Intro chapter Flashcards
“in vitro” means
in a test tube
in vitro measures efficacy of antibiotics by measuring cloudiness with a _______
spectrophotometer
drugs are tested for efficacy in large quantities in ___ ____ _____ tests
high throughput screening
drugs are tested for carcinogenicity with the ____ test
Ames
Phase 1 trials are done on ____ humans looking for toxic effects
healthy
phase II and III trials are done to determine how ____ the drug is in a ____ ____ study
efficacious
double blind
unexpected or unusual reactions to drugs are called ______ effects
idiosyncratic
____ was originally approved for hot flashes from menopause, but used off label for osteoporosis
Premarin
molecules that increase the risk of birth defects
teratogens
Category A: no risk to pregnant women
drugs include:
Synthroid
Category B: no evidence of birth defects, but data is insufficient
drugs include:
Amoxicillin
Category C: adverse effects demonstrated in animal studies
drugs include:
Ibuprofen and naproxen in 3rd trimester
High ibuprofen taken by a pregnant women can cause closing of ______ ______ in fetus
ductus arteriosus
Category D: human data suggests drugs increase risk of birth defects
drugs include:
Diazepam
Phenytoin
Category X: clear evidence of risk of birth defects drugs include:
Thalidomide
DES
Accutane
_____ was used in 1950s to treat morning sickness but caused ____ (flipper like hands and feet)
Thalidomide
phocomelia
DES stands for :
was used to prevent miscarriages
girls born showed increased risk of cervical/vaginal tumors
Diethylstilbestrol
Schedule __: illegal drugs
PCP, GHB, heroin
1
Schedule __: legal but high potential for abuse
Adderall, Ritalin, morphine, cocaine, codeine
2
Schedule __: legal drugs with potential for abuse
Codeine + APAP
anabolic steroids
dronabinol
3
Schedule __: legal drugs with moderate potential for abuse
benzos
sleep aids: ambien, lunesta
4
Schedule __: legal drugs with lowest potential for abuse
lyrica
5
a drug patent lasts for __ years
20
