Intro chapter Flashcards
“in vitro” means
in a test tube
in vitro measures efficacy of antibiotics by measuring cloudiness with a _______
spectrophotometer
drugs are tested for efficacy in large quantities in ___ ____ _____ tests
high throughput screening
drugs are tested for carcinogenicity with the ____ test
Ames
Phase 1 trials are done on ____ humans looking for toxic effects
healthy
phase II and III trials are done to determine how ____ the drug is in a ____ ____ study
efficacious
double blind
unexpected or unusual reactions to drugs are called ______ effects
idiosyncratic
____ was originally approved for hot flashes from menopause, but used off label for osteoporosis
Premarin
molecules that increase the risk of birth defects
teratogens
Category A: no risk to pregnant women
drugs include:
Synthroid
Category B: no evidence of birth defects, but data is insufficient
drugs include:
Amoxicillin
Category C: adverse effects demonstrated in animal studies
drugs include:
Ibuprofen and naproxen in 3rd trimester
High ibuprofen taken by a pregnant women can cause closing of ______ ______ in fetus
ductus arteriosus
Category D: human data suggests drugs increase risk of birth defects
drugs include:
Diazepam
Phenytoin
Category X: clear evidence of risk of birth defects drugs include:
Thalidomide
DES
Accutane
