and respiratory rate
168
What are acute losses of bodyweight considered
Mostly fluid losses
169
What does .1 kg of weight lost equal in fluid lost
100 mL of fluid
170
What an animal is less than 5% dehydrated what are the physical examination findings
History of fluid loss but no physical examination abnormalities
171
What an animal is 5% dehydrated what are the physical examination findings
Slight decreased skin turgor, semi dry oral mucous membranes
172
When in animal is 7% dehydrated what are the physical exam findings
Mild to moderate decreased skin turgor, dry oral mucous membranes, slight tachycardia, capillary refill time greater than or equal to three seconds
173
What an animal's 10% dehydrated what are the physical exam findings
Moderate to marked decreased skin turgor, Dry oral mucous membranes, moderate signs of shock Pale mucous membranes, tachycardia, capillary refill time greater than three seconds, decreased pulse
174
What an animal is 13% dehydrated what are the physical exam findings
Plus or minus marked loss of skin turgor, obvious signs of shock.
175
How do you perform a skin turgor test
Twist the skin in between shoulder blades, the time it takes reflects the dehydration of the animal
176
What are some points to keep in mind when estimating the degree of dehydration
Aged animals lose their skin elasticity, patients with third space losses have no change in bodyweight: aka pleural effusion or ascites, obese patients or neonates can have abnormally resilient skin even when dehydrated, nausea and salivation moistens dry mucous membranes
177
What are the laboratory tests to test for dehydration
Packed cell volume, total protein, BUN, glucose, urine specific gravity, electrolytes, CBC, biochem
178
What are the three phases of fluid therapy
Emergency phase (hypovolemic shock) replacement phase (dehydration), maintenance phase (maintenance volume)
179
Describe shock
Ineffective perfusion of tissues with blood. Results in cellular hypoxia
180
What are the six signs of shock
Pale mucous membranes, increased capillary refill time, tachycardia, weak pulse, depression, cool extremities
181
What is hypovolemia
Decreased fluid volume within the intravenous space due to hemorrhage or trauma.
182
What happens when more than 25% of intravenous volume is lost
Severe hypovolemia and hypotension. This leads to hypovolemic shock
183
What happens when 50 to 60% of intravenous volume is lost
Cardiac arrest
184
What are some common causes of hypovolemia
Significant hemorrhage, loss of plasma water during severe vomiting or diarrhea, end-stage dehydration, inadequate intake, hypoproteinemia
185
What is the goal of the emergency phase
To reverse hypotension and shock, not to correct dehydration
186
What happens if the clinical signs of shock resolve after the first bolus of fluid
Proceed to replacement face if the animal is dehydration or the maintenance phase if he is not dehydrated but not eating or drinking
187
How do you tell if the clinical signs of hypovolemia are resolved
Mucous membrane color improves, heart rate decreases, pulse quality improves, attitude of animal improves, capillary refill time improves, respiratory rate stabilizes, peripheral extremities are warm
188
What volume of fluid is needed for dogs in the emergency phase
60 to 90 mL/kg/hr
189
What amount of fluid is needed for a cat in the emergency phase
45 to 60 mL/kg/hr
190
How do you calculate how many milliliters of fluid you need for the replacement phase
Deficit volume (hydration deficit), maintenance volume, abnormal ongoing losses volume
191
What is the deficit volume or the hydration deficit
Amount of fluid to be replaced to bring audible back to normal hydration status
192
What is maintenance fluid
The volume of fluid and amount of electrolytes that must be taken in on a daily basis to keep the volume of total body water and electrolyte content normal.
193
Is Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine considered a core vaccine
No
194
Is leptospirosis considered a non-core vaccine
Yes
195
True or false only 20% of puppies and kittens are infected with roundworms and hookworms
False
196
True or false puppies and kittens should be dewormed until four months of age
True
197
True or false leptospirosis vaccine should be given every year
True
198
True or false solution injected subcutaneously is more rapidly absorbed then intravenously
False
199
True or false while doing an intramuscular injection into the thigh, the needle must be directed toward the caudal aspect of the Limb
True
200
True or false the lingual vein is mainly used for emergency drug administration
True
201
True or false the F I V vaccine is considered a core vaccine
False
202
What is the cranial landmark for the dorsal lumbar muscle IM injection
The last rib
203
What is the Caudal landmark of the dorsal lumbar muscle Im injection
Crest of ilium
204
Why does the American Association of feline practitioners recommend boosters until 16 weeks of age for the FVRCP vaccine in cats
To minimize vaccination failure that can occur due to the presence of maternal antibodies from the RCP vaccine
205
True or false after recovery from feline rhinotracheitis the cats do not remain a carrier of the virus
False
206
True or false the treatment for feline chlamydia is mainly oral and ocular antibiotics
True
207
What are the four serovars present in the canine leptospirosis vaccine
Leptospira canicola, grippotyphosa, pomona, icterohaemorrhagie
208
True or false the neurological signs of canine distemper can be tremors, paralysis, seizures
True
209
What is a common clinical sign caused by Feline Calicivirus
Oral ulcer
210
What type of diarrhea is a classic clinical signs of feline Panleukopenia
Bloody
211
What is the incubation period for Lyme disease
2 to 5 months
212
What canine infectious disease is characterized by a maximum intensity harsh and dry cough
Canine tracheobronchitis
213
List three clinical signs that are associated with canine parvovirus
Lethargy, weight loss due to dehydration, diarrhea
214
What is the goal of fluid therapy
To ensure the patient has an adequate amount of fluid distributed appropriately in the body to maintain homeostasis and perfusion
215
What is a solute
Particles that are dissolved in sterile water of an IV fluid
216
What is osmolarity
Concentration in terms of Oz moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Largely determined by sodium and glucose
217
What are the two main groups of fluids
Cristalloids, Colloids
218
What is a cristalloid fluid
A substance in a solution that can pass through a semi permeable membrane. True solutions of homogeneous mixture of electrolytes with or without dextrose. Expand the intravenous space and cause better tissue perfusion, can replenish fluid losses within and outside blood vessels
219
What is a disadvantage of cristalloids
Require 2 to 4 times the volume lost by patients with hypovolemia
220
Define iso tonic high sodium crystalloid
Solution that contains a high amount of sodium, the exact same osmolarity as plasma and extracellular fluid's.
221
What happens when isotonic crystalloid is administered
Explains the intravenous space
222
What are isotonic cristalloids usually used for
Replacement phase: due to readily available easily administered and inexpensive cost. I.e. parvovirus, gastric foreign body, hepatic lipidosisMaintenance phase: during anestheticEmergency phase: hypovolemic shock
223
What are some commonly used isotonic Christalloids
.9% NaCl , lactated ringer, plasma lyte
224
What is a hypotonic Cristalloid
Solution which the osmolarity is lower than that of plasma and extracellular fluid. Has a lower sodium ion concentration then serum. Causes cells to expand
225
What are the common indications for hypotonic Christalloids
Intermittent sub Q fluid administration for cat with chronic renal insufficiency, cardiac patient
226
What are some commonly used hypotonic Christalloids
.45% NACl plus or minus dextrose, dextrose 2.5%
227
What is a hypertonic crystalloid
Solution with greater osmolarity than plasma in extracellular fluid. Solution of high sodium concentration. Causes cells to shrink
228
Why would you use hypertonic crystalloid fluid
For hypovolemic shock patients
229
What are some common hypertonic crystalloids
7.5% NaCl
230
What is a colloud fluid
High molecular weight ingredient dissolved in a replacement solution, usually .9%
231
Describe colloid movement
Most of the solution is retained within intervenous space where it increases osmotic pressure of blood, expands intravenous be sufficiently, asked to hold water in bloodstream and maintain blood pressure
232
What is the advantage to colloid fluid
More effective than crystalloids at expanding blood volume when given at the same rate and volume
233
What are the two categories of colloids
Natural colloids and synthetic colloids
234
What are some natural colloids
Plasma product, whole blood product, hemoglobin-based product, albumin
235
What is colloid fluid used for
Increasing COP of plasma in patients with Hypoalbuminemia, increasing the circulating blood volume when shock is present, hypovolemic patients to reduce edema
236
During the emergency phase what type of fluid do you use
Iso tonic solution, hypertonic solution, Colloid solution
237
During the replacement phase what type of fluids do you use
Isotonic solution, hypotonic solution
238
During the maintenance phase what type of fluids do use
Isa tonic, hypotonic, colloid
239
If there's no patient between the film and the x-ray beam what color will the film be
Black
240
What is the degree of blackness on a radiograph dependent on
The amount of x-rays reaching the film
241
What is the emulsion layer of the film
Contains silver hollered crystals suspended and disbursed evenly throughout the layer. On both sides to increase film sensitivity, speed, density, contrast
242
When the film is developed in developer solution the sensitized silver will be converted to what on the x-ray film after processing
Dark black dots
243
If there is an object between the x-ray beam and the film, exposing the film to radiation will create a what image because not all x-rays will reach the film
Latent
244
After producing the film the latent image will be converted to what
2-D image
245
What is MA used for
To control the quality of x-rays produced by the x-ray beam. When MA is increased a higher number of x-rays are generated
246
What is the length of exposure time
The period of time during which the x-rays are permitted to leave the x-ray tube.
247
What is the general exposure time for dogs at Vanier
1/24
248
What is the general exposure time for cats at vanier
1/30
249
What does the MAS describes
The total quantity of x-rays produced by the x-ray tube at a given time.
250
What is the KV P
Amount of electrical energy being applied to the anode and cathode to accelerate the radiation from the cathode toward the target
251
What happens when KV P is increased
The penetrating power of x-ray through tissue is increased
252
What are the three things that radiographic quality is dependent on
Radiographic density, radiographic contrast, radiographic detail
253
What is radiographic density
The degree of blackness on a radiograph.
254
What can the radiographic density be increased by
Increasing the MAS, increasing the KV P
255
What is radiographic density also influenced by
Thickness and type of tissue
256
Tissues. That have higher density absorb more x-rays and result in what color
White or light image
257
What can you say about bones and x-rays in terms of density and contrast
They have a high density. But decrease the radiographic density. They are high contrast
258
What is radiographic contrast
The difference in density between two adjacent areas on a radiographic image
259
What is low contrast
Long scale of contrast. Many shades of gray
260
What is a high contrast
Short scale of contrast. Few shades of gray. Ex: bones
261
What is radiographic contrast affected by
Subject density, KV P level, scatter radiation, film fogging
262
What is the definition of subject density in relation with radiographic contrast
The ability of the different tissue density us to absorb x-rays. Xers penetrate the various tissues depending on differences in atomic number and thickness
263
What happens when you increase subject density
Will increase radiographic contrast.
264
What can High KVP produce
A low curling trust radiograph. The higher the KV P, the longer the scale of contrast.
265
What happens with low KVP
Produces a high contrast radiograph with a short scale of contrast.
266
What anatomical regions require a high KVP setting
Thorax and abdomen
267
What anatomical regions require low KVP setting
Bones
268
What is scatter radiation
Radiation produced when x-rays from primary beam collide with objects in its path, I merge in all different directions.
269
Why is scatter radiation undesirable
Fogs the film, contrast is decreased, you are exposed to radiation
270
Why does high KV P produce more scatter radiation
Controls penetrating power of x-rays so more x-rays get through patient and through the film
271
What is an important beam limiting device
Collimators or grids
272
What are the causes of film fogging
Leaks in darkroom, scatter radiation, heat, improper processing
273
What is a grid
Device placed between patient and film to absorb scatter radiation and improve image quality
274
What is a Bucky
Device placed under the x-ray table that moves the grid back-and-forth. Placed in the cabinet beneath x-ray table with a trade to hold cassette. Decreases or eliminates white gridlines on radiograph
275
What is Geo metric unsharpness due to
Patient motion, long exposure time
276
How do you prevent geometric unsharpness
Have shortest possible exposure time
277
What is foreshortening
When image seems smaller than really is not parallel to recording surface. Subject must be parallel to photo graphic plate
278
What is the normal temperature for cats
38.1 to 39.2
279
What is the normal pulse rate for dogs
60-140bpm
280
What is the normal pulse rate for toy breeds
60-180bpm
281
What is the normal pulse rate for puppies
60-220bpm
282
What is the normal pulse rate for cats
140-220bpm
283
What is the normal respiratory rate for dogs
10-30bpm
284
What is the normal respiratory rate for cats
24-42bpm
285
In the field, if an animal stops breathing what Is the order of stuff you're supposed to do
Check airwaysGive artificial breathing: mouth to snout 1 breath per 3 seconds Check circulation. *****get heart pumping before breathing.
286
What is cardiac arrest
Absence of effective contraction of the heart.
287
What is cardiorespiratory arrest
Complete stop of cardiac and respiratory activities that will lead to permanent damage and death if not addressed within 3-4 mins
288
What is the warning signs of cardiorespiratory arrest
Signs of hypotension Shallow or rapid breathing Bleeding from wounds may stop Bladder and Anus may relaxPupils may begin to diliate
289
What are the clinical signs of CRA
No heart beatNo femoral pulseNo respiration Blue or grey mucus membranesMydriasis of pupilsNo bleeding of wounds
290
What position does the dog have to be in for cpr
Need to be in right lateral.
291
What is the success rate of cpr in the field
0%
292
What is the normal temperature for dogs
37.5-39.2
293
What is the cranial and caudal landmark for the vd abdomen d
Diaphragm and greater trochanter of the femur
294
What is the cranial and caudal landmark for right lateral thorax
Manubrium and diaphragm
295
What are the 3 steps required to set up the automatic processor
Turn it on, make sure valves are closed, press run
296
What is required by the omvq for X-ray labels
Vet clinic, date, clients first name, clients last name, pets name, r/L view, X-ray view
297
Do you take abdomen on inspiration and expiration
Expiration
298
Do you take thorax on inspiration or expiration
Inspiration
299
What is the cranial and Caudal landmarks of the pelvic X-ray
Wings of ileum and stifle joint
300
Explain how to take an X-ray of the mediolateral view of the right knee
Center over joint and collimating to view the whole joint
301
Explain how to take an X-ray of the mediolateral view of the left elbow
Center over the joint and collimate to view the whole joint
302
How do you know if it's adequate penetration
Anatomic silhouettes are visible. The film appears grey around the patient and you can see your fingers behind it.
303
What do you change if the X-ray has good penetration but lacks the blackness
Increase mas x2
304
What do you do if the outlines are not visible in an X-ray
Increase KVP by 10%
305
What are the two questions to ask yourself if a X-ray is good
Is the film too light or too dark?Is there proper penetration
306
What are the qualities of a quality radiograph
Adequate penetration, sufficient density, good scale of contrast.
307
What type of contrast do you want for soft tissue
Low contrast
308
What type of contrast do you want for bone
High contrast
309
What do radiopaque areas appear
White
310
What color are radiolucent areas
Black
311
Describe a positive contrast agent
Absorb more X-rays than soft tissue or bone. Contains element with a high density
312
Describe negative contrast agents
Do not absorb X-rays. Appear black
313
What are some advantages to barium sulfate as a positive contrast media
Insoluable and not diluted by gastric secretions ➡️ ideal for gi studies Inexpensive
314
What is the disadvantage of barium sulfate
The body cannot eliminate it since it is insoluable so if there is GI perforation it will not be absorbed and can cause irritations and cause risk of peritonitis reactions. Can take 3 hrs or more to travel from stomach to colon.
315
When can you not use barium sulfate
When there is a GI perforation
316
What are organic iodides
Positive contrast mediumOpaque Easily injectedWell tolerated Water soluable: kidneys CAN BE EITHER IONIC OR NONIONIC
317
Why would you use a PO formulation of a water soluable organic ionic iodide
For contrast studies of GI tract when GI tract perforation is suspected
318
Why would you use an IV formulation of water soluable organic ionic iodides
To inject into a hollow organ such as bladder or an IV.
319
Why isn't iv formulation of water soluable organic ionic iodides used for myelography
Because it is irritating to the brain and the spinal cord
320
What does rapid large IV bolus of water soluble organic ionic iodides cause
Vomiting and decreased blood pressure. Give a slow bolus
321
What are water soluble organic non-ionic iodides used for
Myelography since it costs a lot of money
322
What is myelography
To be injected into the sub arachnoid space the compartment within the spinal column which contains the cerebral spinal fluid
323
What can be used as a negative contrast media with gas
Air, O2, N2, N2O, CO2
324
Why must you not over inflate the organs when doing a negative contrast media with gas
Ulcerative lesions that causes the organ to rupture and cause an air embolism
325
What are the negative and positive components to a double contrast procedure
Negative: airPositive: water soluble organic ionic iodide
326
With what organs would you do a double contrast procedure
The urinary bladder, the stomach, the colon
327
How do you perform a double contrast procedure
Inject the negative contrast medium first such as the air.
328
Why do inject the negative contrast medium first in double contrast procedures
Can cause air bubbles to form and misinterpretation
329
How do you introduce contrast media
Oral administration or orogastric tube to prevent aspiration
330
Why are radiographs taken at intervals during contrast studies of the digestive system
Changes in morphology, rate of gastric emptying, small bowel transit time.
331
What are the warnings in contrast studies
Aspiration pneumonia, if you suspect perforation use an organic ionic iodide
332
How long should the patient be fasted before a contrast study
12 to 24 hours fasted
333
Do you use an enema in the contrast study
You may or may not use it depending.
334
Do use anesthetic in a contrast media
No because it alters gastric motility
335
Why is atropine or glycopyrrolate contra indicated when you're doing contrast studies
It's an anti-cholinergic drug that increases heart rate and decreases saliva it also relaxes the smooth muscle so it slows down gastric motility
336
Which anesthetic is okay for dogs in contrast studies
Ace promazine. Minimal facts on gastric motility in the dog. significantly shortened the transit time for cats. If gastric motility is a concern do not use Acepromazine in the cat.
337
What sedative is okay to use in a cat for contrast studies instead of Acepromazine
Ketamine
338
Why do you do a esophgography
To evaluate oesophageal function and structural alterations.
339
Why would you do a esophagography
Regurgitation of undigested food, acute gagging, dysphasia
340
Describe the contrast medium in an esophgography
Positive contrast medium. Barium sulfate paste mixed with canned food, if you suspect perforation use water soluble organic ionic iodide. Give it directly by the mouth with a syringe or an orogastric tube
341
What x-ray views are required when doing an esophagography
Lateral and VD of cervical and thoracic area including total length of esophagus
342
When do you do a ugi study
To evaluate stomach and small intestine, not the colon.
343
Why would you do a ugi
In the presence of reoccurring chronic vomiting. when suspecting obstruction by radiolucent foreign body into the stomach or small intestines. when suspecting wall lesions such as neoplasia
344
What is the contrast media used for the UGI study
Positive contrast agent barium sulfate 30% liquid diluted with one-to-one water. Water-soluble organic ionic iodide if suspected perforation
345
What is the quantity of contrast media to give for a UGI study
3 to 5 mL per pound
346
How do you give the contrast media for a UGI study
By Mouth or by an orogastric tube
347
What materials do you need to perform a UTI a study by mouth
Large dose syringe filled with the barium and administer directly into the mouth.
348
What materials are used for orogastric intubation for UTI study
Introduce an orange feeding tube into her stomach then connect the syringe filled with the appropriate quantity of barium
349
Perform the procedure for UTI study
Radiographs are made during transit of contrast to the stomach and small intestine until it reaches the colon. You need to do multiple x-rays at zero, 15, 30, 60, 90 +/- 180 min. Must do vd and lateral each time
350
Why do you do a Gastrography
To evaluate size shape and morphology of the stomach.
351
Why do you do a Gastrography
Acute or chronic vomiting, mass, foreign body, obstruction, cranial abdominal pain
352
Which contrast media do use for Gastrography
+ barium sulfate suspension 60% + water soluble in organic ionic iodide if suspected perforation - air. Double contrast agents
353
What is an LG I study used for
Introduction of a contrast media into the rectum, colon or caecum to study their position or Contour
354
Why do you do in LGI study
For diarrhea, tenesmus, blood, colitis, obstruction, neoplasia, to detect intussusceptions.
355
What is tenesmus
Forcing to pAss stools
356
What is intussuceptions
Intestines rolling inside itself
357
What is the contrast media used for a LGI study
+ barium sulfate 20% (60% diluted with saline)- or double contrasts.
358
How do you introduce the Contrast medium into the LGI study
By Foley catheter. Requires general anesthesia
359
What composes the upper urinary tract system
The kidneys and ureters
360
What composes the lower urinary tract system
Bladder and urethra
361
Why do we do a contrast study of the urinary tract
Indicated in patients with chronic problems such as chronic hematuria, protein urea, Crystalluria, polyuria, dysuria
362
What is a Cystography
Introduction of a contrast media into the bladder via the urinary catheter
363
Why would you do his cystography
Cystic calculi, neoplasia, bladder rupture, bladder wall anomaly
364
What does rapid large IV bolus of water soluble organic ionic iodides cause
Vomiting and decreased blood pressure. Give a slow bolus
365
What are water soluble organic non-ionic iodides used for
Myelography since it costs a lot of money
366
What is myelography
To be injected into the sub arachnoid space the compartment within the spinal column which contains the cerebral spinal fluid
367
What can be used as a negative contrast media with gas
Air, O2, N2, N2O, CO2
368
Why must you not over inflate the organs when doing a negative contrast media with gas
Ulcerative lesions that causes the organ to rupture and cause an air embolism
369
What are the negative and positive components to a double contrast procedure
Negative: airPositive: water soluble organic ionic iodide
370
With what organs would you do a double contrast procedure
The urinary bladder, the stomach, the colon
371
How do you perform a double contrast procedure
Inject the negative contrast medium first such as the air.
372
Why do inject the negative contrast medium first in double contrast procedures
Can cause air bubbles to form and misinterpretation
373
How do you introduce contrast media
Oral administration or orogastric tube to prevent aspiration
374
Why are radiographs taken at intervals during contrast studies of the digestive system
Changes in morphology, rate of gastric emptying, small bowel transit time.
375
What are the warnings in contrast studies
Aspiration pneumonia, if you suspect perforation use an organic ionic iodide
376
How long should the patient be fasted before a contrast study
12 to 24 hours fasted
377
Do you use an enema in the contrast study
You may or may not use it depending.
378
Do use anesthetic in a contrast media
No because it alters gastric motility
379
Why is atropine or glycopyrrolate contra indicated when you're doing contrast studies
It's an anti-cholinergic drug that increases heart rate and decreases saliva it also relaxes the smooth muscle so it slows down gastric motility
380
Which anesthetic is okay for dogs in contrast studies
Ace promazine. Minimal facts on gastric motility in the dog. significantly shortened the transit time for cats. If gastric motility is a concern do not use Acepromazine in the cat.
381
What sedative is okay to use in a cat for contrast studies instead of Acepromazine
Ketamine
382
Why do you do a esophgography
To evaluate oesophageal function and structural alterations.
383
Why would you do a esophagography
Regurgitation of undigested food, acute gagging, dysphasia
384
Describe the contrast medium in an esophgography
Positive contrast medium. Barium sulfate paste mixed with canned food, if you suspect perforation use water soluble organic ionic iodide. Give it directly by the mouth with a syringe or an orogastric tube
385
What x-ray views are required when doing an esophagography
Lateral and VD of cervical and thoracic area including total length of esophagus
386
When do you do a ugi study
To evaluate stomach and small intestine, not the colon.
387
Why would you do a ugi
In the presence of reoccurring chronic vomiting. when suspecting obstruction by radiolucent foreign body into the stomach or small intestines. when suspecting wall lesions such as neoplasia
388
What is the contrast media used for the UGI study
Positive contrast agent barium sulfate 30% liquid diluted with one-to-one water. Water-soluble organic ionic iodide if suspected perforation
389
What is the quantity of contrast media to give for a UGI study
3 to 5 mL per pound
390
How do you give the contrast media for a UGI study
By Mouth or by an orogastric tube
391
What materials do you need to perform a UTI a study by mouth
Large dose syringe filled with the barium and administer directly into the mouth.
392
What materials are used for orogastric intubation for UTI study
Introduce an orange feeding tube into her stomach then connect the syringe filled with the appropriate quantity of barium
393
Perform the procedure for UTI study
Radiographs are made during transit of contrast to the stomach and small intestine until it reaches the colon. You need to do multiple x-rays at zero, 15, 30, 60, 90 +/- 180 min. Must do vd and lateral each time
394
Why do you do a Gastrography
To evaluate size shape and morphology of the stomach.
395
Why do you do a Gastrography
Acute or chronic vomiting, mass, foreign body, obstruction, cranial abdominal pain
396
Which contrast media do use for Gastrography
+ barium sulfate suspension 60% + water soluble in organic ionic iodide if suspected perforation - air. Double contrast agents
397
What is an LG I study used for
Introduction of a contrast media into the rectum, colon or caecum to study their position or Contour
398
Why do you do in LGI study
For diarrhea, tenesmus, blood, colitis, obstruction, neoplasia, to detect intussusceptions.
399
What is tenesmus
Forcing to pAss stools
400
What is intussuceptions
Intestines rolling inside itself
401
What is the contrast media used for a LGI study
+ barium sulfate 20% (60% diluted with saline)- or double contrasts.
402
How do you introduce the Contrast medium into the LGI study
By Foley catheter. Requires general anesthesia
403
What composes the upper urinary tract system
The kidneys and ureters
404
What composes the lower urinary tract system
Bladder and urethra
405
Why do we do a contrast study of the urinary tract
Indicated in patients with chronic problems such as chronic hematuria, protein urea, Crystalluria, polyuria, dysuria
406
What is a Cystography
Introduction of a contrast media into the bladder via the urinary catheter
407
Why would you do his cystography
Cystic calculi, neoplasia, bladder rupture, bladder wall anomaly
408
What is the positive contrast medium used in a cystography
Water soluable organic ionic iodide.
409
What is the negative contrast media used in a cystography
Air.
410
What is a urethrography
Filling the urethra with a contrast medium
411
Why would you do a urethrography
Calculus, to detect urethral trauma. Stricture, obstruction.
412
What is the positive contrast media used in a urethrography
Water soluable organic ionic iodide
413
What is the negative contrast medium use in a urethrography
Air
414
What is an excretory urography
Iv injection of a cm into venous blood gets filtered out and collected by kidneys.
415
Why do you do an excretory urography
To evaluate renal function and ureters. To see kidney structure and kidney capacity to concentrate and excrete urine
416
What is the contrast medium used in an excretory urography
Sterile water soluable iodinated contrast medium
417
What are 5 typical properties of an ideal contrast medium
Non irritating or toxic side effects. Accurate delineation of the organ. Persistence for sufficient time to take radiographs, total expulsion from body.
418
Why do you do a negative contrast studies
Show the location, size and wall thickness of the organ.
419
What is a positive contrast study
Best way of detecting a small defect in the wall of the organ as minor contrast leakage is easily seen
420
What is a double contrast study
Uses a small amount of positive contrast medium to coat the mucosal surface of a hollow organ such as the bladder. Followed by the distension with air.
421
What is cr
Computed radiography
422
What is computed radiography
Uses storage phosphor image plates that are exposed and then undergo a seperate image readout process. The image plate is contained in a cassette
423
What is Dr
Direct radiography
424
What is direct radiography
Convert X-ray into electrical charges more or less directly, enabling almost instantaneous readout. Uses no cassette.
425
What is a fluroscopy
Uses X-rays to obtain real time moving images
426
What is a cat scan
X-ray generating tube that makes a continuous circular movement around the patient. Mathematically reconstruct a cross sectional image of a body area
427
What is a mri
Magnetic resonance imaging. Uses magnets and radiowaves to make the image. No X-ray produced.
428
What is ultrasound used for
Displays the soft tissue textures and dynamics of some organs.
429
How are sound waves classified
By wavelength Frequency Velocity
430
What is a wavelength
Distance from one band of compression to the next. Have a shorter wavelength than audible sound.
431
What is the frequency defined as
Number of complete waveforms per unit of time
432
Describe the relationship between frequency and wavelength
Inversely proportional . As the frequency increases the wavelength decreases
433
Describe the sound waves used by an ultrasound
High frequency sound waves
434
What does an ultrasound transducter probe do
Produces the ultrasound beam. Produces low intensity, high frequency sound waves.
435
Describe how the ultrasound probe works
It has piezoelectric crystals. When an electrical current runs through the crystals they vibrate and produce sound waves. When they're stuck by the returning echoes the crystals convert the echoes to electrical energy
436
What type of energy is ultrasound based on
Reflected energy
437
What type of energy is radiology based on
Transmitted energy
438
What does echogenic mean
That most of the sound is reflected back to the transducter. Appears white on the screen.
439
What does anechoic mean
Describes the tissues that transmit the sound to the deeper tissues and reflecting none of the sound back to the transducter. The area appears black on the screen and they're usually an organs fluids
440
What does hypoechoic mean
Describes tissues that reflect less sound back to the transductor than the surrounding tissues. They appear darker than the surrounding tissues and have a low level of grey compared to adjacent tissues.
441
What is hyperechoic
Describes tissues that reflect more sound back than the surrounding tissues. Reflects very white echoes and causes acoustic shadowing
442
What is an example of a hypoechoic item
Hematoma
443
What is an example of a hyperechoic item
Air, bone, bladder stones etx.
444
What is isoechoic items
Items with the same echo texture as the surrounding tissues.
445
Why do we clip an animals hair for ultrasound
Interferes with image and decreases quality
446
Why do we use acoustic gel on the ultrasound probe
To increase contact surfaces
447
Why do you avoid barium or topical products with zinc when doing an ultrasound
Will interfere with sound transmission
448
If you're doing an abdominal ultrasound do you have to fast
Yes for 12hr to allow visualization of stomach.
449
What can an ultrasound be used to see
Abdominal organsHeartEye and surrounding structures Soft tissues around spine and extremitiesTendons and muscles.
450
What are some advantages to ultrasound
Provide information about organ architecture. Helpful is debilitated or young patients where you Cannot use contrast medium. Able to distinguish solid masses from ones containing fluid. Can do cytology
451
What are some disadvantages to ultrasound
Gas gets in the way of imaging. Approach is more difficult in a big dog Great equipment cost Require lots of training
452
What is the second stage of fibroplastic healing
Collagen phase. Collagen is created and layed down in wound to close it
453
What is the 3rd stage of fibroplastic healing
Maturation phase. Scar eventually forms and becomes flatter, paler and softens dramatically.
454
What is epithelial regeneration and when does it occur
Starts within hours of wound appearing but can take up to 5 days before cells completely migrate across the wound itself to attach to each other. Occurs in fibroblastic stage
455
What are systemic factors that affect wound healing
AgeNutritional status Disease
456
What are local factors that affect wound healing
Extent of damage in wound. Dessication of woundVascularity of area effected. Infection of wound Bleeding of woundForeign material in wound
457
What does dessication of the wound cause
Tissue destruction and delayed healing
458
What does the vascularity of an area affect
Highly vascular areas heal more quickly than others
459
What does infection do to the wound healing
Mechanically seperation of wound margins or cellular disruption by toxins.
460
What does bleeding do to slow wound healing
Clots must be absorbed or liquified. Best hemostasis is with pressure, clamping and tying and finally cautery
461
What is the first stage of fibroplastic healing
Exudative stage. Acute inflammation and release of chemical mediators.
462
What does a foreign body do to slow the healing
Will form a drainage tract as long as some remains.
463
What are some external factors that affect wound healing
Drugs such as corticosteroidsRadiotherapy
464
If a wound has been exposed for less than 6-8 hrs what is it considered
Uncomplicated and uninfected.
465
If a wound is open more than 8hrs what is it considered
Complicated and infected
466
What are the three types of wound healing
First intention Second intentionThird intention
467
What is healing by first intention
Primary closure and has a small scar
468
What is healing by second intention
Granulation tissue with a scab and a large scar
469
What is third intention healing
Suturing once granulation tissue has formed.
470
What are the three c's of wound treatment
CleansingClosing Covering
471
How do you prepare uncomplicated wounds
Protect while shaving areaCleanse skin with antiseptic Flush wound with saline or chlorexidine Excise dead tissue and suture wound Apply dressing or bandages as needed
472
How do you prepare complicated wounds
Protect while shaving areaCleanse skin with antiseptic Flush wound with chlorhexidine. Apply wet saline dressings Cover with tefle pad Bandage.
473
How does fluid drain with a penrose drain
Drains around them rather than through them.
474
Generally when do you remove sutures
Between 7-14days
475
What are some topical antibiotics
Polysporin, neomycin, silver sulfadiazine, nitrofurazone.
476
What are some enzymatic debriefing agents
Castor oil, preparation H
477
What do hydrophilic agents do
Cause diffusion of fluids through wound tissues into a bandage and allows easier absorption
478
What are some lavage solutions you can use
Chlorhexidine solution, tris EDTA, povidone iodine, acetic acid
479
Why do we use bandages
Prevent contamination of woundPrevent mutilation Maintain clean environment for wound healing Control edema (swelling) and seromaPrevent use of limbSupport weak tissue Secure catheters
480
What are the ten primary indications for bandages
AbsorptionProtectionAntisepsisPressure Immobilization DebridementPackingInformationComfortAesthetic
481
Describe the absorption of a dressing
Acts as a passageway and storage for wound draining.
482
Describe the first layer of a bandage
Tefle pad to prevent adhesion.
483
Describe te second layer of a bandage
Cling or cotton roll
484
Describe the third layer of a bandage
Cling or vet wrap
485
What is the protection role of a bandage
Protect the wound from further trauma
486
What is the immobilization function of a bandage
Places the wound and rest and thereby decreases ️pain present and allows healing to occur without disruption from mechanical trauma. Also decreases the amount of scar tissue formation
487
Describe the pressure aspect of a bandage
May exert a slight amount of pressure upon a wound. Reducing the amount of transudate collected in a dead space. Reduces the possibility of a seroma or a hematoma which become an excellent culture media for bacteria.
488
What do you have to check the bandage for
Swelling, coolness, dryness and odour.
489
What is debridement
Wet wound dressings are indicated to decrease the viscosity of the thick wound secretions thus aiding in their removal.
490
What are some materials for bandaging
Gauze squaresKing /conform bandageRoll cotton and roll paddingDifferent types of tape and Elastoplast Vet wrap Tefla pads
491
What is the contact layer
Touches wound surface and remains in contact during movement Should minimize pain and prevent excess loss of body fluidsAdherant - debridement required. Nonadherant - used when granulation tissue has formed and does not stick to wound.
492
Describe the intermediate layer to bandages
Absorbent layer, removes and stores exudate, should be thick enough to collect fluid. Pads the wound against trauma. Limits movement and holds the contact layer in place
493
What is the outer layer use for
Holds the other parts in place
494
What are adherant bandage
Assist in debriding by liquefying necrotic debris.
495
What are stabilizing bandages used for
Used to minimize further tissue damages, these are heavily padded such as a Robert Jones
496
What are pressure bandages used for
Used to facilitate control of minor hemorrhage, edema. Goods for those spays that bleed, also for animals in shock
497
What are pressure relief bandages used for
Used to prevent pressure, usually over a bony prominence. Donut shaped and well padded and difficult to maintain in place
498
Describe an eye surgery bandage
Slip 2 fingers under
499
Describe an aural hematoma bandage
If tight don't remove, just snip and retape loosely.
500
Describe a pharyngostomy tube
If it slips and restricts respiration or swells neck then remove
