Pharmacokinetics

Question 1

non-polar molecules have ____ bonds
they dissolve in ______
lipo-___
hydro-____

Answer 1

covalent
fats, membranes
philic
phobic

Question 2

polar molecules have polar bonds
dissolve in _____
lipo-_____
hydro-____

Answer 2

h2o
urine
blood
phobic
philic

Question 3

polar groups are not soluble in fat because there is no attraction between _____

Answer 3

the C and H bonds

Question 4

amine and alcohol/hydroxy _____ groups

Answer 4

polar

Question 5

___ # of C atoms to each polar group

Answer 5

4

Question 6

ionic groups are ____

Answer 6

charged (pos or neg)

Question 7

polar amines can be converted into an ionic ammonium by adding a _____ ion from ____

Answer 7

hydrogen

acid

Question 8

lipophilic is referred to as____ ____ form

passes through ____

Answer 8

free base

BBB

Question 9

the ___ is the value determined when the pH is half amine and half ammonium

Answer 9

pKa

Question 10

when pH is less than pKa it is _____ form

Answer 10

ammonium ion

Question 11

when pH is greater than pKa it is ____ form

Answer 11

amine

Question 12

drugs with pKa close to 7.4 will be in what form?

Answer 12

both amine and ammonium

7.4 is physiological pH

Question 13

topical LOCAL anesthetics will be almost completely in ____ form, so they dissolve thru membranes but do not spread out in tissues

Answer 13

amine

Question 14

the ammonium ion form of the drug is a ____

Answer 14

solid

Question 15

which form has a longer shelf life?

Answer 15

ammonium ion (solid)

Question 16

the amine form of the drug is a ____

Answer 16

liquid

Question 17

oral drugs are given in the ____ form

Answer 17

ammonium ion

Question 18

enteric coated pills dissolve in the ___ ____

Answer 18

small intestine

Question 19

______ ______drugs dissolve at different rates with a longer life

Answer 19

sustained release

Question 20

Parenteral administrations of drugs include::

Answer 20

IV, IM, subcutaneous

Question 21

Topical drugs are in the ____ form in order to pass through membranes

Answer 21

amine

Question 22

rectal suppository is best for people who:

Answer 22

can’t swallow

Question 23

the best way to have precise dosing is giving a drug ___

Answer 23

IV

Question 24

drugs pass from blood vessels into tissues by slipping between ____ ____ cells

Answer 24

smooth muscle

Question 25

____ ____ in capillary walls require that drugs dissolve through the membrane or are transported by proteins

Answer 25

tight junctions

Question 26

tight junctions are the basis for the ____ ____ ____

ammonium ion forms cannot pass through tight junctions

Answer 26

blood brain barrier

Question 27

phase 1 of drug metabolism uses the enzyme _____ _____

and it adds __ groups to non-polar molecules to make them polar

Answer 27

cytochrome P450

OH

Question 28

phase 2 of drug metabolism uses the enzyme ___ _____ and adds ____ ____ to the molecule to make it water soluble and ready for excretion

Answer 28

glucuronyl transferase

glucuronic acid

Question 29

a family of close related enzymes is called:

Answer 29

isozymes

Question 30

loratidine is metabolized into ________ which is responsible for its activity

Answer 30

desloratidine

Question 31

inactive drugs that are metabolized into the active form are called: ___ ____

Answer 31

pro dugs

Question 32

the time required for 1/2 of a drug to be inactivated by the body:

Answer 32

half life

Question 33

the rate of drug excretion depends on:
1.
2.

Answer 33

rate of drug metabolism

rate of excretion by kidneys

Question 34

area on a graph between the toxic concentration and the minimum effective concentration: ____ ____
want it to be large

Answer 34

therapeutic range

Question 35

examples of when someone should be given a lower dose

Answer 35

newborns, geriatrics, kidney disease

Question 36

Lethal dose for 50% of population / effective dose for 50% = _____ ______

Answer 36

therapeutic index

Question 37

factors that affect bioavailability:

Answer 37

taken on empty stomach or with food
taken with +2 or +3
constipation or diarrhea