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anatomical direction > Pharmaceuticals > Flashcards

Pharmaceuticals Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology?

A

pharmaceutical sciences concerned with drug or medication action

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2
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

how the drugs effect the body

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3
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

How the body effects the drugs

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4
Q

Therapeutic index

A

The ratio that compares blood concentration at which a drug causes a therapeutic effect to the amount that causes death or toxicity

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5
Q

What does ADME stand for in pharmacology

A

absorption, distribution,
metabolism and excretion

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6
Q

Side Effect

A

A secondary undesirable effect of a drug

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7
Q

Adverse Reactions

A

Any unexpected or dangerous reaction to
a drug

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8
Q

Classification Adverse Drug Reactions TYPE A

A

augmented reactions

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9
Q

Classification Adverse Drug Reactions TYPE B

A
  • bizarre reactions
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10
Q

Classification Adverse Drug Reactions TYPE C

A

continuing reactions

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11
Q

Classification Adverse Drug Reactions TYPE D

A

Delayed reactions

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12
Q

Classification Adverse Drug Reactions TYPE E

A

end-of-use reactions

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13
Q

describe Suspected Adverse Reactions Surveillance Scheme (SARSS)

A

run by the VMD, where any unwanted or adverse
reactions to drugs can be reported

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14
Q

VMD

A

Veterinary medicines directorate

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15
Q

3 factors that are required for drugs to be successful

A

Reach the site where needed
Reach it at correct concentration
Present for the
correct length of time

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16
Q

Affinity

A

The “strength” of the bond between a receptor and the drug

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17
Q

Specificity

A

The ability of the drug to combine with one particular type of receptor

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18
Q

Efficacy

A

Inherent ability of the drug to induce a physiological response

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19
Q

Potency

A

activity of the drug in terms of the concentration
or amount needed to produce a defined effect

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20
Q

Agonists

A

Combine with the receptors, activating them and inducing a response

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21
Q

Antagonists

A

Combine with the receptors but do not activate them, so blocking a response
by stopping agonist using the receptor

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22
Q

Partial agonists

A

Combines with receptors allowing for a partial response

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23
Q

1st pass metabolism

A

The drug gets metabolized resulting in a reduced concentration upon reaching its site of action.

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24
Q

What factors affects Absorption Of Drugs

A
  • Lipid solubility of the drug
  • Formulation of the drug
  • The drugs stability to gastric acids and enzymes
  • The motility of the gut
  • Food in the stomach
  • First pass metabolism
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25
Q

The rate of absorption depends on:

A
  • Route of administration
  • Properties of the drug
  • Properties of the formulation
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26
Q

Bioavailability

A

The proportion of drug administered that reaches the systemic circulation

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27
Q

Distribution

A

The distribution of the drug throughout the body’s tissues from
the circulation

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28
Q

Blood-brain Barrier limits what? which stops drugs entering the brain

A

hydrophilic molecules and proteins

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29
Q

What organs have selective uptake of drugs

A

Brain
Testicles
Placenta

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30
Q

hypoproteinaemia

A

A decreased concentration of protein in the blood

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31
Q

hypoalbuminaemia

A

a condition where your body doesn’t produce enough albumin protein

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32
Q

albumin

A

Plasma Protein- responsible for binding and transporting substances. (e.g. DRUGS)

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33
Q

Drug Elimination occurs by two processes

A

Metabolised and excreted

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34
Q

What group of drugs are activated after being metabolised

A

ACE inhibitors

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35
Q

2 main issues arising from First-pass (Pre Systemic) Metabolism

A

Higher dose needs to be given orally than IV
Patient variations caused due to different metabolism rates

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36
Q

drugs that undergo substantial pre-systemic
elimination include:

A
  • Chlorpromazine (sedative)
  • Lignocaine
  • Morphine and pethidine
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37
Q

4 main routes (organs) by which drugs and their
metabolites leave the body

A

Kidney
Biliary system
Gastro-intestinal tract
Respiratory system

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38
Q

Drugs Categories (13)

A
  • Antimicrobial
  • cytotoxic
  • Immunosuppressive
  • Ecto- and endoparasiticides
  • Anti-inflammatory (NSAID and cortico-steroids)
  • Anti-epileptics
  • Diuretics
  • Vaccines
  • Analgesics (opiates)
  • Sedatives/tranquillizers
  • Anaesthetics
  • Anti-histamines
  • Anti-emetics
39
Q

Endectocides

A

Drugs effective against ectoparasites and endoparasites

40
Q

Name 2 types of Endectocides

A

Avermectins
Milbemycins

41
Q

Bronchodilator

A

Dilates the airways

42
Q

Expectorants

A

Increase the volume of secretions in airways

43
Q

Mucolytics

A

Breaks down secretions making them easier to cough up.

44
Q

Antitussives

A

Suppresses the cough

45
Q

Stimulants

A

Increase activity of nervous system

46
Q

Nasal decongestants

A

Constrict nasal blood vessels, so reducing congestion,

47
Q

Name GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS (8)

PAAAAALE

A

Emetics
Anti-emetics
Anti-ulcer drugs
Prokinetics
Anti-diarrhoeals
Appetite stimulants
Adsorbents
Laxatives

48
Q

Wide range of effectiveness

A

BROAD SPECTRUM

49
Q

DRUGS THAT BLOCK

A

Occupy the receptor without
stimulating it (antagonist)

50
Q

An example of a drug that has a rapid decrease in MEC

A

Propofol

51
Q

Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC)

A

lowest concentration level at which there is still therapeutic action

52
Q

Downregulation

A

‘resistance’ - prolonged use

53
Q

Upregulation

A

Increased sensitivity to prolonged exposure to drug

54
Q

Synergism

A

Increases action of 2 or more drugs

55
Q

Potentiation

A

The action of an ineffective drug enhances the action of another

56
Q

Antagonism

A

A drug inactivates the action of another

57
Q

Antimicrobials

A

‘A substance that has the ability of killing or inhibiting the growth of
a micro-organism’

58
Q

Name the 5 antimicrobials categories of drugs

A

Antibacterial
Antiviral
Antifungal
Antiprotozoal
Antibiotic

59
Q

Antibiotic

A

A substance produced by a micro-organism that kills or inhibits growth of
another micro-organism

60
Q

Name topical antifungal medication

A

Miconazole
Clotrimazole

61
Q

Name the drug that kills Malassezia pachydermatis and ringworm

A

Miconazole

62
Q

Drug to treat Toxoplasma gondii

A

Clindamycin

63
Q

Minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC):

A

A way to determine how sensitive
bacteria are to the antibiotic

64
Q

Antibacterial Modes Of Action (5)

A

Inhibit DNA synthesis
Inhibit protein synthesis
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Inhibit cell membrane function
Inhibit other metabolic processes

65
Q

Fluroquinolones mode of action

A

Inhibit DNA synthesis

66
Q

Tetracyclines mode of action

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

67
Q

Penicillin mode of action

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

68
Q

Polymyxins mode of action

A

Inhibit cell membrane function

69
Q

Bactericidal drugs (5)

A

ß-lactams
Aminoglycosides
Fluoroquinolones
Potentiated sulphonamides
Nitroimidazoles

70
Q

Bacteriostatic drugs (2)

A

Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol

71
Q

Bacteriostatic & bactericidal drug example

A

Macrolides
Lincosamides

72
Q

Beta-Lactams mode of action

A

Prevent cell wall synthesis

73
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

mode of action

74
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

Damage DNA

75
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Interfere with protein synthesis

76
Q

Macrolides

A

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

77
Q

Potentiated Sulphonamides

A

Inhibit pathway of folic acid synthesis

78
Q

Lincosamides

A

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

79
Q

Nitroimidazoles

A

Damage bacterial DNA

80
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

81
Q

Name two emetics

A

Apomorphine
Xylazine

82
Q

define Anti-emetics

A

Used to prevent vomiting in patients

83
Q

NAme the 5 anti-emetics

A

Metoclopramide
Phenothiazines
Antihistamines
Anticholinergics
Butyrophenones

84
Q

When a cell divides, how long does mitosis typically take

A

1 hour

85
Q

Alkylating agents

A

A type of drug that is used in the treatment of cancer

86
Q

Formula for working out chemotherapy drugs

A

Surface area = BW0.67 x K /
104

87
Q

what is (COX)

A

cyclo-oxygenase

88
Q

COX-1:

A

normal physiological function

89
Q

COX-2

A

inflammatory response

90
Q

Antihistamines

A

These drugs inhibit the action or release of histamine

91
Q

what is histamine

A

pro-inflammatory
protein

92
Q

function of H1 antagonists

A

block the histamine
responsible for capillary permeability, redness and swelling

93
Q

H2 antagonists

A

block histamine associated with gastric acid secretions

94
Q

What type of antihistamines are chlorphenamine and cetirizine

A

H1

anatomical direction (21 decks)

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