Pathology Flashcards

Question

Describe chronic inflammation

Answer 1

Weeks to months (to years)Mostly lymphocytes and macrophagesOften fibrosis and granulation tissueCan be secondary to acute inflammation or direct (mycobacterium, foreign material)

Answer 2

Low in proteins, clotting factors and cellsBlisters from burns, acute allergic responses

Answer 3

Fluid containing an abundance of mucus and mucin (from a mucus membrane)Chronic allergies (chronic asthma)Autoimmune GI diseases

Answer 4

Fluid with high concentration of plasma proteinsBut low leukocytes

Answer 5

High proteinsHigh WBC

Answer 6

1. release of cytokines (pyrogens) from wbc2. hypothalamus is triggered3. causes a fever

Answer 7

Occurs when acute inflammation fails to rapidly eliminate stimulus.

Answer 8

Enzymes from neutrophils liquefy affected tissue and neutrophils  pusParticularly myeloperoxidase

Answer 9

rabbits and reptiles

Answer 10

Cells as opposed to fluid

Answer 11

granulomas

Answer 12

hypertrophic scar

Answer 13

Exuberant proliferation of fibroblats and collagenNot well understoodDisregulation of cytokines & Growth factors most likely

Answer 14

Idiopathic. Classified by the region of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) affected and by the predominant inflammatory cell type. Lymphocytic-plasmacytic inflammation is most commonly found, followed by eosinophilic inflammation. IBD is believed to be immune-mediated in origin.normal intestinal mucosa serves as a barrier and controls exposure of antigens to the GI lymphoid tissue (GALT). GALT generates appropriate immune responses (tolerance of harmless antigens).IBD develops when there is a break-down in this process and inappropriate immune responses occur.

Answer 15

÷ Pericardium÷ Myocardium÷ Conduction system÷ Endocardium & Valves

Answer 16

÷ Arteries (distribution) ÷ Veins (collection)÷ Capillaries÷ Lymphatic

Answer 17

Physical barriersConcentration GradientPressure Gradient

Answer 18

Accumulation of excess interstitial fluid

Answer 19

increased permeability

Answer 20

histamine and bradykinin

Answer 21

inflammation, damage and immune mediated

Answer 22

infectious (tick born disease, FIP, leptospirosis, etc)immune mediated diseasetoxins

Answer 23

portal hypertensionlocalized obstructionfluid overload

Answer 24

increased pressure

Answer 25

decreased albumin (production or losses)

Answer 26

Barrier ProblemsPressure ProblemsDecreased lymphatic drainage

Answer 27

¡ Alveolar lumen¡ Thoracic cavity¡ Pericardial sac¡ Abdominal cavity ¡ Subcutaneous

Answer 28

Clear to slightly yellowtransuadate (low protein and low cells)

Answer 29

traumaerosionneoplastic invasionfungi

Answer 30

endotoxemia/infectious agentstoxinsimmune-complexes

Answer 31

Physical disruptionminor defectsthrombocytopeniacoagulation factor deficiency

Answer 32

Formation of inappropriate clot of fibrin and/or platelets along with other blood elements on the wall of a blood vessel / lymphatic / heart.

Answer 33

thromboembolism

Answer 34

¡ Infectious (ex herpes virus, salmonella, aspergillus)¡ Immune-mediated ¡ Toxins

Answer 35

¡ Mechanical÷ (GDV, external compression) ¡ Cardiac disease¡ Hypovolemia

Answer 36

¡ Inflammation¡ Diabete¡ Renal disease¡ Neoplasia¡ Hepatic disease ¡ Cushing’s¡ Hypothyroidism ¡ Heartworm

Answer 37

decrease in renal function, proteinuria and hematuria oranuria if bilateral

Answer 38

¡ acute respiratory compromise and a ventilation-perfusion mismatch that can be mild or subclinical depending on the degree of embolization

Answer 39

¡ gastrointestinal signs and abdominal pain

Answer 40

¡ pain, hardening of the musculature (tetany), and cyanosis

Answer 41

¡ Cardiogenic¡ Hypovolemic¡ Blood maldistribution(÷ Septic÷ Anaphylactic ÷ Neurogenic)

Answer 42

Failure of the heart to pump adequate amount of blood ÷ Arrhythmias÷ Cardiomyopathy÷ Pericardial tamponade÷ Anesthesia

Answer 43

Loud murmurs, tachycardia or bradycardia, arrrhythmias, and weak heart sounds

Answer 44

¡ Reduced circulating blood volume ÷ Fluid loss: vomiting, diarrhea, burns ÷ Blood loss (>35%)

Answer 45

tachycardia, pale mucous membranes, and tachypnea

Answer 46

¡ Pooling of blood in peripheral tissues from vasodilation

Answer 47

¡ Widespread mast cell degranulation ¡ USUALLY CAUSED BY: Vaccine, insect/plant, drugs

Answer 48

¡ Autonomic nerve discharge ¡ CAUSED BY: Electrocution, stress, fear

Answer 49

¡ Infectious organism released inflammation mediator

Answer 50

Inability of the heart to maintain normal ¡ systemic blood pressure¡ normal cardiac output (normal tissue blood flow) ¡ normal filling pressure

Answer 51

results from severe heart disease

Answer 52

¡ Hepatomegaly & splenomegaly ¡ Ascites

Answer 53

Pulmonary congestion and edema

Answer 54

¡ Cardiac hemangiosarcoma÷ Highly malignant ¡ Idiopathic÷ Golden Retriever ¡ Acute vs Chronic¡ Pericardiocenthesis

Answer 55

¡ Large breed dog (e.g. Doberman, Irish Wolfhound)¡ Familial pattern¡ Etiology not well understood¡ Adult onset÷ May have murmur, arrhythmias, tachycardia¡ Taurine-deficient cats

Answer 56

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy¡ Main Coons¡ Etiology not completely clear¡ Young adult, middle-age cat÷ Mostly asymptomatic with murmur of gallop¡ Associated with arterial thromboembolism¡ Hyperthyroidism can cause a form of DCM (reversible)

Answer 57

¡ Ventricular arrhythmias, syncope, sudden death¡ Familial disease÷ Not well understood, difficult to breed out

Answer 58

¡ West Highland white terrier, Miniature schnauzer, Americancocker spaniel, Boxer, Dachshund, Pug¡ Idiopathic¡ Adult onset÷ Most of these dogs show overt clinical signs (syncope, episodicweakness) at the time of diagnosis¡ Pacemaker

Answer 59

¡ Progressive degeneration of the atrioventricular valves¡ Older dogs¡ Small- to medium-size breeds (Papillon, Poodle, Chihuahua,Dachshund, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel)¡ Slow progression to heart failure¡ Progressive murmur

Answer 60

¡ Mostly dogs¡ Congenital, can be genetic¡ Female; pomeranian, poodle (proved heritable cause), Keeshond, Bichon frise, Chihuahua, Maltese, Shetland sheepdog¡ Continuous murmur¡ Sx or Coil

Answer 61

¡ Pulmonary valve (smaller breeds)¡ Aortic valve (larger breeds) ¡ Loud murmur¡ Not as easy to correct if severe

Answer 62

¡ Vascular thrombosis and infarction of the spinal cord¡ Sudden onset, usually one side worst¡ Non-chondrodystrophoid¡ If deep pain sensation remains, many animals will recover useful spinal function

Answer 63

Dilatation of lymphatic vessels and obstruction of normallymph flow.¡ Intestinal lymphatic dysfunction leads to leakage of protein- rich lymph into the intestinal lumen.÷ Common causes of protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) in dogs¡ Primary: idiopathic¡ Secondary:÷ Inflammatory disease ÷ Neoplasia÷ Heart failure

Answer 64

÷ vomiting, diarrhea (usually small bowel), weight loss, lethargy, anorexia÷ peripheral edema, abdominal distension from ascites

Answer 65

diet change, anti-inflammatories

Answer 66

prognosis is variable

Answer 67

¡ Cause chylothorax¡ Cytological aspect:¡ Often idiopathic (other: neoplasia, HWD, heart failure)

Answer 68

¡ Anomalous vessels that allow normal portal blood (from GIT) to pass directly into the systemic circulation without first passing through the liver¡ Congenital or acquired (older)¡ Failure to thrive, poor weight gain, and small body stature ÷ Seizure-like episodes after a meal¡ Some can be treated with surgery

Answer 69

Agent that causes mutations resulting in tumor formation

Answer 70

The study of neoplasia (diagnosis, treatment)

Answer 71

Well differentiatedThe cells resemble closely the parent tissueLittle or no anaplasiaSlow growthNo basement membrane invasionDo not metastasizeOften encapsulated

Answer 72

By compressing sensitive tissuesBy being metabolically activeBy malignant transformation

Answer 73

Some lack of differentiationAnaplasiaRapid GrowthMany mitotic figuresAbnormal mitotic figuresLocally invasiveInfiltrative growthFrequent metastasisUsually no capsule

Answer 74

AdenomaPapillomaCarcinomaAdenocarcinoma

Answer 75

Tissue -omaTissue -sarc0ma

Answer 76

Invasion of host tissueDissemination through vascular systemImplantation on new surfaces

Answer 77

radiologycomputed tomographyultrasoundMRINuclear MedicinecytologyDNA, RNA analysis

Answer 78

screening test

Answer 79

to characterize and localize lesionidentify metastasissurgery and radiotheraphy planning

Answer 80

Abdomen: internal structure of organs and to image body cavities when effusionAssess vasculatureUltrasound-guided sampling

Answer 81

administration of radioisotopes

Answer 82

Relatively low risk of procedures to the animalLower cost compared with biopsySpeed with which results can be obtainedBest to evaluate cellular criteria (ex lymphoma)

Answer 83

Small sample (may not be representative)No tissue architecture

Answer 84

Study mutations to help classify tumorsDiagnostic utility (lymphocytosis)Can help guide therapy

Answer 85

Done to predict/classify the behavior of the tumor.Different criteria depending on tumor type.Done by pathologist

Answer 86

Describing or classifying a cancer based on the extent of cancer in the body. Often based on the size of the tumour, presence of metastasisStages are based on specific factors for each type of cancer

Answer 87

The pressure exerted by the neoplasm on the surrounding tissues will cause the following effects:PainVessels blockageDyspnea, hypoxiaCompromise organ function

Answer 88

Weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illnessthat cannot be reversed nutritionallyInflammatory cytokines involved

Answer 89

Suppression of erythropoietin synthesis in kidneysHemorrhagesDecreased erythropoiesisErythrocyte fragmentation

Answer 90

Tumor cell secretionsOsteolytic metastases of neoplasms

Answer 91

Genetic Immunosuppression Chemical carcinogens Viral carcinogens Physical carcinogens Chronic tissue injury

Answer 92

Cigarette smokeUltraviolet irradiationUrbanizationDiet

Answer 93

Oxygen free radicals that result from chronic inflammationIntrinsic errors in DNA replicationevery time a cell divides, each daughter cell is likely to carry at least a few hundred mutations in its DNA Most are silent, but accumulate

Answer 94

Cancers with clear heritable basisNot many described in veterinary literature

Answer 95

It is Why not all smokers get lung cancer

Answer 96

Will not cause cancer directly (unlike heritable syndrome)Histiocytic sarcoma in Bernese Mountain dogs

Answer 97

Very wide varietyMost bind covalently to DNADirect carcinogenIndirect:Require metabolic activation

Answer 98

Sunlightfacial, aural, and nasal planum SCC in white or partially white cats and may also play a similar role in some cutaneous SCC lesions in dogTrauma/InflammationChronic keratitisFeline vaccine associated sarcomaRadiationAt site of radiation therapySurgery/ImplantsAnecdotal reports

Answer 99

Canine mammary cancermost common neoplasm of female intact dogsSimilar in cats, but not as well documentedPerianal adenomaoccurs primarily in intact male dogs, whereas perianal adenocarcinoma occurs in both intact and castrated malesResolves after castrationProstate cancerneutered dogs have been shown to be at increased risk

Answer 100

Usually multiple lesions affecting young dogsMost regress without txt

Answer 101

Still much to discoverOnly 20% of cats persistently infected with FeLV develop lymphoid cancerTwenty years ago, 70% of lymphomas in cats were believed to be caused by FeLV

Answer 102

neoplasms most commonly linked to FIV infectionLymphomas and myeloid tumors (myelogenous leukemia, myeloproliferative disease) few carcinomas and sarcomas Lentiviruses such as FIV not oncogenic in themselvesmarkedly immunosuppressiveaffect normal immunosurveillance of cancerous cells

Answer 103

Highly malignant neoplasm that originates from vascular endotheliumAffects middle-age to older dogs, large breedPrimary tumor site:SpleenHeart (right atrium)SubcutisLiverMetastasis:lungs, liver, mesentery, and omentum (hematogenous)Direct spreadFeatures helpful for diagnosis (pertinent staging/grading, etc):Often morphologically altered RBCs are present, such as schistocytes, acanthocytes, and poikilocytesCan present as acute abdomen or cardiac tamponadeOther (complications, prognosis, etc)Highly metastaticWatch for DICIf Splenic, need to remove spleen, but prognosis still poor (better with chemo - 141–179 days)

Answer 104

A benign subcutaneous mass with a soft texture usually localized.

Answer 105

Most commonly dogs, rare in cats and horsesBreed predispositionsHypothyroid dogs

Answer 106

Palpation of small, soft mass under the skinShould not cause discomfort to the patientUsually around abdominal region but can be anywhereTendency to develop multiple

Answer 107

Fine needle aspirationSurgical removal and histopathology

Answer 108

Surgical removal can be done but it is not necessary unless it is restricting movement

Answer 109

Has many specific namesMid to old dog and catMostly on head and neck

Answer 110

Often inflammationOlder dogsCan sometimes squeeze out material

Answer 111

Cauliflower-like tumorOlder cats & dogsideally should be removedmalignant version exists

Answer 112

General name for a number of mesenchymal tumorsMuscle, adipose, neurovascular, fascial, and fibrous tissue Mostly malignant (see grade)Similar pathologic appearance and clinical behavior Solitary tumor in older dogs and catsSkin and subcutaneous sites are most common

Answer 113

Tend to appear as pseudoencapsulated soft-to-firm tumors, but have poorly defined histologic margins or infiltrate through and along fascial planes, and they are locally invasive.Local recurrence after conservative surgical excision is commonTend to metastasize hematogenously in up to 20% of cases.Regional lymph node metastasis is unusualHistopathologic grade is predictive of metastasis, and resected tumor margins predict local recurrence.Measurable or bulky (>5 cm in diameter) tumors generally have a poor response to chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RT).

Answer 114

80% of grey horses over the age of 15 will develop at least one melanoma tumor during their lifetimeCan be fatalThere is no available effective chemotherapy for horses.Tumor of the melanocytes, the cells that produce skin pigment.Most common location: underside of the tail, the perineal and peri-anal regions, penis and sheath in malesCan also be found: ear margins, anywhere on the head, jugular region, new or on the parotid salivary glandIt is also possible that the melanomas can spread internally, most commonly to the serosal surfaces of the liver, spleen, and lungsCan be hard or soft, and appear either solitary or in clustersStart off under the skin until they surface. They can become ulcerated and/or infected

Answer 115

1- Melanomas develop slowly over years, and remain benign 10-20 years, without metastasis. Most common.2- Benign melanomas that exist for months or years and suddenly develop malignant characteristics and spread rapidly externally and/or internally.3- Melanomas are malignant from the start. Rare.

Answer 116

Metastasis: lymph nodes, liver, spleen, skeletal muscle, lungs, and surrounding or within blood vessels throughout the body

Answer 117

Most common oral malignancy in the cat Can originates from the jaw bones or the tongueOwners may find a mass in their cat’s mouth which occurs mostly in the back of the mouth or under/on the tongueIt has an ability to grow invasively (locally), but does not tend to metastisizeCan be ulcerative or proliferativeNo breed/sex predisposition, usually affects middle-aged cats

Answer 118

mass that can be ulcerativedroolingweight loss, halitosisdifficulty eatingbloody discharge from the mouth

Answer 119

Second Hand Smokeflea collarsDiet

Answer 120

Often not diagnosed until the tumour is advancedOral examinationAn ulcerated, red, locally invasive lesion is highly suggestive of an oral tumor Loose teeth can suggest bone structure is affectedBloodwork to check overall healthRadiographsCan reveal invasion of underlying boneBiopsy of abnormal tissueUsed to confirm the presence of SCC and help stage the tumor Important to obtain a large sample since feline oral SCC are frequently infected, necrotic, or inflamed.

Answer 121

Surgical removal is possible but can be difficult due to the aggressiveness and invasiveness that typically involves the bone. This means part of the jaw would need to be removedRadiation therapy or chemotherapy alone is generally ineffective in the managing oral SCC. The combination of the two can improve quality of life and overall survival time. Pain medication can help reduce discomfort associated with the tumor.

Answer 122

Extremely poor1 year survival rate is less than 10% even with combinations of radiation therapy and chemotherapyMost cats are euthanized withing 1-3 months because they cannot eat or drink and poor quality of life

Answer 123

squamous cell carcinomamelanocyte tumorfibrosarcoma

Answer 124

Surgery and RT are the most common treatments used for the local control of oral tumors.

Answer 125

HalitosisDroolingBleeding from the mouthChange in food preferenceChange in chewing habitsDecrease in appetiteChronic coughingDifficulty swallowingWeight loss

Answer 126

idiopathic

Answer 127

Physical exam: Blood tests, UA, X-rays, abdominal ultrasound, MRI, fluid biopsyOlder dogs will have dark pigmented areas on the tongue, mouth and gums. Look for anything unusual in the mouth pigmented or non-pigmented fleshy masses. Metastasis: Head, neck, lymph nodes, liver, lungs, kidneys and sometimes bone tissue

Answer 128

Removal of tumor: Sometimes hard to completely remove because it may spread to the bone in the mouth. Can return even if completely removed. Resistant to chemo.Radiation: Remission in 70% of patients. Reoccurrence and spread still possible.New vaccine restricted availability.

Answer 129

5-7 months, but; Stage 1: 1 yearStage 2: 6 monthsStage 3: 3 monthsStage 4: 1 month

Answer 130

Nonneoplastic, inflammatory massesoriginating from either the middle ear or eustachian tubecan extend into the external ear canal or nasopharynxYounger catsIdiopathic

Answer 131

Primary tumors rarePrognosis variableMetastasis are frequentNodular hyperplasiacommon diagnosis in older dogsbenign and probably does not represent a preneoplastic lesion

Answer 132

Can present as:a purely intestinal infiltrationor a combination of intestinal, mesenteric lymph nodes and liver involvementTumors can be solitary but more commonly diffuse throughout the intestinesCommonOlder cats, mostly small intestineOften preceded by IBD

Answer 133

Benign sex-hormone dependent (spayed female, intact male)

Answer 134

Tiny primary tumor (often pea-size)About 50% metastasis at diagnosisHypercalcemia (PU/PD)

Answer 135

Chondrosarcoma is a form bone cancer in dogsThe cancer starts in the cartilage and connective tissue found in joints, and/or ribs and nose. It can cause bones to fracture easily as the tumour invades the bones. It is mostly common in older dogs

Answer 136

Better prognosis if caught early and treated aggressively. Amputation of the affected limb if no metastasis has occurred. Radiation therapy if located in the nose. Removal of the affected rib and portion of the lung if tumour is on rib followed by chemotherapy. Inoperable tumours are treated with radiotherapy to try to prolong the life span.Surgery is the only known affective treatment.

Answer 137

XraysCBCLymph biopsyBiopsy of tumourCT scan

Answer 138

Most common bone tumor found in dogs5% of all canine tumorsMalignantCan effect any breedMost common in large or giant breeds.Middle aged or elderly

Answer 139

Bordering the scapula Tarsus CarpusStifleCommonly near growth plates

Answer 140

Lungsother bones lymph nodes

Answer 141

Slightly more in females than malesHigher in castrated males and spayed females (compared to intact)

Answer 142

LamenessPeriosteal inflammationMicrofracturesPathologic factorsSwelling

Answer 143

Orthopedic, neurologic and physical examinationX-rays (if lesion is in question – do a biopsy)Biopsy through aspirationBone scan

Answer 144

Aggressive treatment planRadiation therapy – palliative care not curativeCurative options include a combination of surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapyStandard treatment is amputation

Answer 145

Very good prognosis with amputation: resolves 100% of the pain

Answer 146

Insulinomas are tumors of the pancreatic β cells (type of islet cell) which produce insulin These tumors cause increased insulin production which result in hypoglycemiaThe tumors respond to normal provocative stimuli that encourage a rise in insulin, but fail to respond to negative feedback when the insulin levels are too highInsulinomas are very common in middle-aged and older ferrets ( greater than 3 years of age)

Answer 147

Hypoglycemia will result in neurological signs such as mental dullness, sluggishness, lethargy, ataxia, seizures and comaProlonged, severe hypoglycemia can result in cerebral hypoxia and cerebral lesionsOther possible symptoms are nausea (which can cause the ferret to paw at its mouth), depression, hypersalivation, staggering, tachycardia, hypothermia, tremors, muscle fasciculations, nervousness and irritabilityOwners may report that the ferret tends to sleep more frequently, be difficult to wake up, or stops in its tracks with a dazed appearanceIt is important to note that these symptoms can come and go as blood sugar levels rise and drop

Answer 148

One of the most common illnesses diagnosed in ferretsWill be diagnosed using clinical signs, history, physical exam, blood glucose levels and insulin levels

Answer 149

Surgery to remove the tumors (the tumors often grow back so several surgeries will likely be required)Medication to manage insulin and glucagon levels (the dose will need to be increased as the illness progresses)Diet is another huge component to managing this disease. All ferrets should be fed a high-protein ferret food, but this is especially important in sick ferrets

Answer 150

Most insulinomas are eventually fatalThis is either because of hypoglycemic induced complications or because the tumors have spread to other organsAll that can be done is attempt to maintain a good quality of life for the ferret for as long as possible

Answer 151

Common pituitary neoplasia of older dogsMost common cause of cushing in horses.Pituitary tumors account for approximately 15% of intracranial tumors Frequently associated with either: -hyperadronocorticism  - Diabetes Insipitus

Answer 152

Non-neurological: weight loss, PU/PD, lethargy  Neurological signs: cranial compression is rare but pressure on the optic chiasma may cause ocular changes

Answer 153

imagining with CT or MRI may be difficult, but a definitive diagnosis is usually done with a intraoperative or postmortem biopsyDifferential diagnosis: lymphoma, hypothalamic-pituitary trauma, dorsally expanding cysts, congenital malformations, inflammatory granuloma, etc.

Answer 154

corrective hormonal therapy or hypophysectomy (removal of the pituitary gland)

Answer 155

Prognosis depends upon the type and size of the tumour.The prognosis for a pituitary tumor (if the client is willing to do treatments) is usually fairly good as the treatments are quite effective.In serious unnoticed cases The entire hypothalamus may become compressed and replaced by the tumor.

Answer 156

If there is no change in Cortisol levels being released by the adrenal gland, then it is an Adrenal Adenoma.If there is suppression of the adrenal gland, then the Cushing’s is being caused by a Pituitary Adenoma.

Answer 157

Adrenal gland tumorOlder dogsSecretes catecholamines (episodic)episodic collapse, panting, anxiety, restlessness, exercise intoleranceMalignant (40% metastasize)Good prognosis is no metastasis

Answer 158

Often benign adenoma found at necropsyMalignant:If clinical signs of hyperthyroidism (most non-functional)Older dogsFrequent metastasis

Answer 159

Multinodular adenomatous hyperplasiaCarcinoma rare

Answer 160

Pancreatic Beta-Cell TumorsHallmark of insulinomanormal or elevated blood insulin concentration in the presence of low blood glucose levelsOften malignant50% metastasisMedium and large breed dogs, older

Answer 161

weakness, ataxia, collapse, disorientation, behavioral changes, and seizures

Answer 162

Medical and surgical treatmentprognosis for dogs with insulinomas is good in the short term but guarded to poor in the long term

Answer 163

Often pancreatic, secretes gastrinGastric acid hypersecretionMiddle-aged dogs and older catsNon-specific clinical signsvomiting and weight lossmelena, abdominal pain, anorexia, hematemesis, hematochezia, and diarrheaOften metastasis at diagnosis

Answer 164

Fairly common malignant tumorLocated in the trigone region of the bladder15% metastasis at diagnosis30% of dogs have abnormal cells in urine

Answer 165

hematuria, dysuria, pollakiurialess commonly: lameness caused by bone metastasis

Answer 166

Is a common type of cancer in dogs. Unregulated growth of malignant lymphocytes that often affects; lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver, and spleen.Can also be seen in the eyes, skin, and gastrointestinal tract.It can be small cell lymphoma; progresses very slowly and is difficult to treat. There is also large cell lymphoma; progresses quickly but responds very well to chemotherapy.

Answer 167

Stage I: Ailment restricted to a single lymph node.Stage II: Regional lymphadenopathy (restricted to one side of diaphragm).Stage III: Generalized lymphadenopathy (enlargement of lymph nodes)Stage IV: Enlargement of the liver and spleen or hepatosplenomegaly (with or without lymphadenopathy).Stage V: Bone marrow, CNS (Central Nervous System), or involvement of other extranodal sites.

Answer 168

Firm, enlarged, non-painful lymph nodes. Other common symptoms include loss of appetite, lethargy, weight loss, swelling of the face or legs (edema), and occasionally increased thirst and urination.

Answer 169

Best way is to perform a biopsy; you are able to differentiate between T and B cells with special stain because they respond differently to treatment.

Answer 170

Most effective therapy is chemotherapy. In some situations, surgery or radiation therapy may also be recommended.

Answer 171

Depends on what type of lymphoma the dog has and the type of chemotherapy. The average for multicentric lymphoma is 9-13 months.

Answer 172

Many different types of leukemiaMyeloid: white blood cellsErythroid: RBCAll from bone marrowCan be acute or chronicAcute: high cell counts, immature cellsChronic: moderate cell counts, mature cellsBone marrow examination important

Answer 173

Bleeding (nose, gums)LamenessPU/PDElevated globulins

Answer 174

Dog: good for initial control of tumor and a return to good quality of life (median 540 days)Cats: 4 months

Answer 175

Local & Benign form of plasma cell tumorOlder dogsLimb, head, lipsConservative surgical excision

Answer 176

Mast cells are found in the connective tissues mostly in the vessels and nerves that are located close to the external surfaces.Boxers, bulldogs, pugs, and Boston terriers appear to be more susceptible to mast cell tumors than other breeds. Dogs affected with a mast cell tumor are around 8 years old but studies show that there has been cases of mast cell tumor seen in less than 1 year old dogs

Answer 177

skin, nose, mouth, lungs

Answer 178

Depending on the stages, stage 2 will metastasize into surrounding lymph nodes and stage 4 will metastasize to other organs.

Answer 179

Fine needle aspiration CytologyBiopsysurgical removalradiation therapy (if metastasis occurs)

Answer 180

The prognosis will depend on the growth of the tumorIf the tumor grows more than 1 cm per week, the animal only has 25% chances of surviving more than 30 weeksIf the tumor is located at one specific area and does not grow rapidly for several months, it is known to be benign

Answer 181

In some cases, you might noticed an enlargement of the lymph nodes located around the area of the tumor Some masses can be inflammed and itchy due to high level of histamines in the actual tumor Enlarged liver and enlarged spleen are characteristic of wide-spread mast cell cancer

Answer 182

Older (9-10 yo) dogs (and cats)Neoplasms of thymic epithelial cellsBenign vs malignant based on surgery

Answer 183

Lethargy, coughing, tachypnea, and dyspnea

Answer 184

myasthenia gravis (in 40% of dogs)

Answer 185

Autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction causing muscular weakness and excessive fatiguabilityMegaoesophagus (regurgitation)3% of dogs with MG have a cranial mediastinal mass

Answer 186

Neoplasia of macrophage (and related cells)

Answer 187

Nodular skin tumor of young dogs (head/neck)Very commonBenign, regresses spontaneously

Answer 188

Bernese Mountain dogs, rottweilers, retrieversSpleen, liver, lungsVery poor prognosis

Answer 189

Common in intact femalesHeterogenous group of tumors (10+)More research neededImpacts the course of action/treatmentMetastasis common

Answer 190

Siamese cat younger, overrepresentedIntact catsThe vast majority of feline mammary tumors are malignant (85% to 95%)with an aggressive biologic behavior, lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis are more common at the time of initial diagnosis than in dogsNeeds aggressive surgery

Answer 191

Older dogs, intact and neutered (slightly more)At the time of diagnosisMost tumor are locally invasive High propensity for regional and distant metastasisBones (lumbar vertebra and pelvis)

Answer 192

hematuria, dysuria, stranguria, dyschezia, tenesmus

Answer 193

Cellsrecognition moleculessoluble factors

Answer 194

First line of defence, non specific

Answer 195

skin, mucosa, ciliastomach pH, Body Temperature

Answer 196

phagocytic cells, NK cells

Answer 197

inflammationcomplement system

Answer 198

recruited by the molecules of inflammation

Answer 199

ingest + destroy pathogensneutralize toxins

Answer 200

Express membrane receptors that innately recognize several pathogens (pathogen recognition receptors)Recognizes PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)Also DAMPS (damage associated molecular patterns)

Answer 201

T-Lymphocytes for intracellular pathogensB-Lymphocytes for extracellular pathogens and toxins

Answer 202

SpecificityDiversityMemorySelf/non-self recognitionMHC molecules

Answer 203

Contains T Cell ReceptorTCR can only recognize antigen in combination with a MHC molecule. Each T Lymphocyte expresses a different TCR

Answer 204

Helper T lymphocytesRecognizes MHC class II: found on antigen presenting cells

Answer 205

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes: Recognizes MHC class I: found on all nucleated cells

Answer 206

important for tolerance and auto-immunity

Answer 207

Expand clonaldifferentiate into: Effector Cells or Memory cells

Answer 208

Membrane-bound immunoglobulin. The immunoglobulin gene can rearrange- antigen recognition diversity.

Answer 209

Expand clonallyDifferentiates into:Effector cells plasma cell (antibody secreting)Needs the action of T-helper lymphocyteMemory cells

Answer 210

PhagocytosisAntigen presentation to T-LymphocyteMHC class II

Answer 211

Very efficient antigen presenting cellCapture antigens in circulation and present to T-Lymphocytes in lymph nodes

Answer 212

Immediate hypersensitivityMisdirected/innapropriate responseoccurs within minutes of exposure

Answer 213

IgE mediatedAgainst: Environmental antigens (allergens)Parasite antigen

Answer 214

Need to be previously SENSITIZEDMediated by mast cells

Answer 215

VasodilationEdemaSmooth muscle contractionMucus productionInflammation

Answer 216

Anaphylaxis

Answer 217

Skin, mucosa, GITAtopy, allergic rhinitis

Answer 218

cutaneous manifestation of type I hypersensitivityInhalation, ingestion, percutaneous

Answer 219

atopic dermatitis

Answer 220

Most common hypersensitivity in cats & dogsVery pruritic dermatitis (mostly on back)

Answer 221

Most often in horses and dogsMultifocal or localized areas of edemaUrticaria: superficialEdema: deep dermis and subcutis

Answer 222

food, drug, antisera, insect bites

Answer 223

heat, exercise, stress

Answer 224

Development of antibodies against self cells or tissueMay be from self antigen or exogenous antigen adsorbed to self

Answer 225

IMHA, ITP (cytotoxic)Myasthenia gravis (altered function)

Answer 226

IgM and IgG

Answer 227

a sensitized host

Answer 228

opsonization by antibodies or complements

Answer 229

Antibody can activate the complement system, via the classical pathway, resulting in the elaboration of inflammatory mediators

Answer 230

activate or inhibit cell function. ex: TSH

Answer 231

Common, life-threatening acute anemiaYoung middle-aged females, cocker spanielsUsually idiopathicInfection, drugs, neoplasia

Answer 232

A form of IMHAColostrum derived maternal antibodiesAttacks newborn’s RBCCommon in horsesImmunosensitization of mother to incompatible blood type from stallion8-10h after birth up to 4-5 days

Answer 233

Most common and milder form of pemphigusOften adverse reaction to drugsAutoantibodies against a protein in desmosomesPustules with acantholytic keratinocytes

Answer 234

Immune Mediated Hemolytic AnemiaNeonatal isoerythrolysisPemphigus

Answer 235

Immune-complex hypersensitivityAntigen-antibody complexes that activate complement and cause damageSimilar to type IIType II: antigen directed against selfType III: antigen just get “stuck” to tissue

Answer 236

Activation of complement systemtissue DAmage

Answer 237

Improper atb/ag ratioWeak, chronic atb responseToo many atb-ag complexes

Answer 238

chronic/persistant infectionforeign antigen inhalation

Answer 239

Blood vesselsSynovial membranesGlomeruliChoroid plexus (brain)

Answer 240

Multiorgan disease (dogs; rarely cat & horse)Defective T-Lymphocyte suppression results in B-Lymphocyte hyperactivity

Answer 241

GeneticsViral infectionHormonesUV light

Answer 242

Formation of autoantibodies to a variety of antigens, including nucleic acidOrgan specific antigensClotting factorsCells (RBC, platelets, leukocytes)Main damage: atb-ag complexesMany tissue, notably skin (intensified by UV light)

Answer 243

Local or generalizedErythema, depigmentation, alopecia, crusting

Answer 244

PolyarthritisFeverAnemia, thrombocytopeniaProteinuria

Answer 245

caused by the lentivirus

Answer 246

infects monocytes and macrophages

Answer 247

Immune-mediated (atb-atg complexes deposition)Decreased erythropoiesis

Answer 248

coggins test for diagnostic

Answer 249

Delayed-type hypersensitivityCell mediated hypersensitivityInteraction between T-lymphocytes and specific antigensSensitized T-lymphocytesResponse is 24-48h after exposureGranuloma formationUnlike type I, II & III: NOT dependent on antibody

Answer 250

Caused by acid-fast bacilli of the genus Mycobacterium. Chronic, debilitating diseaseOccasional acute, rapidly progressive course. Affects practically all species of vertebratesMycobacterium Tuberculosis and othersOften the body is unable to clear the infectionChronic Granuloma formation

Answer 251

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.Chronic, contagious granulomatous enteritisOften in cattlePersistent diarrhea, progressive weight loss, debilitation, and eventually deathThickened and corrugated intestine with enlarged and edematous neighboring lymph nodesGranulomas

Answer 252

Chronic and progressive lymphocytic infiltration and subsequent destruction of the thyroid gland

Answer 253

Doberman Pinschers, Beagles, Golden Retrievers, and Akitas

Answer 254

Probably has both humoral (Type II - cytotoxic) and cell-mediated (Type IV - delayed) componentsMHC probably involved

Answer 255

Genetic, congenital anomaly of leukocytesPrevents leucocytes from migrating from the blood in the tissuesVery high neutrophiliaAnimals are highly susceptible to infectionDie very young

Answer 256

Mutation of benign enteric coronavirus to FIP virusInfects monocytes & macrophages and spreads through bloodType III (immune complex)VasculitisType IV (delayed) also likelyGranulomas

Answer 257

Due to an aqueous tear deficiencyUsually results in persistent, mucopurulent conjunctivitis and corneal ulceration and scarringDogs, cats & horsesDogs: often autoimmune dacryoadenitis of both the lacrimal and nictitans glandsNot well understood

Answer 258

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, prions

Answer 259

Chronologic sequence of eventsPortal of entryRegulated by virulence factors

Answer 260

Mucosae (respiratory, alimentary, lower urinary, reproductive, ear/eye)Subcutaneous tissues

Answer 261

Macrophage, lymphocytes, dendritic cells

Answer 262

Then local (submucosa, subcutis), regional (lymph node), systemic spread

Answer 263

Prevents direct adherenceBlocks/traps organismsCan facilitate action of phagocytesDelivers antigens to local lymphoid tissueKeeps antimicrobial substances and atb close to mucosa

Answer 264

DehydrationShippingHumidityVentilationWeather changes

Answer 265

Source of food (carbohydrates, peptides)If able to colonize inner mucus: prevents expulsionCan specifically adhere to molecules in mucusMicrobial mucolysis ability is virulence factor

Answer 266

via infectious fomites

Answer 267

in the colon

Answer 268

in the jejunum

Answer 269

gastric acid, lyzozymes

Answer 270

Nostrils  Nasal turbinates, pharynx or lower airwaysDepends on size, shape, weightVirus > prions > bacteria > fungi > ProtozoaBUT mostly inhaled with fomites!Air turbulence in turbinates increases deposition

Answer 271

Biphasic mucus layerTip of cilia in gelNasal cavity & sinus:Moves downwardConductive respiratory:Moves upwardUltimately swallowedInjury to epithelial cells (influenza, rhino) can disrupt and cause secondary bacterial infections

Answer 272

Via abrasions, scratches, bite wounds, insect biteLimited range of host targets but limited defenses

Answer 273

Regulated by virulence factorsIn bacterial genesTheir expression permits bacteria to Colonize mucosae, Infect cells,Grow and replicate,Cause cell death

Answer 274

spirochetes

Answer 275

clostridium

Answer 276

Adhesion of sufficient amount of bacteriaVia:Fimbria/PilusAdhesion moleculesNeeds to be faster than cell renewal

Answer 277

SpreadingDestruction of collagen, tight junctions between cellsProvides safe spot for bacteria

Answer 278

Exotoxins (gram +), endotoxins (gram -) (LPS: lipopolysaccharide)Damages cells and extra-cellular matrixKills cells via cytolysis or activation of complement

Answer 279

obligate intracellular parasites

Answer 280

Have evolved to target specific cells in animals to sustain theirs needsNot as many virulence factornot as complex as bacteria.

Answer 281

Allows for viral replication

Answer 282

no replication – used as reservoirCan become permissive (ex with cell maturation or activation)

Answer 283

1. Attachement and EntryDetermines which organs are infectedViruses bind to normally expressed receptors

Answer 284

2. Replication stageHow much of the cell is hijackedOrganelles, genome, otherHow much cell dysfunction, cell death

Answer 285

3. SheddingHow the virus exits determines cell’s fateIf cell killed or lysed  causes more severe disease

Answer 286

Infects intestinal crypt epithelial cellsReceptors on basolateral surfaceSo coming in from circulation, not directly from intestineM-cell  Peyer’s patch  circulationNot most direct; prevents contact with protective mechanism, tight junctions

Answer 287

They attach to host cells using a protein coat (viral coat, capsid, capsomeres) Usually kill infected cells to release newly formed virus.

Answer 288

They attach to host cells using a viral envelope Usually do not kill infected cells to release newly formed virus.

Answer 289

InflammationInterferon

Answer 290

NK and cytotoxic T cellsAntibodies important only for subsequent infections

Answer 291

contagious diseased caused by the bacteria. any breed/age can be affected by common in mature dogs. affects reproductive system and organs. ZOONOTIC

Answer 292

mucosa and broken skin. via infected fluids

Answer 293

lethargyswollen lymph nodesdifficulty walkingback painvaginal discharge etc

Answer 294

spinal xraycytologyserology

Answer 295

spay and neuter

Answer 296

abortion 2-12 weeks after infection. if no abortion the foals have viral pneumonitis.

Answer 297

contact with aborted fetus, fetal fluids and placenta + also through aerosol secretions from coughing horse

Answer 298

can be subclinical in adults.- nasal discharge - incoordination  - hind limb weakness  - loss of tail tone  - lethargy  - urine dribbling  - head tilt  - poor balance - inability to rise.

Answer 299

Diagnosis: nasopharyngeal swab of the horse, blood samples for PCR or virus isolation, or tissue from the aborted fetus for detection of antibody titers.

Answer 300

Treatment: Supportive care and treatment of the symptoms. NSAIDS used to reduce fever, pain and inflammation. In uncomplicated cases, will recover in a few weeks.

Answer 301

Prognosis: poor if the horse is recumbent for an extended period of time.

Answer 302

Prevention: 2 types of vaccines, controversial. Vaccines might actually reduce the severity and duration of the disease but it will not prevent it. There’s modified live(intra-nasal, faster protection) and killed(IM).

Answer 303

Bordetella is a very contagious respiratory disease possible in both cats and dogs caused by a bacteria named Bordetella bronchiseptica The bacteria will cause inflammation of the trachea and bronchi

Answer 304

Direct contact (licking, nuzzling)Air (coughing, sneezing)Contaminated fomites (bowls, toys)

Answer 305

Dry, hacking cough in dogs (owners will often refer to the coughing as a foreigh material stuck in the throat) RetchingSneezingNasal discharge

Answer 306

PneumoniaFever LethargyInnappetence

Answer 307

No medication px when an animal comes in with bordetella. rest for 14 days and reevaluation if no improvement. If productive cough= no anti-tussive pxIf non productive cough = anti-tussive can be px

Answer 308

Risk factors Shelter animals, rescue centers animals, breeding kennel animals or pet store animals

Answer 309

vaccine once a year

Answer 310

is an intracelluar protozoan parasite that causes the zoonotic disease Leishmaniasis.

Answer 311

Spread through Sand Fly bites, with vertical transmission unlikely but possible.

Answer 312

Primarily effects dogs, but humans, cats, rodents and horses can also be infected.Leishmaniasis is a major zoonitic endemic between humans and canines

Answer 313

Predisposing factors: Age, genetics, nutrition and general immune statusIncubation period: Months to yearsParasite travels from the skin throughout the host's body Cutaneous and/or visceral lesions:Skin, kidneys, spleen, liver, eyes, jointsGranulomatous inflammation Mediated by CD4 T lymphocytes

Answer 314

Dermal lesions (nodules, scaling, alopecia, brittle hair coat, may be ulcerative)LymphadenomegalyOcular abnormalitiesEpistaxisWeight loss & anorexiaExercise intolerance/lethargy

Answer 315

Clinical SignsCBCBiochemHystologyCytology

Answer 316

SC injections of Meglumine Antimoniate (4-8 wks)PO Zyloprim (6-12 months)Tx may only be temporary and may not eliminate the parasite, leaving the animals carriers for life, with the potential for relapse.Carriers can be infectious to sand flies, restarting the cycle.

Answer 317

Caused by a bacteria called Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae that is:Gram-positive

Answer 318

Affects swine 50% of pigs in production are affected

Answer 319

The organism commonly resides in the tonsillar tissue

Answer 320

Organism is shed by carriers in the feces Oronasal secretions

Answer 321

Sudden and unexpected death from septicemiaPainful jointsSkin lesions often described as diamond skin

Answer 322

Tends to follow acute infectionsOne form is characterized by enlarged joints and lameness Also has diamond skin disease that can progress to necrosis

Answer 323

Skin lesionsSkin discoloration and erythema of the ears, snout, and lateral or dorsal regions of the bodyGram stain the tissue sample of affected tissueAcute more difficult to diagnose

Answer 324

Penicillin treatment at 12 hour intervals for a minimum of 3 daysFever associated with acute infections treated with NSAIDS Treatment usually ineffective and costly (Poor prognosis)

Answer 325

Ehrlichia is an obligate intracellular bacterium

Answer 326

a group of tick-borne illnesses known as Ehrlichiosis (zoonosis)

Answer 327

Once transmitted, Ehrlichia most commonly infects monocytes. They are able to guarantee their survival because they possess the capability to reprogram the systems and mechanisms of defense employed by the host cell.Ehrlichia can cause an acute or chronic infection. Is zoonotic passed through tick bites, causes similar symptoms as in dogs, but can be fatal in immune compromised patients

Answer 328

Fever, Lethargy, Loss of appetite, Weight Lossabnormal bleeding (e.g., nosebleeds, bleeding under skin -- looks like little spots or patches of bruising)enlarged lymph nodes, enlarged spleenpain and stiffness (due to arthritis and muscle pain)Coughing, Discharge from the eyes and/or nosevomiting and diarrheainflammation of the eyeneurological symptoms (e.g., incoordination, depression, paralysis, etc.)

Answer 329

Blood counts and hematological tests are crucial to the diagnosis of Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. Critical signs of ehrlichia infections are: - Low blood counts - thrombocytopenia

Answer 330

Direct or indirect (fomite), inhalant transmission Improper attenuated vaccines in rare casesMost common cause is coming in direct contact with infected animals such as raccoons, foxes and skunks.

Answer 331

Initially attacks tonsils and lymph nodes and replicates in those specific tissue for about a week. Then attacks the Respiratory, urogenital, gastrointestinal & nervous system

Answer 332

Dogs Ferrets Wolves FoxesSkunks RacoonsUnvaccinated dogs are more at risk for contracting the disease

Answer 333

Early symptoms includeHigh fever 39.7°CRed eyesWatery discharge from the nose and eyesFollowing SymptomsLethargic and weakUsually become anorexic May have persistent coughing, vomiting and/or diarrhea

Answer 334

The virus attacks the nervous system effecting the brain and spinal cordMay start having fits, seizures, paralysis, and attacks of hysteria In some strains it can cause abnormal thickening of the pads of feet AKA Hard Pad Disease Secondary bacterial infection may increase the animals vulnerablity to the disease

Answer 335

No cure Recovery is possible but seizures and other severe changes to the CNS may be fatal 2-3 months after recovery Chance of survival depends on the strain and the dogs immune system Young unvaccinated puppies and non-immunized older dogs are more susceptible.

Answer 336

Biochemical tests Urinalysis Low lymphocytes Serology test : won’t be able to differentiate between vaccinated antibodies or exposure to virus Viral antigens may be detected in urine sediment or vaginal imprints Skin with hair, nasal mucous and foot pad epithelium may be tested for antibodies CT and MRI can be used to examine the brain to view any lesions that may have developed

Answer 337

Supportive treatment Iv fluidsAntibiotics to control secondary bacterial infection Phenobarbital and potassium bromide to control convulsions and seizuresNo antiviral drugs that are effective in treating the disease

Answer 338

VaccinationRarely seen in pet dogs because of judicious vaccine protocolsPart of core vaccinations

Answer 339

RNA virusMost important virus in poultry Chickens are most susceptible, waterfowl are least susceptible

Answer 340

Endemic in poultry in most of Asia, Africa, and some countries of North/South AmericaUSA and Canada are free of the virulent strains poultry (import restrictions and destruction of infected poultry)Infected birds shed virus in exhaled air, respiratory discharges, and fecesShed during incubation, clinical stageChickens are often infected by aerosols and ingesting contaminated food and waterYoung chickens are most susceptible

Answer 341

Rapid onset, symptoms appear throughout the flock within 2-12 days (avg 5) after aerosol exposureOnset is slower if contracted through fecal-oral routeSigns depend on whether the virus has affected the respiratory, digestive, or nervous systemRespiratory: gasping, sneezing, coughing, ralesNervous: tremors, paralyzed wings and legs, twisted necks, circling, clonic spasms, complete paralysisGI: diarrhea, inappetenceMay see complete or partial cessation of egg productionMortality is variable but can be as high as 100% with virulent infections

Answer 342

Diagnosed through oropharyngeal or cloacal swabsVaccine available, but the vaccines do not provide sterile immunity ZOONOTIC RISKAll strains can produce a transitory conjuctivitis in humans, usually only when exposed to high quantities of the virus (lab workers and vaccination teams)

Answer 343

A reportable, zoonotic, highly contagious viral disease (7 strains) of cattle and swine, which also affects sheep, goats, deer, and other cloven-hoofed ruminants. Giraffes and elephants can also be affected.Mostly found in endemic countries like the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and in parts of South AmericaThe disease is characterized by fever and vesicles in the mouth and on the muzzle, teats, and feetIt can be spread by direct (milk, semen, secretions) and indirect contact (people, air current)

Answer 344

In endemic countries, there is 100% morbidity with low mortality, except in the case of young animalsThe primary site of infection is in the mucosa of the pharynx, the virus then goes through the lymphatics and replicates in the mouth, muzzle, feet, teats, and damaged skin.Animals that are infected and vaccinated can still carry the disease (cattle up to 3.5 years)

Answer 345

Lameness, pyrexia, vesicles in mouth cavity and feet, decreased milk production, frothing of mouth, teat blisters, and decreased appetiteThere is no treatment, only supportive careIll animals can recover, however they are usually culled, as so the ones who are susceptible. They must be incinerated.

Answer 346

Export restrictions can be instilled to reduce risk of infection in endemic countriesA full quarantine must be implementedFull disinfection of infected areas must be performed immediatelyInfected milk can be disinfected by boiling for 20 minutesVaccination may be provided, however must closely match the strain of the virus, as there is no universal vaccine.The inactivated vx only protects for 4-6 months against clinical signs only

Answer 347

Affects cats and dogsFound in gastric tissues and intestinal tractTransmission is unknown, reservoirs unknownConcern of zoonotic transmission

Answer 348

100% of healthy cats and dogs are positive.Infection reported in vomiting cats and dogsSigns: Gastritis, vomiting and diarrheaNo direct relationship between symptoms and infection has been identified

Answer 349

Upper GI endoscopy ( taking brush samples) or laparotomy Brush samples: Can cover large area of the stomach therefore high sensitivity. Sample viewed under 100x magnification.Multiple biopsies must be taken in the stomach and stained with H&E stain to identify organism.Cytology and histopathology cannot identify specific species but high sensitivity and specificity for Helicobacter.

Answer 350

Very little knowledge of pathogenicityTreatment will be based off the presence of species and clinical signs.Some animals don’t experience long term eradication of infection

Answer 351

Eye: Many specialized structuresWith the CNS converts light to visual images

Answer 352

Inappropriate function:Loss of sightPain

Answer 353

Ocular disease:CongenitalImmune mediatedSecondary to systemic diseaseTraumaticInflammatory

Answer 354

IrritantAllergic, ocular trauma, foreign body, fur, eyelash irritationInfection:Bacterial, systemic disease (distemper)

Answer 355

Red, inflamed conjunctivaChemosis: swelling (edema)Discharge:Serous to mucopurulentCrusting

Answer 356

Protruding nictitant membraneSquintingBlepharospasm

Answer 357

Signs, historyNeed to (try to) identify initiating cause:Complete ocular examBacterial cultureTesting for systemic diseaseAllergy testing

Answer 358

Depends on causeAntibiotic+/- steroids (when not?)

Answer 359

if there is an ulcer

Answer 360

Abnormal overflow of tearsObstructed nasolacrimal ductOverproduction of tears

Answer 361

Congenital obstructionInfection/inflammationTraumaForeign bodyTumors

Answer 362

Clinical signs:Excessive watery dischargeIrritation of underlying skinEye rubbing

Answer 363

History – Eye examFluorescein (why?), schirmerDiagnostic imaging, surgical exploration

Answer 364

Depends on underlying causeFlushingStentingSurgeryRemoval of irritantCorrection of deformity

Answer 365

re-occurance

Answer 366

Prolapse of nictitating membraneWith inflammation & hypertrophy

Answer 367

Cocker spaniels, English bulldogs, Boston terriers, BeaglesRare in cats

Answer 368

Causes:Genetic predispositionOcular infection/irritationSun damage

Answer 369

Red mass in medial canthusMucopurulent dischargeIrritation:ConjunctivitisTearingSquintingUnilateral or Bilateral

Answer 370

Surgical correction (not removal)Important for tear production, can predispose to KCS

Answer 371

Entropion:Most common seenInversion of eyelidVery painfulCreates eye damage

Answer 372

Conformational abnormalities of the eyelid

Answer 373

EVersionDroopy eyesExposed conjunctiva:Bacterial infection, irritant exposure

Answer 374

BlepharospasmSquintingEpiphoraCorneal ulceration  change in corneal color

Answer 375

surgical correction

Answer 376

Defect in the corneal epitheliumFrequent if dogs and cats

Answer 377

InfectionTraumaForeign bodyEntropionKCS

Answer 378

Pain: squinting, epiphora, prominent thrid eyelid, pawing at eyeVisual defect in corneaClouding of the eyeConjunctivitis

Answer 379

History & Eye examFluorescein eye stain

Answer 380

Removal of causeControl of inflammationPain reductionAntibioticsE-CollarSerumCorneal graft

Answer 381

Progressive, bilateral, inflammatory condition of the cornea

Answer 382

Genetic predisposition(German shepherdsLabradors retrieversBorder colliesGreyhounds)Probably immune-mediatedUV radiationsAltitude

Answer 383

White, pink or brown pigmentation, vascularization & opacificationStarting at OUTSIDE edge of cornea and working inwardsWill affect signtUsually causes discomfort

Answer 384

DiagnosisHistory & clinical signs

Answer 385

Earlier treatment = better prognosisNo cure, can be managed medicallyCorticosteroids (topical, injections)LifelongReduce exposure to UV

Answer 386

Tear (aqueous) deficiencyMost common cause of conjunctivitis in dogs, rare in cats

Answer 387

Causes:AutoimmuneDrug therapyDistemperGenetic

Answer 388

Clinical signs:ConjunctivitisChronic muco-purulent dischargeCorneal ulcerationScarringPain/discomfort (rubbing)Depends on severity of disease (amount of tears produced)

Answer 389

History and Eye examSchirmer tear testNormal: 18-24 mmKCS

Answer 390

TreatmentEye lubrificationImmune suppressive drugsNeed to verify the presence of corneal ulcer before treatment

Answer 391

Inflammation of the anterior chamber of the eyeIrisCiliary bodyCommon in dogs and cats

Answer 392

Systemic diseasesTraumaIrritantsCataractNeoplasiaIdiopathic

Answer 393

Eye appears cloudyIncrease in proteins in anterior chamberInflammation of corneaPainfulMiosisDecrease IOP (intra-ocular pressure)PhotophobiaBlepharospasm

Answer 394

History, Signs, Eye examOphthalmoscope examIOP measurement (very important why?)Fluorescein

Answer 395

Fast and aggressive treatment is crucial!prevent glaucoma, scarring of the uveal structures, and possibly blindnessClose monitoring of treatmentRemove initiating causeReduce inflammation (NSAIDS, Steroids)+/- antibioticsAtropine Dilates the pupil and helps prevent scarring of the irisReduces pain***Contraindicated if glaucomaPrognosis depends on causeTreatment can be life-long

Answer 396

Opacity of the lens that causes blurry visionMost common in dogsCan be young or adult onset

Answer 397

Causes:AgeGeneticsRadiationTraumaInflammationSystemic disease (DM)

Answer 398

Affects the lensNormal changeMild vision impairmentCan see retina

Answer 399

Affects the lensAbnormal changeMore severe impairmentCannot see to retina

Answer 400

Diagnosis:HistoryRapid onset in young dogsOphthalmic examMay require dilation (what to check before?)

Answer 401

Surgical removalSteroids if inflammationAtropine

Answer 402

Genetic disorder in which the retina atrophies and the animal goes blindAffects cats and dogsBilateral conditionNon-painfulEarly onset, progressive

Answer 403

Dilated pupils (glow or shine of the eye)Night blindness at first, then complete blindnessOwners may notice more since quicker onset than old dogsDisorientationFear of dark roomsGetting lostCataract formation common in later stages

Answer 404

Needs exam by ophthalmologistChange in retina blood vessel pattern, optic nerve, etc

Answer 405

NoneClient education! Not painful!

Answer 406

TraumaNutrient deficienciesNeoplasmHormonal imbalanceInfection

Answer 407

Open vs closedComplete vs incomplete

Answer 408

Linear: incomplete, parallele to bone

Answer 409

incomplete, bent

Answer 410

multiple bone fragments

Answer 411

collapse of vertebra

Answer 412

loss of section of bone due to muscle contraction

Answer 413

History, signs: severe lameness, pain, crepitus on palpationRadiographs

Answer 414

If the result of trauma  Can be associated with more severe damage!Shock, internal organ damage, internal bleeding

Answer 415

Initial management: immobilizationReduces painReduces trauma to soft tissueClosed fractures (2-4 days), open (8h; 24-48h)

Answer 416

External coaptation: splint or castExternal fixationInternal fixation: plates, screws, nails, pins, wires

Answer 417

FracturePatientEnvironment

Answer 418

Splints need frequent evaluations and changescomplications may result in a longer overall healing periodwhereas some fixation methods improve the chance of successful outcomes without demanding post-operative care.

Answer 419

Acute, self-limiting condition in quickly growing animalsPain & inflammationIn long bonesMost common in large and giant dog breeds

Answer 420

Unknown (idiopathic)GeneticStressAutoimmune factors

Answer 421

Acute lameness in young animalsOften shifting lameness, intermittentMay be associated with muscle atrophyFever, anorexia, lethargy

Answer 422

History, signs, PERadiographs (may be NSF if acute)Rule out more serious causes

Answer 423

PalliativePain reliefReview dietExcessive development contributes to this disorder

Answer 424

Progressive, long-term deterioration of the joint cartilage, causing damageFrequent in dogs and cats

Answer 425

AgeInfectionTraumaDevelopmental dystrophiesObesityAutoimmune conditions

Answer 426

LamenessWorst with exercise, weather changes, inactivityMuscle atrophyJoint inflammation and crepitusDecrease in activity, gait change

Answer 427

history and PE radiographs

Answer 428

Narrowed joint spaceBone sclerosisOsteophytesJoint effusionNon-inflammatorySeverity of lesion not indicative of pain

Answer 429

PalliativeWeight lossPain management (monitoring)Low impact exerciseSpecialized dietsPhysical therapySurgeryJoint replacement or excision

Answer 430

Very common ☹Abnormal development of coxofemoral jointJoint laxityLeads to DJDMost common in large breeds

Answer 431

GeneticExtra nutrients in diet

Answer 432

VariableLameness, bunny hopReduced range of motionMuscle atrophy

Answer 433

History & PESubluxation testRadiographsSpecial protocols: OFA, PennHIP

Answer 434

Medical managementSurgical optionsTPO (triple pelvis osteotomy)THR (total hip replacement)FHO (femoral head osteotomy)

Answer 435

Results from abnormal bone formation from cartilage precursors.Leads to retention of excessive cartilage in the jointForms flaps and breaks off in joint spaceDebris can lead to synovitis and osteoarthritis

Answer 436

ShoulderElbowStifleTarsal jointMost common in large and giant breeds

Answer 437

4-8 mo oldLamenessInflammation, joint effusionMuscle atrophy

Answer 438

Signs and history, PERadiographsCytology to rule out infectiousArthroscopy

Answer 439

Removal of joint debris + curette to stimulate new formation of cartilageNSAIDSWeight controlPrognosis depends on joint (+: shoulder, stifle; -: elbow, tarsus) and degree of damageLikely genetic so stop breeding

Answer 440

Patella no longer stays confined to femoral grooveMedial or lateral movementCan be uni or bilateralCan lead to osteoarthritisToy and small breedsMostly genetics

Answer 441

Can develop very earlySkipping lamenessAbnormal leg position: bow legged or knock-kneedRarely painful

Answer 442

History, Signs, PEOrthopedic examRadiographs to evaluate changes

Answer 443

If animal symptomaticConsidered for grade 2 and overReconstruction of soft tissue and groove (mostly)

Answer 444

Most common causes of hindlimb lamenessTear or rupture of stifle stabilisation ligament

Answer 445

TraumaAutoimmune diseaseConformational deformity (genetic)40-60% of dogs that have CCL in one knee will, at some future time, develop a similar problem in the other knee.

Answer 446

Lameness, non-weight bearingPainJoint effusionMuscle atrophyDrawer sign: Radiographs

Answer 447

MedicalWeight loss, Physical therapyNSAID, analgesics, joint supplementsSurgicalBest treatment optionDone to restore stability, not repairOsteotomy or suture technique

Answer 448

Degeneration and protrusion of the disk located between the vertrebraPuts pressure on spinal cord, causing CNS signs

Answer 449

Genetic predisposition in chondrodystrophic dogsDachshunds, Shih Tzus, Lhasa Apsos, Basset, Corgis, Beagles, Cocker

Answer 450

Neck and back painMuscle spasm (stiff, round back)Ataxia, paraplegia, toe knuckling

Answer 451

History, signs and PENeurological examRadiographs/CT

Answer 452

Conservative treatment with cage rest, confinement, and pain medicationsfirst episode and the neurologic deficits are mildSurgeryMore severe casesLoss of deep sensation requires emergency surgeryPrognosis is variable

Pathology Flashcards

All information that was taught to me while attending Vanier College's "Animal Health Technology" Program, located in St-Laurent Montreal.