Exotic Animals Flashcards
All information that was taught to me while attending Vanier College's "Animal Health Technology" Program, located in St-Laurent Montreal.
1
Q
What is herpetology
A
Study of reptiles
2
Q
What is an endotherm
A
A reptile whos metabolism produces its own heat
3
Q
what is ectotherm
A
a reptile who relies on their environment to maintain their body temperature
4
Q
What is a POTZ
A
Preferred Optimum Temperature Zone
5
Q
What are reptiles considered
A
heterothermic (their BT varies)
6
Q
What does heliothermic mean
A
Species that heats up from a radiant source: diurnal basking
7
Q
What does thigmothermic mean
A
sits on a preheated surface- nocturnal
8
Q
What makes a reptile special from an evolutionary point of view
A
Their Skin: Scales (keratinized)Their Eggs
9
Q
What are the 4 classes of reptilia
A
CrocodyliaSquamataChelonianRhyncocephalia
10
Q
What animals compose crocodylia
A
alligators and crocodiles
11
Q
what animals compose squamata
A
snakes and lizards
12
Q
what animals compose chelonian
A
turtles and tortoises
13
Q
what animals compose rhyncocephalia
A
tuatara
14
Q
What are the 6 genus’ of Squamata
A
AgamidsIguanidsChameleonsSkinksGeckosVaranids
15
Q
What animals compose the agamids genus
A
chinese water dragon, bearded dragon
16
Q
What animals compose the genus iguanids
A
Iguana, Basilisks, Horned Lizard, Anole
17
Q
What animals compose the genus geckos
A
day Geckos, Leopard Geckos, crested geckos
18
Q
What must husbandry mimick
A
Natural Habitat
19
Q
What is cites
A
is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals
20
Q
Are most exotics captive bred or wild caught?
A
captive bred, with selective breeding for color variation
21
Q
Where do most medical issues with exotics result from
A
inadequate husbandry
22
Q
what is the goal of husbandry
A
is to recreate Natural Habitat and must fulfill all psychological and physiological needs
23
Q
What do you need to know about an exotics natural history and habitat
A
Is it arboreal or terrestrialHow does it like to get heat Heliothermic or thigmothermicSubstrate on floor ? Hide boxHeating create a Temperature gradient *POTZHumidity requirementsLighting light dark cycle( Photoperiod) + UV lightsWater availability and quality-How to Provide it?
24
Q
How do you find out about husbandry from the client
A
Do a detailed history, and ask for photos of the set up
25
How do people transport reptiles to the clinic
in a pillowcase, a Styrofoam container with heat packs
26
whats necessary for the cage for an exotic
ESCAPE PROOFEASY TO CLEANPOTZ TEMPERATURE RANGE(10o)HUMIDITY RANGEVERTICALY Or HORIZONTALLY ORIENTED ( arboreal or terrestrial)Over all size ??
27
what are different types of cage material you can use
Glass, Wood,Plastic, Fiberglass
28
how do you choose a cage material
Retain Heat ?Visual Security?Ventilation ?
29
Describe the pros and cons for a glass and plastic cage
waterproof but do not retain the heat well animal may feel insecure if most of the sides are not covered.
30
describe the pros and cons for a fibreglass cage
waterproof but, again, does not retain the heat well, good visual security
31
describe the pros and cons for a wood cage
is heat retaining provides a sense of security; however, should have a water-resistant finish –Hard to disinfect
32
How do you provide ventilation
Good ventilation is essential. To provide an adequate through- flow of air there should be ventilation panels at both the top and bottom. Good ventilation makes it harder to heat and keep humidity up
33
How do you adjust lighting for a photoperiod
use a timer
34
What is necessary for the UVB lighting
UVB only 6 months- Some provide heat as wellReptile must be w/n 12 inches of light sourceAlways have a guard around lights ( burns)
35
What does UVA light do
Behavioural changes
36
What are the 3 lighting factors
photoperiodquality UVB+UVAintensity
37
Why is UVA exposure necessary
exposure is essential for normal behavior including activity, feeding and mating( reptiles can see in UVA)
38
What is UVB exposure necessary
necessary for the production of the vitamin D3
39
what are the different types of lights
Incandescent, (provide heat as well) Fluorescent, (UVB- 6 months onlyBlack light (constant UVB)Infra redCeramic
40
Why is photoperiod changes necessary
Mimicking your seasonal photoperiod is beneficial and the use of a timer is a huge help for making this easier.
41
How far away should fluorescent UVB bulbs be placed
10-12 inches away and adjacent to the basking heat source
42
how often do uvb lights need to be replaced
6-10 months
43
should uvb rays have a barrier between you and your reptile
No, Glass, acrylic and plastic block UVB while screens with grids under 1/2" can obstruct a good portion of UVB rays.
44
What percentage of fluorescent UVA UVB does the bulb need
5-10% UVB
45
What temperature gradient does the reptile need
8-10*
46
What is the general reptile recommendation
daytime 85-95F (100-105 hotspot) w nights 10 o lower Daytime (30-35 C)- hotspot (38-41 hotspot)
47
What is the temperature gradient for the uromastyx
--UROMASTYX– 105-110 F ( 40-43)Are the heat lovers
48
How do you provide heat for a reptile
From light source + heating pad underneath
49
What heating object burns reptiles often
Hot rocks
50
What is a heliothermic animal
diurnal
51
What is a thigmothermic animal
nocturnal
52
What are the acceptable heating methods
Central heating Heating pads under tankHeat tapes / cablesRadiant heatCeramic heaters/ infra red (no light)Incandescent / Halogen bulbs- provide light as well as heat
53
Why don't you use hot rocks with a reptile
Hot rocks are not recommended as a heat source for lizards. Their thick skin is without cutaneous sensation, leaving captive reptiles at risk of thermal burns.Basking lizards sense heat on their back Major risk of Thermal burns
54
What can happen if there is high humidity in a reptiles cage
more problems with bacterial growth, blistering on the skin
55
what can happen if there is low humidity in the cage
difficulty with sloughing, constipation, dysecdysis
56
How do you provide humidity to a reptile
spray bottle two or three times daily. dampened peat containers, real plants, or placing a water container on the heater, humidity box, misting device that simulates gentle rainfall
57
what are the humidity recommendations for an arid species
30-60
58
what are the humidity recommendations for a temperate species
60-80
59
what are the humidity recommendations for a tropical rainforest species
80-100
60
How does a herb obtain water
Many desert species lick dewdrops- so must use mist containerSome prefer only moving waterNot all use a water dishMany reptiles enjoy soaking in water dish
61
What qualities are you looking for in the cage substrate
Non toxic, easily digestible, absorbable and easy to cleanNot support microbial growthNewspaper and artificial turf goodSand and gravel often result in gastrointestinal impactionMay provide environmental enrichment and allow natural behaviours
62
What are suitable substrates
Newspaper, carpet, bark chips, +/- abrasive, support bacteriapellets - rabbit pellets are digestiblemulch. +/-In large enclosure can have “Bioactive”i.e. forest floor mulch
63
What substrates should you avoid
You should avoid gravel, crushed corn cob, kitty litter, wood shavings and other substrates that can be ingested
64
What does playsand cause
Suppose to be digestive and provide calcium…but often causes impactionFeed reptile away from substrate to avoid ingestion
65
Why do you use shredded aspen for snakes
Extremely absorbent because of its fine particle size, aspen has virtually no odour of its own made from a hardwood tree that does not contain the irritating oils found in pine or cedar. Hard to maintain humidity with this one
66
What accessories can you have in your cage
Hide boxes,-food bowls,Branches, rocks etc- Environmental ambience
67
How many hide boxes should you have
Should have at least 2One in hotter area, one in cooler area
68
Can you house multiple leopard geckos?
Multiple female leopard geckos can be housed together (if approximately the same size), but sexually mature males are territorial and will fight
69
What records should you be keeping with your reptiles
What and how they eatFecal and Urine outputTemperature and HumidityWhere does he hang out in the enclosureCan detect illness early by noticing subtle changes
70
What are iguanidae
Mostly new world.
71
What animals compose iguanidae
anolesiguanidshorned lizardschuckwalla
72
What are agamids
old world iguanidae
73
Describe the common iguana
Herbivorous - Males- have larger femoral pores, brighter colorsMales can be aggressiveGrow up to 2 metersLarge crest and dewlap
74
What type of dentition do iguanidaes have
pleurodont. Get replaced, grow on lingual side
75
Why would you not recommend iguana ownership?
they're huge and usually aggressive
76
what is special about the regal horned lizard
Can squirts blood from eye - as part of its defense mechanism
77
where is the chuckwalla found
north america-mexico
78
what do chuckwallas eat
herbivores
79
what does the green anole eat
insectivorous
80
describe agamids
Mostly old world and AustraliaSimilar to iguanidsare insectivorous ( + omivore)acrodont dentition
81
What is an acrodont dentition
Agamid teeth are set along upper edge of jaw, = Acrodont dentition
82
what animals are part of the agamids
water dragons, bearded dragon, uromastix
83
Describe the bearded dragon
Australia and New Guinea; arid, rocky, semi-desert regions and arid open woodlands.Omnivore
84
What does the chinese water dragon look like
the iguana
85
what does the chinese water dragon eat
insectivorous
86
describe the chameleon
Specialized tongue for prey catchingSits coiled up in oral cavityHave turret like eyes that move independentlyOpposable digits, prehensile tailChromatophores to change colorsViviparous- live bearer
87
what does viviparous mean
live bearer
88
describe the anatomy of the chameleon
Laterally flattened bodiesPrehensile tailFront feet have 2 large toes-Zygodactylous 2 toes and 3 toes fusedEach eye can move independentlyTongue is as long as their bodyChromatophores in integument
89
Are chameleons characterized by sexual dimorphism
yes. Pardalis chameleon are characterized by brightly colored and larger males. This female Pardalis chameleon is much smaller and duller than the male.
90
do chameleons make good pets
no, not for the novice herpitologist
91
describe the gecko
Many geckos and other lizards have tails that possess fracture planes - so it can break off easily autotomize (skinks + iguanas also)A defense mechanismIntegument has chromataphores (as do anoles)Color changes - due to light, heat, social influence, but not surrounding environmental colorToe has fan like adhesive disks
92
what is special about geckos eyes
Geckos do not have eyelids- have a spectacle similar to a snake
93
is the leopard gecko a good first pet
yes
94
describe a crested gecko
From New Caledoniaarboreal nocturnal,Live 15–20 yearsThought to be extinctDo not require live food
95
What is the ideal husbandry of the crested gecko
Arboreal vertical enclosureObtains water by licking dew drops off leaves misterIdeal temperature range 78-82F (25-28C)Humidity 60-80%-- mist oftenDo not require UVBPhotoperiod – 12 hr
96
What are the only poisonous lizards
Gila MonsterBeaded LizardHave hollow teeth which allow venom to flow from sublingual glands
97
What causes dysecdydis
low humidity and poor nutrition
98
describe the ecdysis in most lizards
comes off in pieces, many lizards eat their sheds
99
describe the integument of lizards
no respiratory function unlike amphibians
100
what are the two chromatophore lizards
chameleons and anoles
101
what is special about the integument of geckos
they automotive (skinks and iguanas)
102
where do the acrodont teeth attach
to masticating surfaces. have no sockets are not replaced.
103
where do the plurodont teeth attach
attach to the lingual surface of mandible or maxilla, have no socket and are replaced.
104
Which lizards have acrodont teeth
aramids
105
which lizards have plurodont teeth
iguanas and monitors
106
What lizards have tail autotomy
Iguanidae, gekkonidae, scincidae
107
Describe tail autotomy
transverse cleavage plates. leaf tailed geckos can do this at will.
108
Describe the cardiovascular system of a lizard
2 atria + 1 ventricle Functionally deoxygenated goes to lungsHave large ventral abdominal veinHave a renal portal system
109
Where do you do venipuncture in a lizard
medial (caudal) tail vein
110
Describe the respiratory system of lizards
External and internal nares (Choana)Some lizards have salt secreting glandsNo epiglottisMost species do not have vocal chords (except geckos)Lungs not as advanced as mammalsFaveoli instead of alveoliOften lungs have an airsac like componentSome use airsac to puff upNo diaphragm- can not cough- coelomic cavity
111
Describe the digestive system of lizards
Herbivore, Carnivore, Insectivore, OmnivoreTongue can be specialized- Chameleons- carnivores often have forked tonguesJacobsons organ - Vormeronsal organStomach, small intestine,large intestine-> well developed- Iguana + chuckwalla--> microbial fermentationCoproduem- cloaca- vent
112
What are the special adaptations of insectivores
Pancreas excrete chitinase to digest the chitin of insectsMost insectivores become omnivorous once adult-- (eg water dragron/ bearded dragon)
113
too much protein in a lizards diet causes what
kidney disease
114
describe a herbivore diet
-high fiber, low fat and low proteinFresh dark leafy greens and variety of veggies (collard greens, dandelion, escarole, and mustard greens)To high protein will cause renal dseDo Not give dog/cat foodCa: P 1.5:1 to 2:1Do Not give excessive amount of fruitsBananas can become addictive
115
what is an example of a good herbivore diet
A good diet is a mixture of dark leafy greens, raw green beans, pumpkin, alfalfa pellets and parsley in equal amounts with a small amount of fruit such as strawberries, raspberries, mangos, papaya or cantaloupeBananas can become addictive
116
describe a carnivore diet
Whole mice and rats, Chickens Quail Guinea pigs Rabbits Gerbils FishIf feeding pinkies, fuzzies -- add CalciumMake sure rodents are healthy and have no parasitesFeed killed prey
117
describe an insectivore diet
Crickets, mealworms, waxworms Superworms, Silkworms , Sweetworms Hissing roaches Night crawler, Fruit flies Appropriate size of the insect- OFT- optimal foraging theoryDo not leave live crickets in enclosures with reptile
118
How do you increase nutrient value of insects
Importance of GUT LOADINGDusting (shake and bake method)
119
what is a good gut loading strategies for crickets
Use Tropican baby bird formula powder Give good balance of vitamins and minerals for your reptile when served within a cricketGive slices of fresh sweet potato, yam, or carrotDUSTING ( shake and bake)
120
How do you feed omnivores
Mix of herbivore,insectivore,carnivore reccomendation
121
describe the excretory system
Lizards are uricotelic- uric acids instead of ureaRenal portal systemKidney disease or dehydration -> inc. UABUN evaluates hydrationUreters drain into UrodeumMany lizards have a bladder- not sterile, water re-absorption will occur here
122
What is kidney disease caused by
-caused by hypervitiminosis D--excess P +Protein in diet
123
How do you prevent bladder stones
Limit protein especially uric acid precursors such as purines that are high in asparagus, mushrooms, offal, anchovies and sardines
124
Describe the reproductive system of a lizard
Oviparous, ovoviparous, viviparousMost lizards have 2 hemipenesSexual dimorphism in many adultsIguana male- large femoral pores- see p 39 textEggs have soft leathery shellSex determination is chromosomal except **chameleons which are temperature dependant like turtle and crocodiles and alligators
125
how do you determine the sex of a lizard
Anatomic- sexually dimorphicFind HemipenesCloacal probing-probe goes deeper in maleManual eversion of hemipenesHydrostatic eversion of hemipenesRadiographic – monitors calcified hemipenesSurgery-Endoscopy- look for ovary or testes
126
Describe the eyes and ears of a lizard
Most lizards have movable eyelids and a nictitating membrane (not gecko)Parietal eye- or third eye - photoreceptor connected to the pineal body in the Tuatara (living fossil)- even has a vestigial lensVomeronasal or Jacobson's organTympanum ventrocaudal to the eye
127
where is the parietal eye found
Parietal eye- or third eye – photoreceptor (vestigial lens tuatara)
128
what are common integumentary disorders
Rostral abrasions- bumping clear glassThermal burns – hot rocksDysecdysis - humidityAscending tail necrosis- dry gangrene
129
what are the common skeletal system disorders
metabolic bone diseases
130
What is a common nutritional disease in iguanas
Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, iguana. The mandible often becomes decalcified in this condition, and bowing or shortening then occurs. Long bones may concurrently show signs of swelling.
131
What is a common symptom of metabolic disease in an iguana
lay flat, difficulty in supporting body weight
132
What is a common sign of fibrous osteodystrophy
enlarged thighs
133
What are the 3 ways metabolic bone disease can occur
light no UVB– no Vit DHeat no POTZ- metabolism does not work Nutrition Ca, Ca:P ratio
134
Describe pneumonia in reptiles
Usually a secondary bacterial infection subsequent to poor husbandry
135
what are the clinical signs of pneumonia in reptiles
dyspnea, oral secretions
136
how do you diagnose a reptile with pneumonia
X-rays, transtracheal wash
137
how do you treat pneumonia in a reptile
antibiotics
138
What are common digestive disorders in lizards
AnorexiaInfectious Stomatitis- mouth rotConstipation, Obstruction,ImpactionCloacal Prolapse
139
What are common reproductive disorders in lizards
DystociaEggbound- IguanaParaphimosis- proplapsed hemipene
140
Describe surgery and anesthesia of a reptile
Low Oxygen stimulates breathing centerHigh CO2 has no effectUse premeds and iso- as with mammalsEasy to intubate if big enoughSpontaneous ventilation is suppressed with high oxIPPV commonly used- 2-4 bpm use Pulse oximeter Prolonged recovery times
141
what are common surgical procedures on a lizard
ovariosalphingectomy, salphingectomy Ovariectomy, orchiiectomy, enterotomy
142
How do you take a complete history and physical exam on a lizard
Information on Husbandry and nutritionBCS (body condition score)- dorsal tail +pelvisHydration- eyes have a sunken appearanceOral Exam :use rubber spatula-- look atChoana- clear of exudateDentition- no erythema or exudateGlottis- observe through several resp. cyclesMucus membranesPalpate firmness+ symmetry of mandible
143
How do you use the oculovagal reflex to your advantage with a lizard
use vet wrap around the eyes
144
What is important about observing the lizards stance and palpating its limbs
In a new area, such as a consulting room, a healthy lizard will stand so that it is supporting its bodyweight (for a quick getaway if an opening appears)Inability to do this suggests a problem
145
What are common parasites of lizards
Mites and Ticks - tx animal + environmentEntamoebaCryptosporidiumCoccidiaRoundwormsHookwormspinworms
146
What are the possible zoonoses with lizards
Salmonella Psuedomonas, Aeromonas,
147
What are some steps to prevent disease transmission to people
Buy only captive bred reptiles. • Wash your hands with a disinfectant after handling a reptile • Wear gloves and a mask when cleaning the cage. • Do not kiss a reptile • Do not clean cage furnishings or prepare food items in your bathtub or kitchen sink. • If bitten or scratched by a reptile, thoroughly clean the affected area with a disinfectant and hot water and consult your physician. • Have reptiles examined by a veterinarian on a regular basis.
148
What are some reptile nursing techniques
force feeding, intravenous, intraossus catheter
149
What are some various diagnostic procedures in a lizard
Cloacal- colonic washTranstracheal washVenipuncture
150
where do you perform venipuncture in a reptile
caudal tail veinventral abdominal vein
151
How do you handle iguanas
Handling: Iguanas have sharp claws so it is advisable to be wary of this prior to lifting. Do not grab around the neck or midsection from above. Iguanas do not enjoy being held by the body with the legs dangling. Support the body with one hand ventral to the thorax and the other dorsal to the pelvis, catching the legs between the fingers. Avoid excessive pressure on the limbs as fractures can occur quite easily.
152
How do you sex iguanas
Obvious sexual dimorphism exists in iguanas. Compared to a mature female green iguana, mature males have: 1. A more robust body build. 2. Larger head, neck, dewlap, and jowls. 3. More highly developed femoral pores. 4. Bilateral hemipenal bulges on the underside of the tail. 5. More vivid colouration during the mating season.
153
Describe feeding instructions for iguanas
Iguanas are herbivorous. A Ca:P ratio of 2:1 is essential for effective bone growth and maintenance and so a diet of high Ca, low PO4 is recommended. This is extremely important. Metabolic bone disease is the most frequently diagnosed illness in iguanas and results from poor nutrition. Good choices include Brassica leaves, dandelion, nasturtium, hibiscus, and mulberry leaves and flowers. Small amounts of fruit, beansprouts, grass, hay, and alfalfa may also be offered.
154
What can occur in iguanas due to dehydration
Visceral or articular gout can occur due to dehydration. A constant supply of fresh water prevents this.
155
How should you house iguanas
Generally, iguanas should be provided with the largest space affordable and the cage should provide adequate ventilation. A visual barrier of 6-18 inches high is important to provide cover for the animal and to deter escape. The floor should be covered in an easily cleaned substrate such as newspaper or Astroturf. An appropriate broad-spectrum UV light source should be provided. If an artificial source is not used, the iguana should be exposed to natural sunlight. The heat source should be focal, e.g. ceramic bulbs, and separate to the light source. The minimum enclosure temperature should be 23°C. A feeding platform and water pan for drinking/bathing should also be provided.
156
What are the common snakes kept as pets
king snakes, rat snakes, garter snakes, corn snakes, various pythons (**Royal or Ball Python) and various boa constrictors (especially the common Boa constrictor)Boa Constrictor and various pythons become very big not recommendedRecticulated python
157
why are captive bred snakes preferred
Wild caught will be more stressed, will have - will not adapt as easily to the type of prey that is offered
158
Describe the behaviour of snakes
Solitary- house singly
159
what are the common boas
Common Boa, Rosy BoaNew world
160
what are the common pythons
Ball, Blood, BurmeseOld world
161
what are the common colubrids
King, corn, milk, Rat snake (New World)
162
describe venemous snakes
Injected thru hollow teeth called fangsProduced by modified salivary glandsTriangular heads = large venom sacksOnly 10% of all snakes are venomousVenomous snakes Are considered more evolved…
163
describe the corn snake
Elaphe (deerskin) guttata (spotted).ColubridNon-venomousOne of the first snakes to be kept and bred in captivity.
164
describe the ball python
Originates from Africa around equatorAmbush predator- curls up in a ball Prefer open savannahs to forestLive 20-30 yearsWide body snake, about 5 feet longGood eyesight -Have rods, cones– see in UV light + sense infrared (heat pits)
165
describe the results of a healthy snake exam
Active and alert- eyes brightRun hand down body Should not feel overly skinny- no lumps or bumpsNo mites around eyes or under scales ( tiny black dots that move)Gently open mouth (use soft plastic spatula) mucosa pink w small amount of clear saliva- no mucus
166
describe the integument of snakes
No skin glands but have paired scent glands at the base of the tailBeta keratin- scalesAlpha keratin b/n scales- injection- is the stretchy part
167
instead of eyelids what do snakes have
transparent spectacle
168
what is brille
fused transparent eyelids
169
what is the function of the labial pits in boiidae
heat sensorsPit vipers can detect changes of .002 ‘ C
170
what are the function of the lateral spurs of boiidae
lateral spurs which are vestigial remnants of pelvic limbs
171
describe ecdysis in snakes
14 days b/f shed Eyes become opaque- skin - dull colorEnzymatic lymph fluid is collecting between skin layersSnake may be aggressive ( can’t see well)Skin is more vulnerable Best to Leave alone- do not feed
172
What causes dysecdysis
Low humidity ( use humidity box)Skin parasites (mites)Old scarsPoor nutritionRetained spectacle is common problem
173
what can cause a thermal burn in snakes
Wrap themselves around a light bulb
174
describe the musculoskeletal system of snakes
Snakes have no limbs-except boiidae- spurs- vestigeal limbsNo mandibular symphysis + intramandibular hinge and other skull adaptations to be able to swallow large prey
175
what are a snakes adaptations to swallow large prey
Mandibular symphysis can separateNo temperomanbibular joint, instead has a quadrate bone--> articulates b/n mandible and the skull--Allows the jaw to dislocate to swallow prey
176
what is the function of the quadrate bone in snakes
Quadrate bone is also involved in sound transmission
177
describe handling of snakes
Skull articulates with only one occipital condyle- be careful when handling around the headDo not approach head on, but from the side
178
what are the 6 types of snake locomotion
Sidewinding. Slide pushingLateral undulationConcertinaSaltationrectilinear
179
describe the cardiovascular system of the snake
1/3 of the way down -HEART-it is mobileTerrestrial sp have a more cranial heart than marine spHeart is common site for venipuncture 3 chamber- 2 atria, 1 ventricle- but is functionally 5 chambered???intracardiac shunting of bloodContinuous contraction of skeletal msl needed to return blood to the heart
180
describe the hematology of snakes
PCV around 20 -30%Nucleated RBC, thrombocytes (like birds)
181
what is located in the cranial 1/3 of the snake
Cranial 1/3 Trachea, esophagus, parathyroid, thymus, thyroid, heart
182
what is located in the middle 1/3 of the snake
Middle 1/3: lungs, airsac, liver, stomach, spleen, proximal intestine
183
what is located in the caudal 1/3 of the snake
Caudal 1/3:gonads, kidney, cecum, colon, cloaca
184
describe the renal portal system of a snake
Blood from the caudal portion of the body goes to the kidneysDoes not go thru the glomeruliWhere does water reabsorption occur in the cloaca
185
describe the respiratory system of a snake
no hard palate “choana”No epiglottis- only a glottisTrachea has incomplete cartilaginous ringsMost snakes have a single functioning right lung and a small left one- which is often air sac ( boiidae have 2 lungs) Tracheal lung- Faveoli--> gas exchangeTrachea ends in air sac- regulates air flow when swallowing preyNO DIAPHRAGM
186
what do snakes do since then don't have a diaphragm
they use the muscles of the ribs and body wall to pump air in and out of the lungs.
187
describe the lungs of most snakes
The lung can occupy much of the snake's body between the heart and the hind end. The lung of most snakes is divided into 2 portions with the front 1/3 - 1/2 being a functional reptile lung and the remainder, being more of an air sac.
188
Describe a snake with pneumonia
Snakes w pneumonia often elevate their heads at a 45oangle and have open mouth breathingNo diaphragm can’t coughPneumonia often result of poor husbandry
189
what are the sense organs of the snake
Cutaneous sense organs-heat pitsEars- no outer ear-no tympanic membrane, minimal inner earCan pick up vibrationsSmell- Jacobson’s organ- forked tongueEyes- spectacle- called brille
190
what organ does the snake use to smell, and how does it smell
Jacobson’s OrganAllow snakes to taste and smell in stereoSome have heat sensitive pitsIf a snake gets the tip of its tongue damaged it may never eat again
191
describe the eating portion of the digestive system of snakes
Extensive Salivary glands- slime the prey Esophagus 1/4 -1/2 body lengthSnakes that eat large infrequent meals maintain their digestive system in inactive state-metabolic rate increases 44x when feeding
192
Describe the tongue, stomach and intestine of the snake
Tongue is bifid, and can be pushed out through labial notch to catch odors to deliver to the vomeronasal organ“can smell in stereo”STOMACH- digests all but the hairSmall intestine, large intestine- Coprodeum portion of the cloaca
193
describe the urinary system of a snake
Right kidney is cranialNo urinary bladderUreter empties into urodeumUric acid is secreted- urecotelicNo loops of henles ( can’t make conc. Urine)water is refluxed from urodeum to colon + reabsorbed (no bladder)
194
what is special about the arizona king snake
Can eat other snakes
195
describe reproduction of snakes
Female pythons stay with eggs and curl around themAnd do muscular contractionsCobras will defend eggsoviparous and oviviparous
196
What are the live bearing ovoviviparous snakes
BoasVipersGarter snakes
197
How do you sex snakes
Sexing by using probes or eversion of hemipenes
198
How is venom produced
Produced by modified salivary glands
199
what is the defence mechanism of the hog nose snake
Hog nose- plays dead- foul odor
200
what do snakes do when frightened
Cobras raise up + expand neck musclesCobras can spit venom 3 feetRattle snakes- rattleBall pythons roll up in a ballCottonmouths- show bright white inside mouth
201
Describe the housing of snakes
Cage length no less 1/2 snakeIs snake terrestrial or arborealEscape proofTemperature gradient- POTZHot spot – use a heat gun to monitorHumidity level- humidity boxVentilationHide boxSubstrate
202
What are some types of substrate
Cedar- pine shavings- not recommendedAspen shavings- not for humidity loversAstroturfSand-- desert species- feed outsideCypress mulchNewspaper- easy to cleanSphagnum moss for humidity
203
How do you provide heating and lighting to snakes
POTZTemperature gradientHygrometerThermometers (2)Hot rocks ???Heating tape
204
describe lighting for snakes
Quality-- UV light - full spectrum lights- UVA - for behavioral reasonDo snakes need UVB ?PhotoperiodIs the lighting a heat source as well
205
Describe water/humidity for snakes
Tropical speciesHigh humidity- greater risk of bacterial contaminationMoss and mulch help to keep humidity levels up
206
What are some other cage furnishings you can give your snake
Hide BoxesTree branchesDecorative rocks humidity box
207
What are some sizes of rats and mice
Pinkies Fuzzies Hoppers Pups Weanlings Small, medium, large Jumbo (Rats)
208
how do you thaw a rat/mouse for a snake
How to thaw: zip lock bag in hot waterDo not use microwaveWHAT size ??How often to feed ( adult) :1 x/week or /14 daysObesity can be a problem
209
Describe feeding in snakes
Feed snake outside enclosure to avoid ingesting substrateDo not use your fingersSpot cleaning up after defecation
210
What are the protozoal parasites that snakes can get
Protozoal-AmoebaCoccidiaCryptpsporidia- cryptosporidiosis- midbody swelling, regurgitation and weight loss
211
How do you test a snake for parasites
Fecal floatationDirect smearCentrifugation technique
212
What are good venipuncture sites in snakes
Tail veinCardiocentesisPalatine vein
213
What are the common ferret types
Mustela nigripes Black-footed ferretsMustela putorius furo is the European ferret, related to the wild European polecat.
214
How long has the european ferret been domesticated
2000 years
215
what is the normal body weight range of ferrets
500-2,000 grams
216
what is the normal life span of a ferret
5-11 years (typically 6-8 years)
217
what is the age of weaning of ferrets
6-8 weeks
218
when are ferrets reproductively mature
first spring after birth
219
how long is the gestation of a ferret
41 - 42 days
220
what is the average body temperature of a ferret
100.8-104F
221
what is the normal heart rate of a ferret
180-250 bpm
222
what is the normal respiratory rate of a ferret
33-36 per minute
223
what is a hob
Entire Male Ferret
224
what is a hobble
Castrated hob.
225
what is a hoblet
Vasectomised hob.
226
what is a jill
female ferret
227
what is a sprite
female spayed ferret
228
what is a kit
young ferret
229
what is the average litter size of a ferret
1-18 (average 8)
230
when do a baby ferrets eyes open
30-35 days
231
when do a ferrets permanent canine teeth erupt
52 days
232
when are the ferrets deciduous canine teeth lost
56-70days
233
describe marshall farm ferrets
Purchased spayed or neutered and desentedEven when descented, sebaceous skin glands convey a musky odor
234
describe the nutrition of a ferret
Their protein requirements are in fact higher than the cat (recommended protein: 30-40% DM In general, ferrets are given formulated ferret diets or high-quality animal protein based kitten foods.Short, simple digestive tract with no cecum or ileocolic valve.
235
Describe housing and husbandry of a ferret
Although technically nocturnal, ferrets easily adjust their schedule to human activity. House ferrets in multilevel cages with solid-bottom flooring. Provide toweling and other items for burrowing and hiding. Ferrets are also commonly litter pan trained.Never allow ferrets free roam of the home. Instead supervised play should be limited to a ferret-proofed room or region of the home.
236
what are the common vaccinations for ferrets
distemper and rabies
237
describe the human influenza virus transmission
human to ferret (usually) and ferret to human
238
what are the clinical signs of the human influenza in ferrets
lethargy, pyrexia, sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis
239
how long do human influenza symptoms last in ferrets
5-14 days
240
how do you treat human influenza virus in ferrets
symptomatic - can use pediatric cough suppressants and antihistamines
241
what does helicobacter mustelae cause in ferrets
Chronic gastritis and gastric and duodenal ulcers
242
what are the clinical signs of helicobacter mustelae
lethargy, anorexia, hypersalivation, tooth-grinding, halitosis, melena
243
what are ferrets used as an experimental model for
Ferrets used as experimental model for Helicobacter pylori in humans
244
how do you diagnose helicobacter mustelae
often difficult may require barium series, endoscopy or exploratory surgery
245
Describe insulinoma in ferrets
Seen in middle-aged to older ferrets (3 years and older, typically 5-6 yr) Very common: assume all ferrets 5 years or older have insulinoma until proven otherwise!
246
describe the clinical signs of insulinomas in ferrets
episodic weakness or collapse (minutes to hours), hind limb paresis, abnormal mentation, hypersalivation, pawing at the mouth. seizures uncommon but do occur
247
how do you diagnose ferrets with insulinoma
Diagnosis: hypoglycemia 250 pmol/L (>35 IU/mL)
248
how do you treat insulinomas in ferrets
Surgical treatment: remove all nodulesMEDICAL TX – prednisone to help w BSLSurgery is often palliative, but rarely curative: microscopic neoplasia and metastasis have probably occurred at time of surgery
249
what is the prognosis of insulinoma in ferrets
guarded. survival rates vary from 1 month to 1+ years
250
what is the medical therapy of insulinoma in ferrets
Medical therapy is designed to increase the blood glucose concentration. Prednisone (Pediapred®) stimulates the production of blood sugar and is the first line of treatment. Diazoxide (Proglycem®) has anti-insulin affects and is added in with the prednisone if and when hypoglycemic episodes return.
251
describe hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets
Extremely common, ages 3 and up Very different disease than seen in the dog (Cushing's)Mostly androgen secreting tumors not cortisolinfluence of early neutering? - there might be undifferentiated gonadal cells in the adrenal gland-No negative feedback over secretion of FSH + LH -- causes these cells of the adrenal gland to grow and secrete sex hormones androgens
252
what does hyperadrenocorticism result in with ferrets
Results in Adrenal cortical hyperplasia, adenoma, and adenocarcinoma (rarely)
253
what are the clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets
symmetric hair loss beginning on the tail and spreading up the trunk, Symmetrical alopecia +/- pruritus stranguria or urinary obstruction in males androgens cause enlarged prostatevulvar swelling in females(PU/PD, pendulous belly uncommon), anemia very rare,
254
why does hyperadrenocorticism happen in ferrets
Neutering at an early ageLengthy exposure to indoor lightingGenetic tendencies
255
what is the pathogenesis of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets
neutering—no negative feedback results in continuous increase FSH and LHStimulates undifferentiated cells in Adrenal gland to produce Androgens This triggers hyperplasia adenoma adenocarcinoma (rare)
256
how do you diagnose hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets
Exploratory surgery or Ultrasound enlarged Adrenal glandBlood test for elevated AndrogensACTH stim or the LDDS tests are not usedIs not associated with elevated cortisol or elevated Alk Phos as in the dogPruritis does not respond to treatment
257
how do you surgically treat hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets
Adrenalectomy– left gland is easierSurgery is curative
258
what is the medical treatment of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets
Lupron, originally used to treat prostate and breast cancersLupron (Leuprolide) is a GnRH analog that minimizes the secretion of LH and FSH and thus, the sex hormones from the adrenal gland. Requires Monthly injections or a 4 month implantThere is another implant that can last for 6-12 months
259
when do you not treat an animal for hyperadrenocorticism
If the only clinical sign is Alopecia ok not to treat Ok if No pruritis, No prostate problems
260
why would you use lupron in a ferret
For ferret with adrenal disease give an injection every 30 days
261
why will an unswayed ferret die
Estrogen toxicity due to prolonged estrusInduced ovulators
262
what disorders are ferrets prone to
InsulinomaAdrenal gland diseaseMast cell tumorsLymphoma
263
describe gastrointestinal foreign bodies in ferrets
Gastrotomy to remove a foreign body in a ferretVery common because of ferrets' inquisitive nature Rubber FB most common in younger animals (ear plugs, toys, etc.) Trichobezoars seen in older animals
264
what are clinical signs of gastrointestinal foreign body in ferrets
chiefly anorexia also vomiting, melena, weight loss
265
how do you diagnose gastrointestinal foreign body in ferrets
palpation, radiography
266
how do you treat gastrointestinal foreign body in ferrets
immediate surgery
267
what are the types of turtles
Turtle -- sea turtleTortoise -- landTerrapin (turtle) -- associated with fresh water
268
describe chelonians
Shell divided into carapace + plastronBones of the shell covered with keratinized epithelium called scutesThis is fused living bone
269
what is Carapace
fused dermal bone. ribs. thoracic, lumbar vertebrae
270
what are the 6 pairs of scutes
GularHumeralPectoralAbdominalFemoral anal
271
how do you weigh a turtle
Take in full weight for dosing of medication
272
how is the gender of the turtle determined
Gender is determine by heat of incubation
273
how do you differentiate the sex of a tortoise
sexual dimorphism.
274
how do you sex an aquatic turtle
the males have longer fingernails
275
what is a common disorder of the shell of the aquatic turtle
shell rot
276
what can cause Pyrimydal disease during growth phase in the turtle
often related to excessive protein
277
describe the dentition of turtles
Turtles and tortoises No teeth Tomia (keratinized beaks)
278
describe the respiratory system of a turtle
Lungs Attach dorsally to carapaceSea turtles can breath hold up to 3 weeksTo x-ray the lungs-- 3 views VD- AP– LAT
279
what are the clinical signs of pneumonia in a turtle
head tilt
280
describe the heart of the turtle
Cavum venosum: paired aortic arches, lead to systemic circulationCavum arteriosum: receives blood from pulmonary veins and directs oxygenated blood to cavum venosumCavum pulmonale: receives blood from right atrium and directs flow into pulmonary circulation
281
what is the potz of an aquatic turtle
POTZ 75-82 F (24-29 C)
282
describe the diet of an adult turtle
omnivorous
283
describe the diet of a terrestrial turtle
Diet -- HerbivorousProne to constipation
284
what are the common diseases of a turtle
Metabolic Bone DiseaseVit A deficiency-- conjunctivitis, blepharitis, swollen eyelidsVit A Toxicity—Shell rot dry and wet form
285
what is septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease (SCUD) in turtles
Shell Injury and RepairOvergrown Beak
286
what are the common respiratory diseases of turtles
Mucopurulent nasal dischargeOcular dischargeDyspneaOpen mouth breathingAbnormal swimming
287
How do you tell a male from a female cokateil
How do you tell male from female- female has wing spots and tail bars
288
What are cockateils prone to
overproduction of eggs
289
where are budgies originally found
originally from Australia
many bred in Germany + here
290
describe new world parrotlets
similar size to a love birdgroup of the smallest New World parrot speciesForm life-long and tight pair bonds with their chosen mates.
291
describe conures
medium sized birdsfrom central + south america
292
describe a hyacinthe macaw
South AmericaSix years to matureOnly lay 1 or 2 eggs a year
293
What are all macaws prone to
All Macaws are prone to :Proventricular Dilation Disease= PDD ( macaw wasting dse)
294
Why are male and female eclectus parrots confused for two different species of birds
Until recently, male & female eclectus parrots were considered to be two different species of birds due to their unique and prominent sexual dimorphism. ( male green).. From New Guinea ( old world)
295
how do you sexually differentiate budgies
Budgie - blue cere in male- brown in female
296
how do you sexually differentiate most parrots
Are sexually monomorphicMale birds are homogametic (have two Z chromosomes) while females are heterogametic (have one Z and one W chromosome).Surgical or by Blood Sample
297
What birds are considered passerines
Canaries and Finches Songbirds
298
describe the integument of birds
thin epidermisNo sub cut fat- easier to fly
299
do birds have sweat glands? how do they cool down or warm up?
No sweat glands. Puff up if cold or flap wings if warm
300
do amazons have a preen gland?
no
301
what can happen to the uropygial gland in budgies
tutors can develop
302
where is the uropygial gland found
On dorsal surface at upper base of the tail
303
what does preening stimulate/do
Preening stimulates secretion of an oily, fatty substance Bird uses beak to spread the oil throughout its feathers to clean and waterproof them
304
describe the claws of psittacines
Psittacines digits 2+2 point anteriorly
305
describe the claws of passerines
Passerines are 3 +1
306
what are common feet problems in birds
Problems with feet-Scaly leg mite-- knemodecoptes-Vit A df- hyperkaratosis-pododermatitis
307
describe claws of birds
Horny sheath derived from specialized scales at the end of each toeGrow continuously Variable types of claws, depending on perching habits and method of procuring food
308
describe the perching reflex
When the bird bends its legs to perch the tendons pull the toes around the foot
309
how do you handle raptors when dealing with the perching reflex
keep the legs straight
310
how do you trim the nails of birds
straighten the leg
311
describe the beak of birds
Beak- modified to its function –Upper and lower mandible covered with a horny keratin layer Grows continuouslyVariable hardness and flexibility, depending on the function
312
why are birds lighter
hollow bones, no teeth, no jaw bones, no sub q fat
313
what is the function of feathers
flight, protection, communication, thermoregulation
314
what is the anatomy of contour feathers
Anatomy of contour feather-- umbilicus, quill, rachis, vane, barbs and barbules and hooklets
315
what are the 6 feather types
Contour featherSemiplumeDownfeathers- warmthFiloplumeBristlePowder down
316
what are the different types of contour feathers
remiges (flight)rectrices (tail)Coverts
317
where are the primary feathers located
Primary feathers- from the carpus distally
318
where are the secondary feathers located
Secondary feathers- from elbow to the carpus
319
describe the contour feathers
Flight feathers of the wings and tail (remiges and retrices)
320
how are the contour feathers moved
Moved by muscles attached to the walls of the follicles
321
describe the auricular feathers
small contour feathers around external ear openingsImprove bird’s hearing ability
322
describe the structure of the Vane of a feather
flattened part of a feather Numerous slender,
closely spaced barbs
that give rise to
barbules containing
hooklets (hamuli) Hooklets interlock each barbule with an adjacent one
323
describe the semiplume feathers
Have main rachis with barbs
and no barbules or hooklets Found under contour feathers
324
what is the function of the semiplume feathers
Provide insulationProvide flexibility for movement of contour feathers Help with buoyancy in water birds
325
describe the down feathers of birds
Down feathers Soft, fluffy feathers Lack a true shaftNo barbules or hooklets Located next to skin under contour feathers
326
what is the function of down feathers
warmth
327
what are the 2 major types of feather damage
feather mitesdaily wear and tear
328
describe feather mites
Feather mites and other external parasites can chew and consume parts of the feather vanes
329
describe daily wear and tear
Daily wear and tear: lighter tips of flight and tail feathers can be worn off
330
describe stress bars in feathers
Fault bar (stress bar): weakened area on the feather vane where barbs lack barbules – Look for during GPEResults from stress that interrupts blood flow during feather growthCommon stressor: poor diet
331
what is a brood patch
area of dermis in breast that thickens with blood vessels during brooding- to incubate eggs
332
what is a feather tract
—pterylae—apteria (no feathers)
333
what are blood feathers
a growing feather-can see the vein
334
describe feather pickers
Often behavioral OCDBUT must rule out all medical possibilities by doing tests
335
What tests need to be done on a bird who is plucking his own feathers
GPE and extensive review of historyIdentify stressors and nutritional factorsX-ray- heavy metalBlood tests : CBC + BIOCHEM- to insure good health Fecal smear and floatation to rule out parasitesGram stain- of feces, Choana, crop contentsPCR tests for PBFD
336
how much of the birds body weight is made up of feathers
4-12%
337
what is molting
Process of feather replacement In most species, feather replacement is symmetrical One or two pairs of flight feathers molted at a time Many species of waterfowl molt all flight feathers at once after the breeding season
338
how often are feathers molted
Occurs once to several times a year, depending on species
339
when a feather is melted, what is it covered with
Feather emerges covered by peridermPeriderm removed by preeningSometimes a bird that is molting can over preen
340
how is the old feather removed during molting
newly developing feather pushes old feather out
341
describe the appearance of a new feather
New feather has visible Blood vessels (blood feather)When feather is fully grown, blood dries up
342
what is psittacine beak and feather disease
caused by a circovirus—results in the production of abnormal or dystrophic feathers + weakens immune system the powder down feathers are first affected, the last are the primariesBirds die within 1-3 years from time of diagnosis
343
which animal was beak and feather disease first described in
cockatoos
344
what does pssitacine beak and feather disease cause
Beak Necrosis, Feather Dystrophies, worsening with each successive molt
345
what are the early signs of PBFD
Early signs are subtle changes in down feathers
346
how do you diagnose PBFD
PCR test for the virus
347
describe the pectorals muscle
(downstroke)-- 20% of birds weight - This is Where we give IM injections
348
describe the supracoracoideus muscle
used for upstroke
349
what has the fused vertebrae of the bird replaced
the dorsally located muscles
350
what is the function of red muscle
used fat for energy. very long distance flyers
351
what is the function of white muscle
use of glycogen for energy
352
what bones are often fractured with window strikes
Coracoid often fracturedWith window strikes
353
what is the function of the Allula
steering
354
what are the birds adaptations for flight
reduction in the number of bonesfusion of many bonespneumatic bones- hollow bones
355
describe the axial skeleton of the bird
more cervical vertebraerigid thoracic vertebraelumbosacral area is fused with pelvis- SYNSACRUMSternum—large keel bone
356
what bones make up the pectoral girdle
coracoid, scapula, clavicle (wish bone)
357
in birds what is larger, the ulna or the radius
the ulna
358
what is the name of the wing web of birds
patagium
359
describe the vision of birds
very well developed-Eye is of different shapes in different speciesthey have better visual acuity than usmore nerves going to the rods and cones--thicker retinaSclerotic rings- ossicles that support and protect eyesTransparent nictitating membrane – acts as a lens in diving birds–
360
describe the iris muscle in birds
Iris muscle is striated- under voluntary control- not autonomic (will not dilate with atropine)
361
what is located in the vitreous humour of birds
pecten- allows for additional blood supply to bird.
362
what happens if the pecten is injured in raptors
it can't be released
363
what birds have a second fovea
hawks
364
what spectrum do birds see in
UVA light spectrum
365
describe the hearing of birds
BIRDS HEAR 10 x faster than usExtremely well developed in Barn Owls-asymmetric ears and Facial disk
366
describe the middle ear of birds
Middle ear- columnella instead 3 bones
367
describe the taste sense of birds
Not well developedFewer taste buds
368
describe the smell sense of birds
Poorly developed in most birdsBetter developed in vultures
369
describe the common structures of the digestive system
BEAKMOUTH- no soft palate-- ChoanaCROP- storageSTOMACH = Proventriculus and GizzardLiver- bilobedPancreasDuodenum. Jejunum. ileumLarge intestine+/- ceca (herbivores)cloaca
370
What is the function of the crop
Courtship regurgitation Pigeons produce crop milk Problems with Hand fed baby birds- impacted crops—Sour crop
371
what is a common diagnostic test with the crop
Crop Wash to check for parasite, fungal, bacterial infection
372
what is the function of the proventriculus
glandular stomach
373
what is the function of the ventriculus
gizzard - very muscular- grinding function (grit is here)
374
what are the 3 parts of the cloaca
coprodeumUrodeumProctodeum
375
what are the feces in birds called
mutes
376
what are the 3 parts of the bird's mute
feces, urates, urine
377
describe normal bird droppings
Diets with a high seed content usually produce homogeneous dark green feces. Birds on formulated pellet diets normally exhibit soft, brownish feces. Urine is normally a clear liquid. A diet high in vegetable and fruit matter may increase the urine component.
378
what are some important diagnostic characteristics from urine/feces
Decrease in the total number or volume of droppings ( history)Color change of the urates/urine to green or yellowIncrease in the water content of the feces (diarrhea)Increase in the urine portion (polyuria).Passing whole seeds is abnormal
379
how do you evaluate the mute of a bird
Have client bring in cage or take photosThe stress of transporting and examining the bird will change the character of the mutes so you can not rely on this
380
describe proventricular dilation disease
affects the nerves of the GI tract- the proventriculus becomes very enlarged. There is passing of whole seeds in fecesA crop biopsy can confirm.PCR test for virus is not reliable at this time
381
describe the papilloma virus
cloacal papillomatosis: in amazonsThis can become a progressively fatal diseaseThe warts ( papillomas) endCheck for this in GPE- invert the cloaca
382
describe the cardiovascular system of birds
High body temp. 42 C (104-105°F.)High heart rates- only 6 secs to made a complete circuitAn average heart rate for a bird is approximately 400 bpm. While in flight, it can increase 2-3 times as fast!
383
describe erythrocytes of birds
ERYTHROCYTE oval, nucleated, larger than mammals, PCV- 35-55, 5% recticulocytes is normalA responsive anemia should see >10% reticulocytes
384
describe the leukocytes of birds
HETREROPHILS- equivalent to neutrophil, rod shaped orange granules. See increase in chlamydiosis and other bacterial infections Eosinophils-- round granules Basophils – rare Lymphocytes MonocytesThrombocytes (platelets)
385
what anticoagulant do you use with a bird blood smear
lithium heparin
386
where do you perform venipuncture in birds
basilar veinmedial metatarsal
387
where can you give iv/sc injections
in the potassiumin the intraosseus catheter
388
how much blood can be safely drawn from a bird
1% of total body weight
389
what is the total blood volume of birds
10% of body weight
390
describe the large infraorbital sinus of birds
rostrovental to the eye—2 exits are dorsal- a bird with sinusitis often looks like conjunctivitis
391
how do you treat birds sinusitis
sinus flush
392
describe the respiratory system
Nares, choanano epiglottis – Glottisno larynx—Syrinx- voice boxComplete tracheal rings- do not use a cuffed ET tubebronchi—mesobronchi—parabronchi—air capillaries (no alveoli)Lung is fixedAir sacsBirds do not possess a diaphragm. Air sacs within the coelomic cavity take up 1/5th of the bird’s body volume.
393
describe the avian femur
it is a pneumatic bone which is part of their respiratory system
394
what can happen in the air sacs
air sacculitis - aspergilla - aspergillosis
395
Describe the path of air through a bird
Inspiration 1- air goes to posterior airsacs- where it is warmed and humidified – expiration 1- it is pushed into the lungs where gas exchange occurs- countercurrent exchanges system very efficient O2 extraction Inspiration 2- it moves to the cranial air sacs expiration 2 – air leaves the bird’s body
396
what are budgies prone to, in the urogenital system
renal adenocarcinoma
397
describe the size of the kidneys in birds
kidneys larger and divided into 3 parts
398
describe the uric acid of birds
Urates- white- main nitrogenous waste product- will be elevated with kidney disease and failure
399
describe gout in birds
Excess uric acid in the bird is called - GOUT- it often deposits in the joints and causes lameness
400
what is BUN a measure of in birds
measure of hydration
401
describe the reproductive system of birds
Females are the heterozygous one ZWTestes are in the abdomenFemales have only one ovary on left sideAquatic birds have a phallus
402
describe female reproductive anatomy
Infundibulum-Magnum- secretes albuminIsthmus-shell membraneUterus-shell glandVagina stores sperm,
403
describe normal biochemistry tests in birds
ALT, SGPT-- little use in avian- is present in all cells- not liver specificAMYLASE- elevated in pancreatitis and enteritisAP, SAP- little useAST, SGOT-- liver and muscleCK, CPK -- muscleBile Acids -- liver functionBilirubin is not that useful birds produce biliverdin-Calcium- elevated in laying birdsGlucose- BUN-- hydration statusUric Acid- kidneyCreatinine - not useful
404
what causes knemidokoptes mites
Sarcoptes miteScaly beak and leg miteResponds well to ivomec
405
describe pox disease in birds
psittacine, cutaneous form. These two Fischer lovebirds are suffering from eye lesions caused by a parrot pox virus. Most of the affected birds did not survive. Other species often have lower mortality rates.
406
where are the common sites for fibrosarcoma in the pet bird
beak and face
407
describe hepatic lipidosis in birds
gross lesions, cockatiel. A pale liver is located beneath the heart, nestled in a pad of abdominal body fat. Diet consisted of mixed seeds, of which only sunflower seeds were actually eaten.
408
Describe feather cysts
This macaw shows a single large ingrown feather or feather cyst. Canaries are commonly affected with multiple feather cysts.
409
summarize all viral diseases
Proventricular Dilatition Disease—Macaw wasting dse – virus abornaNewcastle Disease- reportable dse-- Is the reason for the 45 day quarantine of BIRDSPolyomavirus- pediatric dse of parrots- can be carried by budgiesPacheco Disease—herpes virus—carried by Conures—Amazons very susceptible There is a vaccine- no longer a problem at HARIPOX virus-canaryPsittacine Beak and Featherdse—PBFD—circo virus Papillomatosis Amazons + Macaws very susceptible
410
What does the polyoma virus cause
widespread hemorrhage, acute death
411
describe polyoma/vaccination for polyoma
Adults require yearly boosterNeonates -- 5 weeks and 8 weeksBudgies may be unapparent carriersMay cause Budgie fledgling disease- dystrophic feathers
412
what are the 2 common liver diseases
Fatty LiverAspergillosis
413
what are misc. diseases of birds
Overgrown BeakBrown Hypertrophy of CereFemale budgieFeather Bars-- stress bars
414
describe psittacine herpesvirus hepatitis
Psittacine HV-1,2,3-- Herpes VirusSouth American Origin– ***problem mixing birds from different geographic areasCockatoos and Amazons die per acutelyMacaws die acutelyConures (Nanday and Patagonian) incriminated as carriers
415
what are the common signs of psittacosis
Respiratory Involvement: airsacculitisLeukocytosis, heterophilia, monocytosisAnemiaAST elevation, TP, bile acidsHepatomegaly, splenomegaly\Fibrinopericardititis
416
What are common nutritional disorders
Obesity—Hepatic Lipidosis- Vitamin A ImbalanceCalcium, Phosphorous, Vit D3 ImbalanceIodine deficiency/ Goiter
417
what are the problems with a seed only diet
Df—Vit A, Vit D, riboflavin, vitB12- Df- minerals; Calcium, sodium, iodine, copper, zinc, manganese, seleniumDf- amino acids- lysine, methionineXs- fatImbalance – amino acids, Ca:P, vit E, Seseed - Goiter- budgie on an all seed diet
418
describe vitamin A deficiency
Vit A df- hyperkeratosis of epithelium- GPE look at Choanal papillae
419
describe B vitamin and mineral deficiency
results in poor feathering and may result in feather picking especially after a molt
420
describe obesity in birds
fatty liver disease
421
describe Ca, P, Vitamin D imbalance
lameness, fractures, African Grays are prone to hypocalcemic tetanyEgg binding/dystocias -+ egg shell problems
422
what are common parasitic diseases
Helminths -Tapeworm --AscaridsFilarial wormsProtozoa- Giardia, coccidiaArthropods -air sac mites- Canaries - budgies knemidokoptes--> scaly face and leg mite- feather mites
423
what are common fungal diseases in birds
Mycotoxicosis- mold infected grainCandidiasis- yeast-- crop infectionsAspergillosis- opportunisticMegabacterioisis-(avian gastric yeast)
424
what are early signs of disease in birds
Broken, bent, picked or chewed feathersStained feathers over nares or around the face or vent or Crusty material in or around nostrilsRedness, swelling or loss of feathers around eyes, baldnessSores on bottom of feet /Lameness /shifting of body weightMinor changes in talking, biting, or eating habits
425
what are the clinical signs of serious illness in birds
Significant changes in number and appearance of the droppingsDecreased or excessive food or water consumptionChange in attitude, personality or behaviorFluffed postureDecreased vocalizationChange in breathing or abnormal respiratory soundsChange in weight or general body conditionEnlargement or swelling on the bodyAny bleeding or injuryVomiting or regurgitationDischarge from nostrils, eyes, or mouth
426
what are common zoonosis with birds
ChlamydiosisSalmonellosisTuberculosisInfluenza A
427
describe chlamydophila in birds
Chlamydiosis, also referred to as psittacosis in people and parrot fever in birdsChlamydophila psittaci, formerly classified as Chlamydia psittaci.Treatment with doxycycline or chlortetracycline is the standard of care.
428
what are some common skin problems in birds
Brown Hypertrophy of the Cere- BudgiesLipomas- lipomatosisSelf trauma
429
what are common feather problems in birds
Feather pickingContinuous moltingFeather cysts - ingrown feather forms a granuloma-- likely congenital-- may be underlying virus induced folliculitis
430
what are common respiratory problems in birds
SinusitisPneumoniaAir sacculitisDyspnea-Anything occupying the abdominal space:tumor, helpatomegaly,ascites
431
what is the clinical sign of resp. distress
tail bobbing
432
what are common GI diseases
Vomiting or Regurgitation Abnormal droppings
433
what are common reproductive conditions in birds
Chronic egg layingEgg bindingEgg yolk peritonitisProlapsed cloaca-oviduct-uterusSexual aggression
434
what are common neoplasia in birds
FibrosarcomaCarcinoma— e.g. renalLymphosarcomaLipomaPituitary Masses
435
what are the common kidney disorders in birds
goutpolyuria
436
what are the common endocrine disorders in birds
DiabetesHypothyroidism
437
what are the common toxicosis in birds
Toxic fumesLead, Zincavocado
438
what are some pediatric conditions in birds
Aspiration pneumoniaCrop burn, crop stasis, infectionBeak and leg abnormalities
439
describe avian hepatic lipidosis
most commonly seen in birds eating high fat diets (seed), especially after a sudden dietary change (i.e. to a pelleted diet) or a period of anorexia* similar pathogenesis to that seen in other species* more commonly seen in Amazon parrots
440
what are the clinical signs of hepatic lipidosis
anorexia* "sick bird syndrome" - fluffed appearance, lethargy, increased sleeping* biliverdinuria-- see green urates
441
what are the physical/diagnostic findings of avian hepatic lipidosis
radiographically, enlargement of the hepatic silhouette can be seen* hepatomegaly may be palpable* AST, bile acids, and cholesterol are elevated
442
describe avian aspergillosis
occurs in psittacines, raptors, and water fowl* Aspergillus is ubiquitous in the environment and infection is thought to be caused by either immunosuppression or massive exposure to the organism.Penguins in zoos-- are very susceptible
443
what are the clinical signs of avian aspergillosis
dyspnea, change in voice, reluctance to talk (parrots), respiratory click, emaciation, exercise intolerance
444
what are the physical/diagnosistc findings of avian aspergillosis
some birds may become very stressed when handled and need to stay in an oxygen cage* increased respiratory effort observed on physical exam * severe leukocytosis of 20-100,000 WBCs/µL* heterophilia with a left-shift, monocytosis, and lymphopenia* non-regenerative anemia, increased total protein and globulin
445
how do you diagnose avian aspergillosis
endoscopic visualization of plaques in the trachea (especially at the level of the syrinx) or airsacsevidence of air sacculitis may be apparent on radiographsculture is valuable if taken from sites such as the trachea, air sacs, and lungshistopathology Treatmant* Long term anti-fungal therapy with Amphotericin B, terbinafine, diflucan and/or intraconazole.* Endoscopic removal of plaques, especially those lodged at the syrinx.
