Antibiotics Flashcards
Bacteria are classified by their ability to _____
Take up and retain Gram stain
Types of Gram \_\_\_\_ bacteria: staphylococcus streptococcus clostridium bacillus heliobacter
positive
Gram positive have a ______ peptidoglycan and stain purple
thick
Gram negative have a ______ peptidoglycan surrounded by a second _____ ______membrane, and stain pink
thin
lipid bilayer
Common gram \_\_\_\_\_\_ bacteria: enterobacter Neisseria pseudomonas Escherichia campylobacter klebsiella salmonella bacteriodes
negative
Bacteria that do not fit into a class
mycobacteria (TB)
chlamydia trachomatis
mycoplasma pneumonia
Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial growth: ______
kill bacteria: _____
bacteriostatic
bacteriocidal
MIC stands for
minimum inhibitory concentration
MBC stands for
minimum bacteriocidal concentration
antibiotics that inhibit a narrow range of bacteria: ___
broad range: ___
most frequently used: ____ because ___
narrow spectrum
broad spectrum
broad spectrum
no need for extensive lab work
major problem with broad spectrum antibiotics
eliminates most of the naturally occurring bacteria in GI tract, can result in superinfection
ex: clostridium difficle
3 ways bacteria has developed resistance
- modified cell wall so it is not permeable to antibiotic
- modified enzyme affected by antibiotic
- acquired enzymes to destroy antibiotic
family which uses all 3 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
penicillin
Penicillin drugs work by inhibiting the enzyme ______, which helps synthesize the cell wall in gram ____ bacteria
transpeptidase
positive
bacteria that have altered the structure of their transpeptidase enzymes so penicillin cannot bind to it are called ______ resistant.
MRSA stands for ______ and is an example
methicillin
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
bacteria acquire the enzyme _____, which destroys the 4-membered beta lactam ring in the penicillin drug.
when these bacteria do that and also work on cephalosporins are called ESBR which stands for _____
penicillinase
extended spectrum beta-lactamase resistant
patients can acquire a _____ infection from a hospital that has resistant pathogenic bacteria, or a _____ infection “off the streets”
nosocomial
community
most common adverse effect of penicillin drugs
allergic reaction
varies from mild rash to anaphylactic shock
Penicillin ___ is the earliest one still in use. not stable in ____ so it is given by injection.
G
acid
Two types of penicillin that are narrow spectrum
penicillin G and V
Penicillin ___ can be taken orally. primarily gram+…but gram- Neisseria gonorrhoeae is susceptible
V
5th most commonly prescribed drug, most common antibiotic: _____.
broad spectrum
bacteria have acquired _____ against it.
amoxicillin
penicillinase
_____ ____ inhibits penicillinase enzyme, added to Amoxicillin to create ____
potassium clavulanate
Augmentin
____ family isolated from sewers in Italy.
broad spectrum
inhibit cell wall synthesis. related to penicillin fam
Cephalosporins
First generation cephalosporin drug: ______
used for treating UTI
most commonly prescribed in this family
Cephalexin
Second generation cephalosporin drugs: _____, _____, _____
Cefzil
Ceclor
Ceftin
Third generation cephalosporin drug: ____
treats gonorrhea
must be given IV
Ceftriaxone
Third gen cephalosporin drug: _____
treats otitis media, respiratory infecitons, pneumonia, bronchitis
Cefdinir
Third gen cephalosporin drug: ______
given IV
broad spectrum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
that bacteria is found in the environment, common in burn and CF patients
Cefzim
drug reserved for life threatening gram+ infections such as MRSA: _______
inhibits cell wall synthesis
given IV
side effects include ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
Vancomycin
family that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis: ______
contains the mycin drugs
macrolide
less used macrolide drug used for patients allergic to penicillin: ______
adverse effect: ___
also used to treat acne
prescribed for UTI, Legionnaire’s, respiratory infections
erythromycin
nausea
macrolide that has replaced erythromycin: _____
taken once daily and less nausea(benefit over erythro)
concentrated by white blood cells
Azithromycin
family that inhibits bacterial ribosomes: _____
widely used in animal food
broad spectrum, also alternative to penicillin
tetracycline fam
some things tetracyclines treat
UTI respiratory tract infections acne vulgaris PID rickettsial infections(lyme) helicobacter pylori brucellosis (milk) cholera
taking food with tetracycline ____ absorption, especially when it contains ___ and ___ ions
decreases
Ca+2 and Mg+2
tetracycline drug that is well absorbed with food: ____
may promote regrowth of gingiva in periodontal disease
doxycycline
drug that inhibits protein synthesis. most used for topical acne treatment: ______
not used internally because of superinfections
clindamycin
drug largely replaced by cephalosporins that treat systemic infections
can be used orally to reduce bacteria in GI tract before surgery
aminoglycosides
(Streptomicin) first one discovered
drug that inhibits protein synthesis. treats meningitis and brain abscesses because it crosses BBB easily
can cause bone marrow suppression and aplastic anemia
replaced by cephalosporins
chloramphenicol
oldest antibiotics in use: ____ family
inhibit DNA replication, specifically ___ ___.
structure similar to PABA
treat UTI, ear infection, bronchial infection
commonly combined w/ _____
sulfonamides
folic acid
trimethoprim
most commonly prescribed sulfonamide: ____
combined with trimethoprim and called ____
sulfamethoxazole
Bactrim/Septra
sulfonamide used as NSAID: ______
sulfasalazine
drug for prophylactic use against UTI or cyctitis infections: ____
can cause anorexia, brown urine
Nitrofurantoin
family that ends in –floxacin
fluoroquinolone
drug in the fluoroquinolone fam, works against gram + and - for UTI, second drug choice for gonorrhea: ______
absorption reduced by +__ and +__ ions, specifically __ and __
legal in animal feed as ____ _____
manufactured in ____
unusual adverse effect: ____
ciprofloxacin 2, 3 Ca, Mg growth enhancer China tendonitis
fluoroquinolone drug with more broad spectrum that ciprofloxacin
levofloxacin
drug that inhibits dna synthesis. treats Giardia: ____
inhibits detoxification of ethanol
Flagyl
drug that treats TB, combined with isoniazid
rifampin
three drugs that increase cell membrane permeability, result in cell lysis: _____
used topically
sold together as ____ _____ _____
polymyxin
neomycin
bacitracin
triple antibiotic cream
oral form of yeast infection: ____
white patches and ulcers
thrush
yeast is __karyotic
eu
yeast drugs end in: _____
inhibit the synthesis of _____
-azole
ergosterol
drug that inhibits ergosterol: ______
used topically or as tablets
treats vaginitis from candida albicans
Clotrimazole
yeast drug available in shampoo
treats skin mycoses
Ketoconazole
yeast drug available as cream or suppository
Miconazole
yeast drug that requires prescription
can treat San Joaquin Valley fever or meningitis
Fluconazole
