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Pharm > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria are classified by their ability to _____

A

Take up and retain Gram stain

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2
Q 
Types of Gram \_\_\_\_ bacteria:
staphylococcus
streptococcus
clostridium
bacillus
heliobacter
A

positive

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3
Q

Gram positive have a ______ peptidoglycan and stain purple

A

thick

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4
Q

Gram negative have a ______ peptidoglycan surrounded by a second _____ ______membrane, and stain pink

A

thin

lipid bilayer

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5
Q 
Common gram \_\_\_\_\_\_ bacteria:
enterobacter
Neisseria
pseudomonas
Escherichia
campylobacter
klebsiella
salmonella
bacteriodes
A

negative

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6
Q

Bacteria that do not fit into a class

A

mycobacteria (TB)
chlamydia trachomatis
mycoplasma pneumonia

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7
Q

Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial growth: ______

kill bacteria: _____

A

bacteriostatic

bacteriocidal

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8
Q

MIC stands for

A

minimum inhibitory concentration

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9
Q

MBC stands for

A

minimum bacteriocidal concentration

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10
Q

antibiotics that inhibit a narrow range of bacteria: ___
broad range: ___
most frequently used: ____ because ___

A

narrow spectrum
broad spectrum

broad spectrum
no need for extensive lab work

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11
Q

major problem with broad spectrum antibiotics

A

eliminates most of the naturally occurring bacteria in GI tract, can result in superinfection
ex: clostridium difficle

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12
Q

3 ways bacteria has developed resistance

A
  1. modified cell wall so it is not permeable to antibiotic
  2. modified enzyme affected by antibiotic
  3. acquired enzymes to destroy antibiotic
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13
Q

family which uses all 3 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

A

penicillin

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14
Q

Penicillin drugs work by inhibiting the enzyme ______, which helps synthesize the cell wall in gram ____ bacteria

A

transpeptidase

positive

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15
Q

bacteria that have altered the structure of their transpeptidase enzymes so penicillin cannot bind to it are called ______ resistant.
MRSA stands for ______ and is an example

A

methicillin

methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

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16
Q

bacteria acquire the enzyme _____, which destroys the 4-membered beta lactam ring in the penicillin drug.
when these bacteria do that and also work on cephalosporins are called ESBR which stands for _____

A

penicillinase

extended spectrum beta-lactamase resistant

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17
Q

patients can acquire a _____ infection from a hospital that has resistant pathogenic bacteria, or a _____ infection “off the streets”

A

nosocomial

community

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18
Q

most common adverse effect of penicillin drugs

A

allergic reaction

varies from mild rash to anaphylactic shock

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19
Q

Penicillin ___ is the earliest one still in use. not stable in ____ so it is given by injection.

A

G

acid

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20
Q

Two types of penicillin that are narrow spectrum

A

penicillin G and V

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21
Q

Penicillin ___ can be taken orally. primarily gram+…but gram- Neisseria gonorrhoeae is susceptible

A

V

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22
Q

5th most commonly prescribed drug, most common antibiotic: _____.
broad spectrum
bacteria have acquired _____ against it.

A

amoxicillin

penicillinase

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23
Q

_____ ____ inhibits penicillinase enzyme, added to Amoxicillin to create ____

A

potassium clavulanate

Augmentin

24
Q

____ family isolated from sewers in Italy.

broad spectrum

inhibit cell wall synthesis. related to penicillin fam

A

Cephalosporins

25
Q

First generation cephalosporin drug: ______
used for treating UTI
most commonly prescribed in this family

A

Cephalexin

26
Q

Second generation cephalosporin drugs: _____, _____, _____

A

Cefzil
Ceclor
Ceftin

27
Q

Third generation cephalosporin drug: ____
treats gonorrhea
must be given IV

A

Ceftriaxone

28
Q

Third gen cephalosporin drug: _____

treats otitis media, respiratory infecitons, pneumonia, bronchitis

A

Cefdinir

29
Q

Third gen cephalosporin drug: ______
given IV
broad spectrum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
that bacteria is found in the environment, common in burn and CF patients

A

Cefzim

30
Q

drug reserved for life threatening gram+ infections such as MRSA: _______
inhibits cell wall synthesis
given IV
side effects include ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

A

Vancomycin

31
Q

family that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis: ______

contains the mycin drugs

A

macrolide

32
Q

less used macrolide drug used for patients allergic to penicillin: ______
adverse effect: ___
also used to treat acne
prescribed for UTI, Legionnaire’s, respiratory infections

A

erythromycin

nausea

33
Q

macrolide that has replaced erythromycin: _____
taken once daily and less nausea(benefit over erythro)
concentrated by white blood cells

A

Azithromycin

34
Q

family that inhibits bacterial ribosomes: _____
widely used in animal food
broad spectrum, also alternative to penicillin

A

tetracycline fam

35
Q

some things tetracyclines treat

A 
UTI
respiratory tract infections
acne vulgaris
PID
rickettsial infections(lyme)
helicobacter pylori
brucellosis (milk)
cholera
36
Q

taking food with tetracycline ____ absorption, especially when it contains ___ and ___ ions

A

decreases

Ca+2 and Mg+2

37
Q

tetracycline drug that is well absorbed with food: ____

may promote regrowth of gingiva in periodontal disease

A

doxycycline

38
Q

drug that inhibits protein synthesis. most used for topical acne treatment: ______
not used internally because of superinfections

A

clindamycin

39
Q

drug largely replaced by cephalosporins that treat systemic infections
can be used orally to reduce bacteria in GI tract before surgery

A

aminoglycosides

(Streptomicin) first one discovered

40
Q

drug that inhibits protein synthesis. treats meningitis and brain abscesses because it crosses BBB easily
can cause bone marrow suppression and aplastic anemia
replaced by cephalosporins

A

chloramphenicol

41
Q

oldest antibiotics in use: ____ family
inhibit DNA replication, specifically ___ ___.
structure similar to PABA
treat UTI, ear infection, bronchial infection
commonly combined w/ _____

A

sulfonamides
folic acid
trimethoprim

42
Q

most commonly prescribed sulfonamide: ____

combined with trimethoprim and called ____

A

sulfamethoxazole

Bactrim/Septra

43
Q

sulfonamide used as NSAID: ______

A

sulfasalazine

44
Q

drug for prophylactic use against UTI or cyctitis infections: ____
can cause anorexia, brown urine

A

Nitrofurantoin

45
Q

family that ends in –floxacin

A

fluoroquinolone

46
Q

drug in the fluoroquinolone fam, works against gram + and - for UTI, second drug choice for gonorrhea: ______
absorption reduced by +__ and +__ ions, specifically __ and __
legal in animal feed as ____ _____
manufactured in ____
unusual adverse effect: ____

A 
ciprofloxacin
2, 3
Ca, Mg
growth enhancer
China
tendonitis
47
Q

fluoroquinolone drug with more broad spectrum that ciprofloxacin

A

levofloxacin

48
Q

drug that inhibits dna synthesis. treats Giardia: ____

inhibits detoxification of ethanol

A

Flagyl

49
Q

drug that treats TB, combined with isoniazid

A

rifampin

50
Q

three drugs that increase cell membrane permeability, result in cell lysis: _____
used topically
sold together as ____ _____ _____

A

polymyxin
neomycin
bacitracin

triple antibiotic cream

51
Q

oral form of yeast infection: ____

white patches and ulcers

A

thrush

52
Q

yeast is __karyotic

A

eu

53
Q

yeast drugs end in: _____

inhibit the synthesis of _____

A

-azole

ergosterol

54
Q

drug that inhibits ergosterol: ______
used topically or as tablets
treats vaginitis from candida albicans

A

Clotrimazole

55
Q

yeast drug available in shampoo

treats skin mycoses

A

Ketoconazole

56
Q

yeast drug available as cream or suppository

A

Miconazole

57
Q

yeast drug that requires prescription

can treat San Joaquin Valley fever or meningitis

A

Fluconazole

Pharm (17 decks)

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