Parasitology Flashcards
All information that was taught to me while attending Vanier College's "Animal Health Technology" Program, located in St-Laurent Montreal.
1
Q
What is the generic name of pyran
A
Pyrantel pamoate
2
Q
What is the generic name for s-125
A
Sulfadimethoxine
3
Q
Between the modified knots technique and the difil test, which technique allows for differentiation Dirofilaria Immitis and Acanthochocheilonema reconditum microfilariae
A
Modified knotts technique
4
Q
Why is it important to differentiate between D. Immitis and A. Reconditum ?
A
Because A. Reconditum doesn’t need to be treated
5
Q
What are the morphological differences between both types of microfilariae
A
D. Immitis has a straight body with a tapered end A. Reconditum has a curved body with a blunt head and a curved tail
6
Q
Can a dog have heartworm and have a negative difil or knotts test ?
A
Yes if he has only adult male worms or the females could not have made microfilariae yet
7
Q
Give two reasons why a dog might have heartworm and yet the rest Would come out negative
A
Due to the fact that it tests for females. If there is too little females or only males you might get a false negative
8
Q
Give the kingdom, phylum and class of dipylidium caninum ova
A
Kingdom: Anamalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Cestoda
9
Q
What is the the common name of dipylidium caninum ova
A
Flea tapeworm
10
Q
Describe the dipylidium caninum ova
A
Oval with multiple circles inside. Transparent. No visible shell
11
Q
Give the kingdom, phylum and class of echinococcus granulosis cyst
A
Kingdom: AnamaliaPhylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Cestoda
12
Q
What is the common name of echinococcus granulosus cyst
A
Dog worms
13
Q
What are the general characteristics of echinococcus granulosus cysts
A
Rounded/ovalish cyst with small circle/oval circles inside
14
Q
List the materials required for a fecal centrifugation technique
A
Slide, tongue depressor, paper cups, sample, sheathers solution
15
Q
What is the density of sheathers solution
A
1200 units
16
Q
Describe the fecal centrifugation technique
A
Put 1g of feces in a paper cup, put 1cc of sheathers solution in a cup. Make a soup. Put 8cc of sheathers solution. Mix it, in a second cup put 2 layers of gauze over the second cup and filter solution. Squeeze out extra liquid from gauze. Put all garbage in garbage cup
17
Q
What type of centrifuge is ideal to perform fecal centrifugation
A
Swinging, the triac allows the coverslip to be placed on it.
18
Q
Whats the difference between single and double centrifugation technique ? What is the purpose of doing the double centrifugation ?
A
Double centrifugation the 1st step is done with water instead of sheathers or znSO4. When you centrifuge it, te water is less dense than eggs so any sample will go to the bottom of the container. Centrifuge again, this time with sheathers and sample will raise to top
19
Q
What are the materials required for a simple fecal flotation
A
Fecal cup, tongue depressor, zinc sulfate, cover slip, slide
20
Q
Describe how to do a simple fecal flotation
A
Fill fecal tunnel, put zinc sulfate until divot is filled, turn until it forms a brown solution. Clip it down when the solution is nicely mixed. Full up to the top with zinc sulfate, make a miniscus, and place coverslip on top. Wait 10 mins and place it on slide
21
Q
What are the disadvantages to using a direct smear
A
If you have a small amount of feces you can have a false negative.
22
Q
What does a hydrometer measure
A
The specific gravity of a liquid
23
Q
What does the Refractometer measure
A
The amount of dissolved Solutes in a solution
24
Q
Which of the two should be used to measure specific gravity an check that your solutions are still good
A
The hydrometer
25
What is the kingdom, phylum and class of ancylostoma caninum ova
Kingdom: animaliaPhylum: Nematoda Class: secementea
26
What are the general characteristics of ancylostoma caninum ova
Oval, transparent, granular appearance
27
What is the common name of ancylostoma caninum ova
Hookworm
28
What is the kingdom, phylum and class of trichinella spiralis encysted
Kingdom: animaliaPhylum: Nematoda Class: adenophorea
29
What is the common name for trichinella spiralis encysted
Pork worm
30
What are the general characteristics of trichinella spiralis
Transparent worm in a muscle. Spiral shaped.
31
What is the kingdom, phylum and class of trichuris vulpis
Kingdom: animaliaPhylum: nemathelminthesClass: Nematoda
32
What are the general characteristics of trichuris vulpis
Oval shaped, thick outer shell with bipolar plugs
33
What is the common name for balis ascaris
Roundworm
34
What is the kingdom, phylum, class of balis ascaris
Kingdom: animaliaPhylum: Nematoda Class: secernentea
35
What is the common name for w. Bankrofti
Roundworm
36
What is the kingdom, phylum and class of w. Bankrofti
Kingdom: animalia Phylum: Nematoda Class: secernentea
37
How is w. Bankrofti contracted
Mosquito
38
What is the common name of shistosoma mansoni
Trematode
39
What is the kingdom, phylum and class for shistosoma mansoni
Kingdom: animaliaPhylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Trematoda
40
What is the main carrier of shistosoma mansoni
Snails
41
What is the main carrier of balis ascaris
Raccoon
42
How do you differentiate between Taenia and dipylidium tapeworm
Taenia had 1 pore.
43
How do you do the modified knotts test
1 ml blood+ 9ml formalin. Then centrifuge at 1500, 5 min. Pour off supernatant, stain and then examine sediment.
44
Describe the fecal centrifugation technique
1g feces, 1cc sheathers, mix. Add 8cc sheathers. Mix. Filter one cup and pour solution in. Top it up to 13 cc. Put in centrifuge: 1500, 5 min. Top it up to make a miniscus and then put coverslip. Wait 5-10 mins
45
How do you perform a skin scraping
Put mineral oil on crusty region, squeeze area, scrape area, put crust and material on slide with mineral oil and chop it up. Scrape till area turns red, put it on the slide and add coverslip.
46
How do you perform the cellophane tape method
Take tape, sticky side down multiple times, mineral oil. Put tape on slide
47
Describe the cellophane tape for pinworm identification
Tongue depressor, tape. Fold tape over tongue depressor with sticky side out and press it on the butt hole. Don't use mineral oil on the slide.
48
What is the class of balantidium coli trophozoites
Litostomatea
49
What is the class of demodex follicularis
Arachnida
50
What is the class of fasciola hepatica
Trematoda
51
What is the common name of phthirus pubis adult
Crab louse
52
What order of lice does phthirus pubis adult belong to and how can you tell simply by looking at it
Anoplura and it is due to the smaller head then it's body
53
What does the Anoplura phthirus pubis feed on
Blood
54
Where does the phthirus pubis live on humans
In the pubic hair or any other course hair
55
What is the scientific name of the head louse
Pediculus humanus capitis
56
Where does the head louse live
On the hair of the head
57
What is the baby form of a louse
A nit, or egg.
58
How long does a nit take to hatch to nymph form
5-14 days
59
What is the order of the cimex lectularis
Hemiptera
60
What is the common name of cimex lectularis
Bed bug
61
What is the order of melophagus ovinus
Diptera
62
What is the common name of melophagus ovinus
Sheep ked
63
What species are infected with sheep ked
Sheep and goats
64
Where does the sheep ked live on the host
Deep into the Sheeps wool or the goats fleece
65
What materials are needed for the baermann technique
Champagne glass with hollow tube, mesh cloth, gauze, rubber band
66
What solution is use in the baermann technique
Water
67
Describe the baermann technique
Put 5 g of feces in gauze, close the rubber band. Place mesh in glass to hold the gauze. Fill with room temp water so larva can swim out into the glass. Let it sit for 24hrs
68
What is the purpose of conducting the baermann test
Larva of lungworm
69
How is the sample for baermann test collected
Fresh sample from a hard surface
70
What are three different possible solutions used for fecal shippin
SAF, formalin or 70% alcohol
71
What is the ratio of the volume of fece to the volume of shipping solution
1/3 feces to solution
72
What is the class for giardia trophozoites
Protozoa
73
What are small segments of tapeworms called
Proglottids
74
How is Taenia acquired
Ingestion of intermediate host
75
If you are a solution with 1260 what are you
Sheathers
76
What is the advantage to fecal centrifugation
More efficient at separating and its rapid.
77
Why do we do the baermann technique
To find lungworm larva
78
What is the scale to calibrate the microscope called
Stage micrometer
79
What is the majority of interactions of living organisms based upon
Food
80
What is symbiosis
When two living creatures live together
81
What is each member of a symbiotic relationship considered
Symbiont
82
Describe a predator prey symbiotic relationship
Short lived. Beneficial for one and detrimental for other.
83
What does phoresis mean
To carry.
84
What is a phoresic symbiotic relationship
One animal caries another
85
Describe a mutualist relationship
Both organisms benefit
86
Describe a commensalist relationship
Benefits one organism and has no harm to the other
87
Describe a parasitic relationship
The parasite lives on or with the host. Metabolic dependence of one on the other.
88
What is the differences between predator prey relationship and parasitism
Longer relationship. Don't usually try to kill host.
89
What is parasitiasis
Presence of parasite with no clinical signs.
90
What is parasitosis
Presences of parasites and has a disease of parasites (clinical signs)
91
What is parasitism
A life relationship in which the parasite uses the host as a habitat and a food source.
92
What are the advantages to parasitism.
Infinite amount of food b
93
What is advantageous to a parasite with the movement of its host
Dispersion of the parasite
94
What does the host protect the parasite against
The environment, heat
95
How does a parasite evade the host fighting it
Attach to host cells, mutate
96
What are some ways parasites evade the host
Anticoagulants, opiate saliva secretion, covers self with human proteins. Forms cysts
97
What does the trypanosoma cause
Less milk, lose weight.
98
What percentage of herds and individuals are infected with trypanosoma
100% of herds and 90% of individuals
99
What is trypanosoma considered
A chronic, subacute problem.
100
What are some general things that parasites cause
Anemia, diarrhea, poor growth, malabsorption, respiratory problems, cardiovascular problems, ocular issues Dermatological issues
101
What can you get from uncooked beef
Tapeworm
102
What can you get from uncooked pork
Trichanosis
103
What parasites can you get from contact with cats
Toxoplasmosis
104
What parasite can you get from dogs
Toxocaris
105
What are parasites that live within the body considered
Endoparasites
106
What do endoparasites do
Cause an infection
107
What are parasites that live on the body called
Ectoparasites
108
What do ectoparasites
Infestation
109
What is an example of ectoparasites
Fleas
110
Give characteristics of an obligate parasite
Must use the host to survive and complete the development cycle. Can have a period outside host where transmission occurs
111
What is an example of a facultative parasites
S. Stercoralis
112
What are the characteristics of a incidental parasites
Short survival
113
What is an example of a hyper parasite
A tape worm in a flea
114
What does the parasitic load factor into
The development of the disease
115
What is the pre patent period
Time frame from infection with a parasite to that when the parasite can be recovered and diagnosed
116
What is a host
Animal providing habitat for a parasite
117
What are some general characteristics of parasites
Have at least one definitive host and may have one or more intermediate hosts.
118
What happens in a definitive host
Parasite matures to sexual and adult stage
119
What is an intermediate host
Larval, immature and juvenile stage of parasite.
120
What does toxoplasma gondii do to mice
Convinces mice to approach cats. Gets rid of olfactory receptors in mice brain so mice doesn't sense danger
121
What is a paratenic host
Transport host. Form of intermediate host. No development of the parasite. Remains encysted.
122
What is a reservoir host
Source of infection for different species
123
What does a vermifuge do
Paralyzed worm to expel
124
What does a vermicide do
Kills worm
125
What is the phylum for Trematodes
Platyhelminthes
126
What's the class for Trematodes
Trematoda
127
How do you further divide the class Trematoda
Monogenic and digenetic
128
What are Trematodes considered
Flukes
129
What is the general shape of Trematodes
Flattened dorsoventrally
130
What is the shape is Trematodes
Leaves
131
Do Trematodes have segments
No
132
What are monogenetic Trematodes considered
Ectoparasites
133
What do monogenetic Trematodes inhabit
Fish, reptiles and amphibians
134
How do monogenetic Trematodes attach
Gills, fins, mouth and skin
135
What is a digenetic Trematodes
Parasitic mammals.
136
Why are digenetic Trematodes considered
Endoparasites
137
What do schistosomas resemble
A tongue
138
Describe the morphology of digenetic Trematodes
Have no body cavity like cestodes
139
How do digenetic Trematodes attach
By a ventral sucker called acetabulum
140
What do the 2 blind ceca do from the digenetic Trematodes
End of digestive tract that Empties into the host by means of fluke puke
141
Describe the acetabulum
Tiny spines which face backwards enabling them to attach themselves
142
Describe the sexual reproduction of Trematodes
They're all hermaphroditic except for schistosomas
143
Describe the Trematodes life cycle
Eggs, embryonate in the environment, contact with water
144
What happens to Trematodes when they make contact with water
Hatches and makes the motile stage.
145
What are the motile stage of Trematodes
Miracidium
146
What do the Miracidium do when hatched
Swim to a snail
147
What do Miracidium develop into
Sporocyst
148
What is a Sporocyst
Sack containing many redia
149
What is inside a redia
Cercariae
150
Why does the Cercarial stage have
Has a tail, to allow swimming
151
What are the three options for cercariae once he is out of the snail
Penetrate the skinAttach to vegetation and encystPenetrate a second incidental host
152
When the cercariae exits the snail how does it penetrate the host and cost
Swimmers itch. Duck is definitive host. does not develop further in humans.
153
Where does s. Mansoni normally end up
Intestine
154
What is an abhorrent migration
When a parasite migrates to the wrong place
155
What is metacercaria
When the Vegetation is ingested by definitive host
156
What happens when the Metacercaria is digested
Assist is digested releasing a juvenile fluke. Migrates to its preferred site and becomes an adult
157
What is the preferred site for most trematodes
G.I. tract
158
What is the one trematode that does not live in the gastrointestinal tract
Paragonimus kellicotti which lives in the lungs
159
Where do most schistosomes live
In the circulatory system
160
What is the one shistosome that doesn't live in the circulatory system
Shistosoma mansoni which lives in GI tract
161
what is platynosomum fastosum
Lizard poisoning fluke
162
What is the first intermediate host of the platynosomum fastosum
Land snail
163
What is the second intermediate host of platynosomum fastosum
Lizard
164
Describe the organs where the lizard poisoning fluke lives
Liver, gallbladder, bile ducts
165
What are the symptoms of lizard poisoning fluke
Jaundice, vomiting, diarrhea, death
166
What is an operculum
An opening
167
What is nanophyetus salmincola
The salmon poisoning fluke in BC. It is the smallest fluke of domesticated animals.
168
What is the first intermediate host of nanophyetus salmincola
Snail
169
What is the second intermediate host of nanophyetus salmincola
Salmon
170
How do you get nanophyetus salmincola
From eating uncooked salmon.
171
What is the largest fluke of domesticated animals
Fasciolitis magma
172
Where does nanophyetus salmincola live
Small intestine
173
What is the first intermediate host of Alaria
Snail
174
What is the second intermediate host of Alaria
Frog, snake, mouse
175
Where does alaria live
In the intestine
176
What is paragonimus kellicotti
Lung fluke
177
What is the first intermediate host of paragonimus kellicotti
Snail
178
What is the second intermediate host of paragonimus kellicotti
Crayfish
179
How is paragonimus kellicotti diagnosed
Fecal sedimentation or flotation
180
What is heterobilharzia Americana
Canine schistosome. Found in the Gulf states of US. Enter via the skin.
181
What is the intermediate host of heterobilharzia Americana
Snail
182
Where is heterobilharzia Americana found in the body
In the mesenteric vein of the intestine and the portal vein.
183
What do heterobilharzia Americana cause
Bloody diarrhea, necrosis, initiation, anorexia
184
What is a miricidum
A larva that is already ready and has no hatching required
185
How do you diagnose heterobilharzia Americana
Fecal sedimentation
186
What phylum and class are cestodes in
Phylum platyhelminth, class Cestoda
187
What are cestodes referred to as
Tapeworm
188
Describe the general shape of cestodes
Flattened dorsal ventrally, ribbonlike and segmented, containing segments called proglottids
189
Describe the morphology of eucestodes
Has a scolex at the anterior end. Some have acetabula and Rostellum
190
What is a scolex
A head
191
What is a acetabula
Suckers
192
What is a Rostellum
Spiky head
193
If a cestode has a Rostellum what do you consider him
Armed
194
If I cestode does not have a rostellum what do you consider him
Unarmed
195
What is very special about eucestodes and how they intake food
They have no digestive track. They intake their food through the skin
196
What can we say about the proglottids that are close to the scolex
They are young proglottids
197
What can we say about the proglottids that are mid-distance from scolex
They are more mature
198
What can we say about the proglottids that are furthest from the scolex
They're mature and gravid
199
What is cross fertilization when it comes to eucestodes
One proglottid fertilizes with another proglottid
200
What is self fertilization when it comes to proglottids
They fertilize themselves
201
What is special about eucestodes in terms of sexual reproduction
They are hermaphroditic.
202
What can be said about a gravid proglottid and it's reproductive organs
The reproductive organs have degenerated and only the uterus remains with the eggs inside
203
Describe a proglottid egg
It is a six hooked hexacanth. It is born with all of its hooks already
204
Describe to eucestode life cycle
Gravid proglottids are expelled. Proglottids rupture and release eggs. Ingested by an obligate intermediate host where it develops into a metacestode (6 different forms possible)
205
What happens if a eucestode is eaten by a flea
It becomes a cysticercoid
206
What happens if the eucestode is eaten by a mama
Becomes a cysticercus, coenurus, hydatid cyst
207
Where do eucestodes live
In the digestive tract
208
How do definitive host become infected with eucestodes
It's the intermediate host at the metacestode stage
209
What is the definitive host for taenia saginata
Human
210
What is the intermediate host of Taenia saginata
Cattle
211
What is the meta-cestode version of Taenia saginata
Cysticercus bovis
212
Where is Cysticercus bovis found
Skeletal and heart muscle. Contracted from poorly cooked meat
213
What is the definitive host for echinococcus multiculocularis
Canines. Humans are incidental hosts
214
What is the intermediate host for echinococcus multiculocularis
Rodents
215
What is echinococcus multiculocularis considered
A zoonotic disease
216
What is cotyloda
Flat, ribbonlike, segmented pseudo tapeworms processing a scolex. Have a bothria
217
What is a bothria
Long sticky slit
218
How do cotyloda get their nutrients
Through the skin
219
Do cotyloda have proglottids
Yes and they are hermaphroditic. Their eggs are operculated unlike eucestodes
220
What happens when operculated cotyloda eggs go into the environment
They hatch with contact of water. The coracidium is released from egg
221
What is a coracidium
Hexacanth embryo
222
Who is the first intermediate host of cotyloda
Aquatic crustacean called copepod
223
What happens to the coracidium inside of the copepod
It develops into a procircoid
224
Who is the second intermediate host of cotyloda
A fish. Develops into a Plarocircoid
225
How does the plarocircoid reach the definitive host
It is ingested by the fish. And develops into a sexually mature form of the tapeworm
226
What is dipylidium caninum
The cucumber seed tapeworm.
227
What is the intermediate host of the dipylidium caninum
The flea. Every metacestode ingested will become an adult tapeworm
228
What is the PPP for dipylidium caninum
14 to 21 days.
229
How do you diagnose dipylidium caninum
Fecal or visualization of proglottid
230
How do you treat dipylidium caninum
Parasite and flea killer.
231
Is dipylidium caninum zoonotic
Yes
232
What is the intermediate hosts for Taenia pisiformis, hydatigena, Ovis
Rabbits, hares (pisiformis), ruminants (hydatigena), sheep (Ovis)
233
How does a dog get Taenia pisiformis, hydatigena, Ovis
Must ingest intermediate host. Infectious cysts are in greater omentum or abdominal organs. Generally from uncooked lamb in raw diet
234
What is Taenia taeniaformis
The feline tapeworm
235
What are the intermediate hosts of Taenia taeniaformis
Mice, rabbits, rat
236
How do cats get Taenia taeniaformis
By ingesting intermediate host
237
Describe echinococcus granulosis and multilocularis
Tiniest veterinary cestodes. Very small proglottids. Highly zoonotic. Mimics cancer
238
What is the intermediate host for echinococcus granulosis
Sheep, cattle, herbivores
239
What is the intermediate host for multilocularis
Rats mice and voles
240
What do echinococcus granulosis and multilocularis cause in the body
Hydatid cysts in the brain, liver, lungs
241
What is diphyllobothrium Latum
Giant fish tapeworm.
242
Who is the definitive host for diphyllobothrium Latum
Cats, dogs, humans
243
What is the first intermediate host of diphyllobothrium Latum
Aquatic crustacean
244
What is the Second intermediate host of diphyllobothrium Latum
Fish. Causes a Plerocercoid in muscle
245
Is a parasite absorbs vitamin B 12 what does it cause
Anemia
246
What is spirometra
Zipper tapeworm in small intestine
247
Why is Spirometra called a zipper tapeworm
It unzips and releases its eggs
248
What is the first intermediate host for the Spirometra
Crustacean
249
What is the second intermediate host for the Spirometra
Fish or frogs.
250
What do the majority of parasites have
Pathogenic potential
251
Some parasites are minimally pathogenic but are considered
Opportunistic
252
Where is cryptosporidium or pneumocystis found
In immunocompromise patients. There is no treatment
253
What can lesions be caused by
Physical factors, parasites metabolism, host a reaction
254
How can parasites cause lesions by physical factors
By either attachment organelle and mouthpieces, by their migration in body, by the lumen obstruction of an organTissue destructionNecrosis by compressionBleedingSecondary infectionsVectors
255
What is the typical amount of acetabulum on a parasite
Four
256
How can migration from the digestive tract to the preferred site happen
Via cavities or natural paths such as blood vessels and lymphatic system. Or directly through tissues such as fasciola hepatica
257
How can lumen obstruction of an organ happen
From the presence of the parasite or as an inflammatory reaction from the body
258
How does Dirofilaria Immitis obstruct
Obstructs the right ventricle and causes proliferative lesions in the pulmonary artery
259
How does paRasitic tissue destruction occur
From feeding, development. Multiplying within tissue and interfering with metabolism
260
What does toxoplasma do in terms of tissue destruction
Goes into the fetus. Can cause abortion or attack brain a neurological tissue. If I actually born there is a risk of developing schizophrenia as a child.
261
What does ostertagia ostertagi do to cause tissue destruction
Causes inflammation of the stomach mucosa. Hydrochloric acid producing cells are replaced by mucus producing cells
262
How does necrosis by compression of her
By growing causing a compression of the surrounding tissue. Atrophy, necrosis or loss of function due to nerve compression
263
What does Echinococcus granulosis do
Affects the liver and lungs. After consumption of infected intermediate host
264
What does diotophyma renale do
The roundworm of the kidney. Causes necrosis of right kidney
265
Describe bleeding caused by fasciola hepatica
Can be fatal in the liver
266
Describe what Ancylostoma caninum do
Attached to the intestinal mucosal as it feeds. So he creates an anticoagulant that continues the bleeding once detached.
267
What is the effect of bleeding as a physical factor
Anemia
268
How can parasites cause secondary infections
From migration. Makes holes
269
How can vectors cause lesions
From fleas, ticks, etcHaemobartonella, Lyme disease
270
How can parasites cause a reduction in growth rate
Through competition for food which is of importance in production animals since it reduces the food intake of host. Can also affect milk, wool, meat production
271
What does moniezia expansa affect and how is it transmitted
Ovines and it's from an infected mite
272
How does diphyllobothrium Latum cause vitamin deficiency
It accumulates vitamin B 12 and it's own tissues which is necessary for red blood cell creation and function of brain
273
How does parasitic toxin production work
Dermacentor Andersoni secrete a toxic substance in their saliva which gradually paralyzes and causes respiratory failure
274
How does trichuris trichurias toxins affect humans
Cause a rectal prolapse due to nerve paralysis
275
Why does giardia cause a greasy stool
Due to interference with lypolysis
276
What does trichinella do to the immune system
Suppresses T lymphocytes causing malfunction of macrophages
277
What does entamoeba histolytica do
Digests intestinal tissues
278
What are some host reactions to a parasite
AllergyHypersensitivityeosinophiliaImmune system unresponsivenessHyperplasiaNeoplasiaInflammationGranuloma
279
How can thysanosoma actinoides cause hyperplasia
Induce biliary canal hyperplasia
280
How does spirocerca lupi cause neoplasia
Causes osteosarcoma and fibrosarcomas in wall of esophagus
281
How does shistosoma haematobium cause neoplasia
Causes bladder cell carcinoma
282
What are annelids
Leaches
283
What are Acanthocephalans
Thorny headed worms
284
What are characteristics of Arthropoda
Segmented body, exoskeleton, jointed appendages
285
What are monogenetic Trematodes mostly considered
Ectoparasites Of aquatic species
286
What are digenetic Trematodes considered
Endoparasites in large GI tract. But can also be found in blood and lungs.
287
Describe the physical appearance of Toxocara Canis
Spaghetti
288
Where does toxocara canis live
In the small intestine, also sometimes in the lungs
289
What can happen to small breeds when they have a lot of Toxocara canis
Can cause obstruction
290
How do Toxocara canis inhabit the small intestine
They are not attached to the intestine but rather have an undulating swim
291
How long do Toxocara canis eggs lay dormant in the environment
2-5weeks
292
What are some key features of nematodes
Large-size variety, have a body cavity, have a digestive track including rectum, have reproductive organs
293
What type of eggs are Toxocara Cati
Oviparous
294
What type of eggs are ancylostoma caninum
Oviparous
295
What type of eggs are strongyloides westeri
Ovoviviparous
296
What type of eggs are capillaria
Oviparous
297
If a nematode produces larva it is said to be what
Lariparous
298
Describe the direct life cycle for nematodes
Hello three is infective for definitive host. L4 and L5 develop in definitive host. L5 is a young adult nematode. L6 is an adult that lays eggs
299
Describe the indirect lifecycle for nematode
In the intermediate host L1 L2 and L3 stages occur. Ingestion of the intermediate host where L4 and L5 develop in the definitive host
300
What are the symptoms of spirocerca lupi
Obstruction
301
What are the symptoms of physaloptera
Vomiting
302
Vomiting and feces of spirocerca and physaloptera look like what
Spaghetti
303
What is the PPP for Toxocara canis
21-35 days
304
What is the PPP for Toxocara Cati
8 weeks
305
What is the PPP for Toxocara leonina
8-10 weeks
306
What can ancylostoma, tubaeforme, braziliense and uncinaria cause due to feeding on blood
Anemia
307
What do strongyloides cause
Diarrhea.
308
How is strongyloides transmitted
Skin and milk.
309
what is special about strongyloides
there are no males and eggs hatch in intestine, L1 released in feces and L3 penetrates skin
310
How is trichuris vulpis transmitted
By ingestion
311
What is special about trichuris vulpis
Eggs are passed every 3 days and they are very heavy so they don't float well
312
What is aelurostrongylus abstrusus
Feline lungworm that causes nodules in alveolar ducts. Especially in fiv/felv cars.
313
Where do aelurostrongylus hatch
In the lung and they are coughed up and swallowed. L1 is in feces.
314
What is the intermediate host for aelurostrongylus
Snails and slugs (L1-L3)
315
What are the paratenic hosts for aelurostrongylus
Rodents, birds, amphibians, reptiles
316
What is the baermann test used for
Diagnosing feline lugworm aelurostrongylus
317
What is filaroides olseri, hirthi and milksi
Canine lungworm. In trachea, bronchioles and lungs. Causes nodules and airway obstruction.
318
Describe the transmission of canine lungworm
Ingestion of L1 from Dam to puppies. No outside development required
319
Describe Capillaria aerophilia
In trachea and bronchi. Eggs are coughed up and swallowed
320
How is diotophyma renale transmitted
By infective larva in annelid. Diagnosed by urine sediment
321
What is dracunculus insignis
Guinea worm. From ingestion of intermediate host
322
What is thelazia californiensis
In conjunctival sac and lacrimal canal. From intermediate host, the face fly.
323
How do you stop an arthropod from growing
Use an insect growth regulator which stops the production of chitin
324
What do arthropods cause
Pathology and diseases such as anemia, hypersensitivity reactions
325
Describe the pathogenic potential of arthropods
They are parasites that cause disease, they are intermediate host for cestodes nematodes and trematodes. they are vectors of bacteria or viruses, they produce venom or toxins and harass production animals
326
What arthropods produce venom or toxins
Scorpions, spiders, Ticks
327
When arthropods harass production animals what happens
Cause lack of eating and sleep, loss of weight and production decreases, cause fear in horses and injuries
328
Describe an arthropods ability to perforate skin
Hypodermis species a.k.a. the warble fly or cattle grub. Cause a severe reduction or complete loss of the value of leather
329
What is the kingdom of the arthropod
Animalia
330
What are the two subphyla's for arthropods
Mandibulata and chelocerata
331
Describe mandibulata
Have jaws and chew
332
Describe the chelocerata
Have a pincer mouth that doesn't grind
333
Which animals are part of the mandibulata class of arthropods
CrustaceansMyriopodans: millipedes, centipedesInsects: Cockroaches, beetles, moths, butterflies, ants bees and wasps, true bugs, lice flies and fleas
334
What are crustaceans considered
Ectoparasites of fish and amphibians. Intermediate host for some Helminths.
335
Describe the anatomy of arthropods
Segmented body, invertebrate having an exoskeleton, jointed appendages
336
What is a crayfish and intermediate host for
Lungworm Paragonimus Kellicotti.
337
What is the copepod an intermediate host for
Cotyloda the pseudotapeworm, or diphyllo bacterium
338
What are crustaceans also the intermediate host for
Dracunculus insignis (the guinea worm in dogs)
339
Describe insects
Three-part body, three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antenna
340
Describe Cimex Lectularis (bedbug)
Periodic parasite of humans, rabbits, poultry and chickens. Nocturnal produce a distinctive odor from their stink gland. Eggs are laid in the cracks and crevices and emerge in 6 to 10 days to feed on blood for 2 to 5 minutes.
341
Can bedbugs infect cats or dogs
No
342
What do lice cause
Pediculosis
343
What are the two orders of lice
Mallophaga (chewing/biting)Anoplura (sucking)
344
Describe the anatomy of lice in general
All components of insects but wingless, dorsoventrally flattened
345
Describe the anatomy of the Mallophaga lice
Usually smaller than unemployed. Yellow, large rounded head that is wider than the widest part of the thorax
346
Describe the anatomy of the anoplura lice
Larger than mellophaga, red to gray color. Smaller head that is more narrow than the widest part of the thorax.
347
What is the host for the mallophaga lice
Mammals and birds
348
What is the method of transmission for the Mallophaga lice
Animal to animal. Adults are directly transmitted or go phoresis on the fly. Other life stages are transmitted by fomites
349
What do Mallophaga lice feed on
Skin, debris, hair. Plus or minus blood and cause dermatitis.
350
What is the host for the Anoplura lice
Domestic animals: not cats OR birds.
351
How is the Anoplura lice transmitted
From animal to animal. Adults go directly and other stages go on fomites
352
What does the anoplura lice feed on
Blood and causes anemia
353
What is pediculus humanus capitis
Non disease carrying head lice only found on humans
354
What is pediculus humanus humanus corporis
Disease carrying body lice
355
What is phthirus pubis
Crab or pubic lice
356
What are three stages of the anopluran or mallophagian lice life cycle
The nitThe nymph (has 3 nymphal stages)Adult
357
Describe the nit stage of lice development
Cements to hair or feather shaft. Hatches in 5-14 days
358
Describe the nymph stage of the lice life cycle
Has 3 nymphal stages (2-3 weeks)
359
Describe the adult stage of the lice life cycle
Similar in appearance to nymphal stage but larger and have functional reproductive organs that allow them to mate and lay eggs
360
What does a diptera insect have
Two wings
361
What do adult flies feed on
Blood, tears saliva and mucus.
362
What are flies considered
Periodic parasites
363
Where are there larva of flies laid
In the sub cutaneous tissues or internal organs of animals
364
Describe the female only flies that feed on blood
Simulium (black fly)Culicoides (sand flies) ** host for onchocerca cervicalis in equines. Culex (mosquito)
365
Describe the culex mosquito
Can cause anemia. Lay eggs in water. Transmit heartworm
366
What do other Mosquitos besides the culex transmit
Malaria, w. Bancrofti, trypanosoma
367
Describe the male and female flies that feed on blood
The glossina fly (tst tse fly) that transmits trypanosoma
368
What are the flies that feed on tears saliva and mucus
Musca domestica (house fly)Musca automnalis (face fly)Sarcophaga (flesh fly)
369
Describe the house fly
Made to spread pathogens. Facultative myiasis which is maggots
370
Describe the face fly
Spread pinkeye in cattle
371
Describe the flesh fly
Facultative myiasis. Made to spread pathogens
372
What is the cuterebra species or (warbles)
In rodent species mostly, occasionally in cat or dog in head or neck. Adults lay eggs at entrances of rodent Burroughs
373
How do cats and dogs get infected with warbles
Sniff rabbit holes
374
Warbles are usually cutaneous but are also known for its aberrant migration sites into the
Cranial volt and nose
375
What color is L2 of the warbles
White
376
What color is L3of the warbles
Black is covered in spines
377
Describe ctenocephalides canis/felis
High economic importance in veterinary medicine. Prolific and easy to transplant. Host to host contact or from environment
378
Describe the adult flea
Brown, laterally flattened to allow for slithering through hairs. Piercing mouth part that acts like a siphon. Posterior leg is much bigger then the anterior pairs. Feed on blood and leave dried blood as dirt.
379
Describe the first flea stage
Eggs. Pearly white do not stick to host and instead fall on the ground.
380
Describe the larva flea stage
Maggot- like and covered in small hairs. Feed on flea dirt, organic debris, shell or other flea larva. Do not develop in sunlight and therefore prefer dark places such as the edge of the walls
381
Describe the pupae stage of the flea
Cocoons found in soil, and vegetation, in carpets, under furniture, on animal bedding. Prevents the pupa from desiccating and is very sticky. Lasts months to years and the change in vibration and CO2 reactivates them
382
What is the pathology from fleas
They are an annoyance, they cause pruritis, they cause flea allergic dermatitis, cause iron deficiency anemia and death, can transmit many pathogens
383
In which animals can fleas cause iron deficiency anemia and death
Young animals, dogs cats goats cattle sheep
384
What pathogens can fleas transmit
Dipylidium caninum (Cestoda), Acanthochocheilonema reconditum
385
What Microorganisms can fleas transmit
Hemoplasma (mycoplasma), yersinia pestis (plague), francisella tularensis (tularemia)
386
How do you do a diagnosis of fleas
Identification of adult or identification of flea dirt
387
How long is the treatment or elimination of fleas
Minimum three months. Can be long in cases of moderate to severe infestations
388
How do you eliminate fleas
Eliminate the fleas on the pet, eliminate existing environmental infestation, prevent subsequent reinfestation
389
How do you mechanically remove fleas
Flea comb, vacuuming of rugs carpets bedding and couches. Clean all upholstery
390
What are some flea adulticides
Frontline plus, advantage multi, advantix, capstar, revolution, trifexis bravecto
391
What is special about TriFlex us
A lot of reported deaths within the hour of application
392
What are some insect growth regulator's
Program, Sentinel, frontline plus, advantage two, revolution
393
What are the 4 to 5 developmental stages of ticks
Egg, larva, nymph, adult
394
What are the two types of mites
Sarcoptiform and non sarcoptiform
395
Describe sarcoptiform mites
Cause Severe dermatologic problems and intense pruritis. Tiny oval to round bodies
396
what are the sarcoptidae form of the sarcoptiform mites
Burrow or tunnel in epidermis. Diagnose by skin scraping
397
What is the psoroptidae form of the scarcoptiform mites
On the surface of the skin or in the ear canal
398
Describe the sarcoptidae mites
Male and female's breed on the surface of the skin. Female burrows into the skin and deposits 40 to 50 eggs then dies. 3 to 10 days after depositing, the larva emerge exit the tunnels molt into nymphs and become adults in 12 to 17 days.
399
Who does the sarcoptes scabiei species affect
Affects pigs, humans, cats, dogs.
400
Describe sarcoptes scabiei in dogs
Can be zoonotic, have suckers on their legs, contagious on contact. Some dogs are carriers an asymptomatic
401
How do you diagnose Sarcoptes scabies in dogs
Deep skin scrapings
402
How do you treat Sarcoptes scabies in dogs
Moxidectin, imidacloprid, ivermectin
403
What is notoedres Cati
Feline mange or scabies. From direct contact
404
How do you diagnose notoedres cati
Deep skin scraping
405
How do you treat Notoedres Cati
Selemectin, moxidectin/imidacloprid and ivermectin 
406
Where do psoroptidae mites live on the body
Reside on the surface of the skin or in the ear canal
407
How long is the lifecycle for psoroptidae mites
10 to 18 days(Mites can live off the host for 2 to 3 weeks)
408
What is otodectes cynotis
The ear mite.
409
Describe how otodectes cynotis is transmitted
Direct contact or indirect; from mites or living outside.
410
What does otodectes cynotis cause
A very pruritic pedal pinna response
411
How do you diagnose otodectes cynotis
Visualization and swam in mineral oil.
412
What is a pedal pinna response
Where you touch the ear and the leg shakes
413
What do otodectes cynotis look like in the ear
White or translucent
414
What shape are non sarcoptiform mites
Cigar shaped
415
What is Demodex
Many species and humans, Demodectic mange Non-pathogenic normal fauna of skin
416
How is demodex transmitted
Mom to baby.
417
Where is demodex found
In hair follicles and sebaceous glands.
418
What happens with demodex in young immunodeficient animals
Causes the demodicosis;is localized or generalized and is an Alopecic region
419
how do you diagnose demodex
Clip fur or squeeze skin to express mites. Continue until capillary bleeding occurs. Place it on slide with mineral oil. Scrape with scalpel to see if it is generalized.
420
What is trombicula
Chiggers (thrombiculosis)Orange crusty dermatosis. Difficult to diagnose because it doesn't stay long on the animal
421
What are Cheyletiella parasitovax
Walking dandruff visible to the naked eye. Can be zoonotic but self limiting.
422
How do you diagnose cheyletiella parasitovax
visualization of bite marks or scotch tape
423
Describe the anatomy of ticks
Cheilicerae (2 pincers)Hypostome (straw) - penetrating, sucking mouthpiece. Anchors them in place.
424
What do ixodid ticks have that covers all or parts of their body.
A chitin armor (shield)
425
What do argasid ticks have
No chitin armor.
426
Describe the pathology of a tick
Blood feeding activity. Saliva can be toxic and cause tick paralysis. Ticks are vectors of parasites, bacteria, viruses, rickettsia and organisms
427
Which tick born diseases does the 4DX test diagnose
Anaplasmosis, borrelia, erlichia
428
What is special about the tick lifecycle
Requires three hosts until it becomes an adult that can lay eggs
429
What are some tick facts
It can feed on several different hosts and transmit limes disease. It can live 2 to 3 years without feeding but a female needs blood before fertilization and egg laying.
430
How long does disease transmission require
24-48hr after attachment. They need to suck up and regurgitate.
431
What tick prevention drugs are used on cats
Etofenprox, fipronil (frontline), and flumethrin
432
What is approved for use in dogs
Advantix products, frontline, seresto(8 month collar for cats and dogs) , bravecto.
433
What is the otobius megnini
Spinose ear tick that lives in the ear canal
434
What does the Ixodes scapularis (ca, eq, human, deer) transmit
Lyme (borrelia burgdorferi), tularemia, babesia microti and ehrlichia (humans)
435
What does the rhipicephalus sanguineus tick do
Invades homes and kennels and transmits ehrlichia canis.
436
Which ticks are part of the ixodid (hard) tick category
Dermacentor variabilis (ca, hu): dog tick that causes tick paralysis. RMSF vector. Dermacentor andersoni (ca, hu): Rocky Mountain wood tick. Primary RMSF vector. Amblyoma americanum (mammals): lone star tick. vector of tularemia and RMSF
437
What are the two most common nematodes of the G.I. tract of ruminants
Haemonchus contortus in goats and sheep.Ostertagia ostertagi in cows.
438
Describe Haemonchus contortus
Barberpole nematode. One of the most pathogenic nematodes of ruminants. Causes severe anemia and Edema and goats and sheep
439
Describe Ostertagia ostertagi
Male Calves are susceptible and adults are immune. Causes acute or chronic gastritis.
440
What happens in the acute form of Ostertagia ostertagi
Loss of protein, anemia, death
441
What happens in the chronic form of Ostertagia ostertagi
Kills HCL producing cells
442
How is haemonchus and ostertagia transmitted
From ingestion of infected ovaLocated in abomasum and all intestines.
443
How is haemonchus and ostertagia diagnosed
On fecal flotation of ruminants. Shows a trichostrongyle.
444
If a trichostrongyle was recovered from a dog what would it be
A hookworm
445
How are haemonchus and ostertagia treated
With many common dewormers but it causes resistance
446
What is now the new way to prevent resistance from dewormers by nematodes.
Famacha method: anemia guide with pictures. Fecal egg count: used to track parasite infestation levels, individual susceptibility and anthelmintic effectiveness. ***have to be reduced by at least 90% or considered a failure.
447
What are some other management strategies to reduce the need for deworming
Selective breeding for more parasite resistant sheep or goat's by culling the most susceptible animals and introducing parasite resistant breeds.Pasture management. Managed intensive rotational grazing with non-susceptible species such as horse, cattle, swine or poultry. Using cows to vacuum up after calves since adult females are resistant to Ostertagia.
448
What is the concept of refugia
Antihelminthic's have contributed to severe drug resistance. Genetically resistant worms have become retained.
449
What is refugia
Worms that are genetically not as resistant to antihelminthics. Keep nonresistant ones so that they spread on the non resistant worms. Avoid deworming all animals before turning them out onto clean postures.
450
What is dictyocaulus
Affects cows, sheep and goats. It is a lungworm that is transmitted through the ingestion of larva.
451
How do you diagnose dictyocaulus
Baermann technique
452
What is thelazia
Eye worm that affects cows, sheep, goats and dogs.
453
What is the intermediate host for thelazia
Musca automnalis (face fly)
454
What are the two common Cestoda of farm animals
Moniezia in cows, sheep and goats.Taenia saginata in cows.
455
What is moniezia.
Moniezia in cows, sheep and goats. Lives in GI tract and has various symptoms. More severe symptoms in young.
456
What is Taenia saginata
In muscles (larval stage) of cows. It's the beef tapeworm of humans.
457
What are the two common Trematodes in farm animals
Fasciola hepatica in bo and ov Fascioloides magna in domestic and wild ruminants
458
What is fasciola hepatica
In Bo and ov. Lives in the bile ducts.
459
Describe fascioloides magna
In domestic and wild ruminants It is a giant liver fluke or Deer fluke.
460
What are the common apicomplexans of the GI tract in large animals
Eimeria (bovine, ovine, caprine) isospora. Cryptosporidium (bovine, ovine, caprine).
461
What does eimeria cause
Diarrhea and dehydration
462
What does cyptosporidium cause
Diarrhea in calves that can be severe. Zoonosis.
463
What is a flagellate of large animals
Tritrichomonas fetus that causes abortions
464
What are the types of lice that farm animals are affected with
Mallophaga and Anoplura.
465
List all the flies that farm animals are affected by
Tabanus (horse fly)Haematobia irritans (horn fly)Melophagus ovinus (wingless fly)M. Automnalis (face fly)Hypoderma (bot fly)Oestrus Ovis (nasal boy fly)Cochliomyia hominivorax (screw worm)
466
What does the Tabanus (horse fly) do
Have a painful bite. They are a nuisance.
467
What does the Haematobia irritans (horn fly) do
Lay eggs in dehorned animals wounds.
468
What does the Melophagus ovinus (wingless fly) do
Lives deep in wool or fleece. Feeds on blood causing anemia. Damages skin and wool and parasite infested feces cause wool staining.
469
What does the M. Automnalis (face fly) do
Feeds on ears, saliva, mucus. Vector of pink eye and thelazia.
470
What does the Hypoderma (bot fly) do
Burrows into the skin and pokes in and out for air.
471
What does the Oestrus Ovis (nasal boy fly) do
Burrows into the flesh of the nose
472
What does the Cochliomyia hominivorax (screw worm) do
Invade fresh and contaminated skin wounds like C-sections. Economically impact the United States because they attacked the livestock. Has the appearance of a screw. Reportable to state and federal authorities, it had been eradicated but importation of animals brought it back.
473
Where are the sarcoptidae scabiei mites found
Under surface of skin in bogus and Ovis.
474
Where are the psoroptidae mites found
On the surface of skin of cuniculi, bovis and Ovis.
475
Where is the psoroptidae chorioptes mite found
Foot and tail mite. Located on lower part of the body.
476
Where is the non sarcoptiform mite found
Demodex is found in hair follicles.
477
What ticks are large animals affected by
Ixodes scapularis: deer tickDermacentor andersoni: Rocky Mountain wood tick Amblyoma americanum: lone star tick Dermacentor albipictus: winter moose tick
478
What are the pig nematodes of the GI tract
Ascaris suum (roundworm)Trichuris suis (Whipworms)
479
Why is the pig nematode of the musculoskeletal system
Trichinella spiralis which is found in pig or horse muscle.
480
How do you diagnose trichinella spiralis
Examination of muscle (often diaphragm muscle)
481
Explain the zoonotic potential of trichinella spiralis
Undercooked meat. Also from bears, fox, seals. Cause a very painful infection due to fever and larva in body actively creating cysts.
482
What is the tapeworm of the pig
Taenia solium
483
What is Taenia solium
Zoonosis from undercooked pork. Forms a Metacestode in muscle. If eggs are ingested humans develop cysticercosis and become an intermediate host. This can lead to epilepsy and death
484
What are the ciliate protozoans of the GI tract
Balantidium coli. Only ciliate to parasitize humans. Wash all fruits and vegetables with clean water to prevent it.
485
What is the pig apicomplexans
CystoisoaporaCryptosporidium
486
What arthropods are pigs affected by
LiceFlies Mites (sarcoptes and demodex)
487
What are some generalities associated with livestock parasites
Parasite burdens are not evenly distributed in the herd. About 20% of animals harbor about 80% of parasites. Treatment is done for the herd and not the individual, the goal is not to eliminate but rather reduce the parasite burden. Severely affected individuals are often culled from the herd.
488
Describe the morphology of the acanthocephala
Long cylindrical nose with retractable probiscus. Probiscis is covered in spines which allows attachment organelles. Has males and females. Absorb nutrients by their body surface
489
How many eggs are laid by an adult acanthocephala per day
1/4 million per day
490
Describe the egg of the acanthocephalan
Contains a larval form. Unique shape with three shells.
491
Describe the lifecycle of the acanthocephalan
Ingestion of egg by arthropod intermediate host. Egg hatches in the intermediate host and develops into a stage with an inverted proboscis (acanthella). The intermediate host is ingested and the proboscis everts which allows for attachment to the intestine
492
What is the oncicola canis
Lives in small intestine, the proboscis can perforate the intestinal wall and cause peritonitis.
493
What is the intermediate host for oncicola canis
Dung beetle
494
How do you diagnose oncicola canis
Fecal flotation.
495
Describe protozoa
Most protozoa are free living organisms that are Uni cellular and motile. Mostly microscopic and into forms a cyst or a trophozoite
496
How are protozoans classed in their phylla
Based on their movement style:FlagellatesAmoebaeCiliatesApicomplexans
497
Describe flagellates
May come in two forms. At least one flagellum in the trophozoites form which allows for movement. They live in liquid: blood, lymph, CSF. Tear drop and pear shaped.
498
What are some flagellate pathogens
TrichomonasGiardiaTrypanosoma
499
How do amoeba move
By pseudopods
500
What are the two forms that amoebas come in
Trophozoite form and cystic form
